Examining the Demographic Factors Influencing Malaysians’ Attitudes Toward Cash Waqf

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 61 - 75, 31.03.2023

Ana Shakirah Md Sapir , Ruviyasmeen Nasywa Ruslan Siti Atilia Ahmad Tarusan

https://doi.org/10.54821/uiecd.1117797

Abstract

This research paper investigates Malaysians' attitudes toward cash waqf contributions based on Ahmad Tarusan's research. To supplement the scant previous literature in this area of research, a survey questionnaire was administered to Malaysians regardless of gender, age, racial background, or study field. The questionnaires were developed and digitally circulated using convenience sampling techniques. The samples consisted of 107 Malaysians, and the data was analyzed using SPSS. This study was represented by Malay women majoring in Islamic Studies who are under 30 years old. However, mean statistics showed otherwise; Malay males tend to have a positive attitude toward cash waqf. This study implied that anyone could contribute and enjoy the benefits of waqf regardless of gender, age, race, and educational background; therefore, future research in Malaysia is required to expand their study to reach respondents from non-Muslim communities and those who are from secular backgrounds in understanding their attitude toward cash waqf. It is predicted that if Malaysians are convinced of the benefits of cash waqf and have a favorable attitude, the government and regulators will find it much simpler to implement through policy interventions. The research's findings will further enrich the existing literature on attitudes toward cash waqf, especially for the unique waqf development in Malaysia. It is because cash waqf in Malaysia may have been operated differently from the one during the Prophetic era.

Keywords

Attitude, Cash, Cash Waqf, Waqf, Malaysia

Malezyalıların Küresel Vakıflara Nakit Katılım Konusundaki Tutumlarını Etkileyen Demografik Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu araştırma Ahmad Tarusan’ın araştırmasına dayalı olarak nakit olarak yapılan vakıf katılımlarına Malezyalıların tutumlarını araştırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada alanındaki önceki literatüre de destek olmak için, cinsiyet, yaş, ırksal köken veya çalışma alanından bağımsız olarak Malezyalılara bir anket uygulanmıştır. Anketler kolayda örnekleme teknikleri kullanılarak online olarak uygulanmıştır. Örneklem 107 Malezyalıdan oluşmuştur ve SPSS paket programı kullanılarak analiz yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma 30 yaşın altında ve İslami çalışmalarda uzmanlaşmış Malay kadınlarıyla temsil edilmiştir. Buna rağmen, ortalama istatistikler Malay erkeklerin nakit vakıf katılımlarına pozitif bir yaklaşım sergilediklerini göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, cinsiyet, yaş, ırk ve eğitim geçmişine bakılmaksızın herkesin vakıftan faydalanabileceğini ve bu nedenle, Malezya'da yapılacak olan gelecekteki araştırmaların Müslüman olmayan topluluklara ve sekuler geçmişe sahip katılımcılara uygulanarak onların nakit katılıma bakış açılarını ölçerek genişletilmesi gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Malezyalıların nakit olarak vakıfa katılımın faydalarına ikna olması ve bu konuda olumlu bir tutum sergilemelerinin, hükümet ve düzenleyicilerin politik müdahalelerle ortaya koyacağı uygulamaların daha kolay olacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Araştırmanın bulguları, özellikle Malezya'daki benzersiz vakıf gelişimi için Malezya’da peygamberlik döneminde bu konudaki uygulamanın muhtemelen farklı olması nedeniyle de; mevcut literatürü zenginleştirecektir.

Keywords

Tutum, Nakit, Nakit Katılımlı Vakıf, Vakıf, Malezya

References

• A. Rosli, O. F. (2021). Kerajaan rangka pelan pembangunan sosio-ekonomi orang asli. BHOnline. Available at: https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/09/869278/kerajaan-rangka-pelan-pembangunan-sosioekonomi-orang-asli (accessed: 20 March 2022).
• Abd. Jalil, M.I., Pitchay, A.A., & Yahya, S. (2017). Cash waqf and preferred method of payment: Case of Malaysia using an AHP approach. Paper presented at the Research Workshop on Revival of Waqf for Socio Economic, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Abd. Rahim, N.F.F, Muhammad, F., Abd. Razak, A., M. Sharaani, A.Z., M. Hussin, M. Y., & Awang, S.A., (2020). Konsep zakat fitrah: Tinjauan dalam Kalangan Mahasiswa Pengajian Tinggi. International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 01, 117- 124.
• Abd. Shukor, S., Anwar, I.F., Abd. Aziz, S. & Sabri, H. (2017). Muslim attitude towards participation in cash waqf: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Business and Society, 18 (1), 193-204.
• Abdul Majid, M.Z. (2016). Kata Pengantar. In Md. Jani, R., Paizin, M. N., Abdullah, L., & Rosele, M.I. (Eds.), Menelusuri isu-isu kontemporari zakat (pp. ix - xvi). [Foreword] Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Pungutan Zakat.
• Abdullaah, J., & Asharaf, M. R. (2014). Conceptualisation of corporate waqf. Paper presented at the Seminar Waqf Iqlimi 2014, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.
• Abdullah, D. (2017). Public universities and budget cuts in Malaysia. International Higher Education, 91, 15-17.
• Abdullah, N., & Abdul Majid, M.S. (2001). Saving behaviours in islamic framework. Jurnal Shari’a, 9 (2), 61 - 84.
• Ahmad Tarusan, S. A. (2020). Determinants of waqf intention among selected university of Malaya. (Master's dissertation). Graduate Business School, Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya.
• Ahmad, A. R., & Farley, A. (2014). Funding reforms in Malaysian public universities from the perspective of strategic planning. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 105-110.
• Ahmad, N. (2022). Interview with CEO of Malaysia waqf foundation (YWM), Professor Dr. Amir Bin Shaharuddin,in Webinar Serantau Kewangan Sosial Islam : Cabaran dan Peluang Semasa dan Pasca
• Pandemik Covid-19 Tahun 2022 [Facebook Live]. Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council.
• Ahmad, S., Md Nor, N.G., & Daud, Z. (2011). Tax-based modeling of zakat compliance. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 45 (2011), 101 - 108.
• Ahmed, I. (2020). Good deeds erase bad deeds. The Siasat Daily. Retrieved from https://www.siasat.com/good-deeds-erase-bad-deeds-2041543/ (Accessed: March 20 2022).
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In: Kuhl, J., Beckmann, J. (Eds.), Action Control. Berlin, German: SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology.
• Al-Daihani, M. (2021). The inclination toward funding cash waqf – based education: Evidence from Kuwait waqf public foundation. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 5 (2) (April 2021), 48 – 59.
• Aldeen, K.N., Ratih, I. S., & Pertiwi, R.S. (2021). Cash waqf from the Millenials' perspective: A Case of Indonesia. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance. ahead-of-print
• Al-Harethi, A. R. S. (2019). Factors determine cash waqf participation in Kedah, Malaysia: Perception from students in Kolej university insaniah. Ikonomika : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam. 4 (1), 53-59.
• Alifiandy, M. M. & Sukmana, R. (2020). The Influence of planned behaviour theory and knowledge towards the Waqif Intention in Contributing Waqf. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 6 (2), 260 – 272.
• Ambo, NI. & Md Sapir, AS (2020), Halal cosmetic literacy among Malaysian Muslim undergraduates Based on OECD's financial literacy framework, Al Bukhary Social Business Journal, 1(2): 113-127.
• Ambrose, AHAA, Aslam, M. & Hanafi, H. (2015). The Possible role of waqf in ensuring a sustainable Malaysian Federal Government debt. International Accounting and Business Conference 2015, IABC 2015, 333-345.
• Andam, A. C. & Osman, A. Z. (2019). Determinants of intention to give zakat on employment income: Experience from Marawi city, Philippines. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10 (4), 528-545.
• Armitage, C. J. & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A Meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(Pt 4), 471- 499.
• Atkinson, A. & Messy, F. (2012). Measuring financial literacy: Results of the OECD. International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study. OECD [Working Paper n. 15]. Retrieved from de http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en (Accessed: January 24 2022).
• Bakar, SA (1999). Islamic attributed in consumer decision making: An empirical study in Singapore (Master's dissertation). Kuliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, Gombak, International Islamic University Malaysia.
• Bauer, M., & Auer - Srnka, J.A. (2012). The Life cycle concept in marketing research. Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 4 (1), 68 – 96.
• Berakon, I., Aji, H.M. & Hafizi, M.R. (2022). Impact of digital sharia banking systems on Cash-Waqf among Indonesian Muslim Youth. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(7), 1551-1573.
• Chang, D.W., Sirat, M., & Abd. Razak, DA (2018). Education in Malaysia towards a developed nation. ISEAS Economics [Working Paper] Avaliable at: https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEASEWP2018-4Wan.pdf (Accessed: March 20, 2022).
• Chaulagain, R.P. (2015). Contribution of financial literacy to behaviour. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 7(6), 61-71.
• Cubi-Molla, P., Shah, K., Garside, J., Herdman M., & Devlin N. (2019). A Note on the relationship between age and health-related quality of life assessment. Quality Life Research, 28(5), 1201-1205.
• Dennis, D., A. Qayyum, & Prima Sakti, M.R. (2018). Determinant of cash waqf nahdatul ulama: Case of Muslim students in Indonesia. Madania Jurnal Kajian Keislaman, 22 (1), 19-32.
• Fathurrahman, R. M. S., & Maulana, H. (2018). Factors that influence students' awareness in participating of cash caqf. Islamic Business and Management Journal, 1(2), 47-56.
• Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. reading, the USA: Addison-Wesley
• Hasbullah, N.A. & Ab. Rahman, A., (2020). Endowment and waqf funds in Malaysian Higher Education: A Conceptual Study. Jurnal Syariah, 29(1) (2021), 127- 154.
• Hassan, N., (1987). Zakat in Malaysia – Present and Future Status. Journal of Islamic Economics, 1(1), 47 – 75. Hatmawan, A.A., & Sarungu, J.J. (2016). Saving behavior in Islamic banking the moderation religiosity.
• International Journal of Applied Business and Economics Research (IJABER), 14(2), 663 – 673.
• Hill, R. J., Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Contemporary Sociology, 6(2), 244-245.
• Hj Fauzi, M.H., Yahya, S., Haron, M.S., & Abu Zahrin, S.N. (2019). The Role of online facility in cash waqf contribution: Experience of bank muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB). South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business Economic and Law, 19(2), 46-55.
• Huda, N., & Rini, N., & Mardoni, Y. (2012). The Analysis of attitudes, subjective norms and behavioural control on muzakki's intention to pay Zakah. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3 (22), 271 – 279.
• Iman, N., Santoso, A. & Kurniawan, E. (2021). Wakif's behavior in money waqf: An approach to theory of planned behavior. Ekuilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 16(1), 12 – 23.
• Ismail, A.N.N, Abd. Aziz, Y., K. Basha, & Mahomed, AS (2021). Gender and age differences in choice of holiday destination: Case of Langkawi, Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 17(10), 1- 9.
• Kamri, N.A., & Daud, M.Z. (2011). Islamic wealth management: A review on the dimension of values. Jurnal Syariah, 19(3), 187 – 212.
• Kim, K.T., Cho, S.Y., & A. DeVaney, S. (2021). Racial /ethnic differences in holding a retirement saving motive: A decomposition analysis. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 55(2), 464-482.
• Kling, Z. (1995). The Malay family: Beliefs and realities. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26 (1), 43–66.
• Li, F., Zhang, J. & Ma, C. (2022). Does family life cycle influence farm households' adoption decisions concerning sustainable agricultural technology? Journal of Applied Economics, 25(1), 121 – 144.
• Mahdzan, N.S., & Tabiani, S. (2013). The Impact of financial literacy on individual saving: An exploratory study in the Malaysian context. Transformation in Business & Economics, 12(1) (28), 41 – 55.
• Malaysia Waqf Foundation (2019). 2018 Annual Report. Putrajaya, Malaysia: JAWHAR.
• Malaysia Waqf Foundation (2022). Portal Rasmi Yayasan Waqaf Malaysia. Yayasan Waqf Malaysia. Avaliable at: https://www.ywm.gov.my (Accessed: March 20 2022).
• Malaysiakini (2016). Kemiskinan bumiputera bukan melayu tertinggi. Malaysiakini. Avaliable at: https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/331406 (Accessed: 20 March 2022).
• Md Sapir, A. S. (2016). Islamic financial literacy among Malaysian undergraduates. (Master's dissertation). Graduate Business School, Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya.
• Md Sapir, A.S. & W. Shaffee, W.A.S. (2020). Faktor Tekanan yang Dialami oleh Mahasiswi di Universiti Awam Kelantan. In Baharom Kassim, Abd Karim Ali, Mustaffa Abdullah & Nor 'Azzah Kamri (Eds), Pemberdayaan Jaringan Strategik Ummah: Melakar Kecemerlangan Masa Hadapan. Selangor, Malaysia: Persatuan Ulama Malaysia.
• Md.Sapir, Md.Shafik, A.S. & Wan Ahmad, W.M. (2020). Financial literacy among Malaysian Muslim undergraduates. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(8), 1515-1529.
• MIFC (2015). Waqf: Realising the social role of Islamic finance. Malaysia International Islamic Finance Centre. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Bank Negara Malaysia.
• Modigliani, F. & Ando, A. (1963). The Life cycle hypothesis of saving: Aggregate implications and tests. In Hasan, Z. & Lehar, H. (Eds.), Macroeconomics. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia.
• Mohamed, S. & Ariff, M. (2015). Issues in the Malaysian waqf system. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: INCEIF.
• Mokthar, M.Z., & Bahari, Z.C. (2017). The Islamic-based cash waqf behavioural intention concept. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Humanities: The Role (s) and Relevance of Humanities for Sustainable Development, 16th -August 17 2017, Penang, Malaysia.
• Mothersbaugh, D.L. & Hawkins, D. I. (2016). Consumer behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy. 13th Eds. New York, USA : McGraw-Hill Education.
• Muhmad, S. N. & Muhmad, S. N. (2018). Potential development of sukuk in competitive market. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(2), 26-29.
• N. Amalia, A., Puspita, & Sardiana, A. (2018). The Intention to pay on cash waqf based on religiosity and gender perspectives: An empirical studies. Paper presented at the 1st Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science (UNICEES 2018), October 31 2018, Medan, Indonesia.
• N. Syafira, F., Ratnasari, R.T. & Ismail, S. (2020). The effect of religiosity and trust on intention to pay in ZISWAF collection through digital payments. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 6(1), 98-115.
• Nik Jaafar, N.R., Bahar, N., Ibrahim, N., Baharudin, A., Wan Ismail, W.S., Sim, S.T., Abd. Aziz, M., & Tan, K.A. (2021). Are Malaysian youths overdependent on the internet? A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12 (710790), 1–7.
• Niswah, F.M., Mutmainah, L., Hadyanti, F. A., N. Wahidin, & N. Huda Fazullah. (2019). Do Indonesian Muslims have intention to participate on cash waqf through FINTECH. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies, 6-7 November 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia.
• Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill
• Osman, A. F., & Muhammed, M.O. (2017). Measuring a cash waqf giving behavior among Muslim donors in Malaysia: A theory of planned behavior approach using structural equation modeling. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 14(2), 39 – 63.
• Osman, A. F., Mohammed, M.O. & Fadzil, A (2016). Factor influencing cash waqf giving behavior: a revised theory of planned behavior. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 12-25.
• Pallant, J. F. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual. New South Wales: Allen & Unwin
• R. Komalasari (2020, June 11). The waqf cemetery information system. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Informatics, Engineering, Science and Technology (INCITEST 2020), June 11 2020, Bandung Indonesia.
• Raisingchildren.net. au. (2020, November 26). Managing money and budgeting. Available at: https://raisingchildren.net.au/grown-ups/family-life/managing-money/managing-money(Accessed: April 10.2022).
• Rogers, E.M. & Shoemaker, F.F. (1971). Communication of innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach, New York: The Free Press.
• Roscoe, J.T. (1975). Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences. In Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (Eds.), Research Methods for Business. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Ruslan, M.A., & Md Sapir, A.S. (2021). Analisa pengetahuan kewangan dalam kalangan pelajar Kolej di Malaysia. Paper presented at the e-Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Educational Research (2nd INCER 2021): Internalizing Values in Teaching and Learning, 14th -16th December 2021, Bangi, Selangor. S. Jaafar, S. (2017). Endowment funds collected by public universities not enough. The Edge Financial Daily. Avaliable at: https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/endowment-funds-collected-public-universities-not-enough (Accessed: 04.10.2022).
• Sadri, A. (2019). Anteseden kepercayaan dan implikasinya terhadap perilaku tenaga profesional pada Wakaf Tunai. Transparensi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi, 2(2), 153 – 163.
• Sekaran, U. & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Shahwan, S. & Salleh, S. (2010). The Attitude towards Sharia-based credit card in Islamic framework in Malaysia. Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 7(1), 20-29.
• Sharif, N., & Wahid, H. (2019). Aplikasi konsep wakalah dalam pembayaran zakat simpanan: Kajian di Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). Journal of Fatwa Management and Research, 17(2), 333 – 350.
• Smith, G. (2008). Does gender influences online survey participation? A record – linkage analysis of university faculty online survey response behavior. Elementary Education of San Jose State University, (2008), 1–21.
• Stark, R. & Finke, R. (2000). Acts of faith: Explaining the human side of religion. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
• Sulistiani, S.L. (2021). The Legal position of waqf for non-Muslims in efforts to increase waqf assets in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 5(1), 357-371.
• Thaker, H.M. T.T., Sakaran, K.C., Nanairan, N.M., Thaker, M.A.M.T., & Iqbal, H. (2020). Drivers of loyalty among Non-Muslims towards Islamic banking in Malaysia: Evidence from SmartPLS. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 13(2), 281-302.
• Thaker, MAMT, & Thaker, H.M.T (2015). Exploring the contemporary issues of corporate share waqf model in Malaysia with the reference to the waqaf an-nur corporation berhad. Jurnal Pengurusan, 45, 165-172.
• The Department of Statistics (2020). Religion, Malaysia, 2020. DOSM. Available at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZR TN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09 (Accessed: February 25 2021).
• W. Ahmad, W.M. & Md Sapir, A.S. (2019). Women and zakat on banking deposits. In Nurhafilah Musa & Najah Nadiah Amran (Eds), Muslim Women's Inspiration Towards Sustainable Development Goals. Selangor, Malaysia: Persatuan Ulama Malaysia.
• W. Ahmad, W.M. & Md Sapir, A.S. (2020). Zakat on banking deposits among urbanite Malaysian Muslims, International Journal of Zakat and Islamic Philanthropy, 2(1), 97- 104.
• W. Ahmad, W.M., Hanifa, M. H., & Kang C. H. (2019). Are Non-Muslims willing to patronize Islamic financial services? Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(3), 743-753.
• Wells, W. D., & Gubar, G. (1966). The Life cycle concept in marketing research. Journal of Marketing Research, 3(4), 355 – 363.
• World Health Organization (2022). Gender and health. WHO. Avaliable at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1 (Accessed: 02.21.2022).
• Yusoff, R., Abd. Rahman, S.A., W. Mohamed, W.N., Benrit, P., & Darus, F. (2017). Predicting the behavioural intention for cash waqf: Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand. Paper presented at the Conference on Philanthropy for Humanitarian Aid (CONPHA), 23rd -24th May 2017, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.