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Sığınmacı ve Mültecilerin Galler´e Yerleşme Sürecinde Dil İle İlgili Yaşadıkları Zorlukların İncelenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 48 - 66, 04.05.2018

Abstract

Bu makalenin konusu sığınmacı ve mültecilerin dile dair tecrübeleridir. Bu konuyu özel olarak Birleşik Krallık’ta Galler ülkesinin Swansea kentinde sığınmacıların ve mültecilerin yerel nüfus ile hizmet sağlanması ve toplum örgütleri ile olan ilişkileri üzerinden inceler. Yerinden edilmiş nüfusun hareketliliği gerek geçtiğimiz yüzyılın gerekse bu yüzyılın belli baslı olaylarındandır. Bununla bağlantılı olarak yerinden edilmiş insanların coğrafik ve lisanın hakim olduğu sınırları aşması ile dile dair sorunlar temel unsur olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.  Göçmenlerin ait  oldukları etnik, dini, kültürel ve dil gruplarının çeşitliliği arttıkça geldikleri ülkelerde hükümetlerin onların ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek kaynakları daha da yetersizleşmiştir. Birleşik Krallık’ta 1999 Göçmenlik Yasasının uygulamaya sokulmasıyla daha önceleri nüfus yoğunlukları homojen özellikler taşıyan  bölgeler farklı kimliklerde göçmenlerin buralara yerleştirilmesi ile daha kozmopolit bir yapıya bürünmüşlerdir. Böylece kırsal bölgelerdeki küçük kentler kültürel olarak zenginleşmeye başlamış olsa da yeni gelen göçmenlerin, özellikle geldikleri ülkelerden göçmenlerin yerleşik nüfusa dahil olmaması nedeni ile, yerleştirilmesi ve entegre olmaları ile ilgili sorunlar da beraberinde gelişmiştir. En büyük zorluklardan birisi dil farklılıklarının nasıl yönetileceğine dairdir. Bu makalenin bir amacı öncelikle yerel toplum ile göçmen toplum arasındaki dil farklılığının hangi alanlarda sorun olduğunu tespit etmektir. Diğer bir amacı da profesyonel olmayan tercümanların sığınmacı ve göçmen topluluklar ile yerel topluluk ve diğer göçmen topluluklar arasındaki dil farklılıklarının çözülmesinde ücretli veya gönüllü çalışanların oynadıkları rolü anlamaktır.

References

  • Arslan, Y. (2016) Türkiye'de Ezidi Sığınmacı Kadınların Sorunları Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 64 2018 (1) Araştırma: Batman ve Diyarbakır Kamp Örnekleri. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 19(2), 31-63. Bauer, A. M., & Alegria, M. (2010). Impact of patient language proficienty and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: A systemic review . Psychiatric Services, 765-773. Berman, C. R., & Tyyska, V. (2011). A Critical Reflection on the Use of Translators/Interpreters in a Qualitative Cross-Language Research Project. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 178-190. Bhugra, D., Craig, T., & Bhui, K. (2010). Mental Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bracken, P., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D. (1997). Rethinking mental health work with the survivors of wartime violence and refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies, 431-442. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001). Asylum seekers adn refugees in Britain: Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. British Medical Jurnal, 544. Busso, M., & Czuczka, T. (2017, July 6). Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon Host the Highest Number of Refugees. Bllomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017countries-of-asylum-for-migrants/ adresinden alındı Çağaptay, S. (2014, July). The impact of Syria’s refugees on Southern Turkey. Policy Focus, 130, revised and updated. The Washinghton İnstıtute for Near East Policy. October 2, 2017 tarihinde http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus130_Cagapt ay_Revised3s.pdf adresinden alındı Carswell, K., Balckburn, P., & Barker, C. (2011). The relationship between trauma, postmigration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 107-119. Century, G., Leavey, G., & Payne, H. (2007). The experience of working with refugees: counsellors in primary care. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23-40. Di Tomasso, L. (2010). Approaches to counsellign resettled refugee and asylum seeker survivors of organised violence. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies , 244-264. Falzon, M.-A. (2016). Introduction: Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, Paraxis and Locality in Contemporary Research. M.-A. Falzcon (Dü.) içinde, Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, Paraxis and Locality in Contemporary Research (s. 1-24). London: Routledge. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalance of seriosu mental disorders in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: a systematic review. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 1309-1314. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 65 2018 (1) Feldman, R. (2006). Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for service. Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, 809-816. Gorst-Unsworht, C., & Goldenberg, E. (1998). Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq. . Teh British journal of Psychiatry, 90-94. Guruge, S., Berman, R., Tyyska, R., Kilbride, K. M., Woungang, I., Edwards, S., & Clune, L. (2009). Implications of English proficiency on immigrant women's access to & utilization of health services. TSpace, University of Toronto. adresinden alındı Gustavson, L. C., & Cytrynbaum, J. D. (2003). Illımunating spaces: Relatinal spaces, complicity, and multi-sited ethnography. Field Methods, 252-270. Hannerz, U. (2003). Being there...and there...and there...!REflections on multi-site ethnography. Ethnography, 201-16. Harris, B. (1973). Thr importance of natural translation. working papers on Bilingualism, 96114. Harris, B., & Sherwood, B. (1978). Translating as an innate skill. Language interpretation and communication. Jones, D., & Gill, P. (1998). Breaking down language barriers. British Medical Journal, 14761480. Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, G. A., Guzder, J., . . . Pottie, K. (2011). Common menatal health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 959-967. Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B., Komproe, I. H., Schreuders, B. A., & DeJong, J. T. (2004). Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevelance of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 843851. LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research , 31-60. Panoe, T. R., & Malott, K. M. (2008). Using interpreters in mental health counselling: A literature review and recommendations. Journal of Multicultural counselling and development, 130-142. Pérez-González, L., & Susam-Saraeva, Ş. (2012). Non-professionals translating and interpreting: Participatory and engaged perspectives. The Translator, 149-165. Raval, H., & Smith, J. A. (2003). Therapists' experinces of working with language interpreters. International Journal of Mental Health, 6-31. Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 351-357. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 66 2018 (1) Silove, D., Steel, Z., McGorry, P., & Mohan, P. (1998). Trauma exposure, postmigration stressors, and symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress in Tamil asylum-seekers: comparison with refugees and immigrants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 175-181. Simon, S. (1996). Gender in translation: Cultural identity and the politics of transmission. London: Routledge. Splevins, K. A., Cohen, K., Joseph, S., Murray, C., & Bowley, J. (2010). Vicarious posttraumatic growth among interpreters. Qualitative Health Research, 1705-1716. Tagg, C., Lyons, A., Hu, R., & Rock, F. (2017). The ethics of digital ethnography in a team project. Applied Linguistics Review, 271-292. Taylor-East, R., Rossi, A., Caruana, J., & Grech, A. (2016). The mental health services for detained asylum seekers in Malta. BJPsych International, 32-35. Tribe , R., & Morriseys, J. (2003). The refugee context and the role of interpreters. R. Tribe, & H. Raval (Dü) içinde, Working with interpreters in mental health. London: Routledge. Tribe, R. (1999). Bridging the gap or damning the flow? Using interpreters/bicultural workers when working with refugee clients, many of whom have been tortured. British Journal Medical Psychology, 597-576. UNHCR. (2017, Ekim 20). UN Refugee Agency: http://www.unhcr.org/uk/ adresinden alındı Welsh Language: History, Facts and Figures. (2017, September 17). Lyywodraeth Cymru Welsh Government: http://gov.wales/topics/welshlanguage/publications/historyfactsfigures/?lang=en adresinden alındı Wilson, J. P., & Drozdek, B. (2004). Broken Spirits: The treatment of traumtized asylum seekers and refugees, and war and torture victims. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Wintour, P. (2015, September 7). UK to take up to 20,000 Syrian refugees over five years, David Cameron confirms. Guardian Newspaper. October 2017, 15 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/07/uk-will-accept-up-to-20000-syrianrefugees-david-cameron-confirms adresinden alındı Zetter, R., Griffiths, D., & Sigona, N. (2005"169-181). Social capital or social exclusion? The impactof asylum-seeker dispersal on UK refugee community organizations. CommunityDevelopment Journal.
Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 48 - 66, 04.05.2018

Abstract

References

  • Arslan, Y. (2016) Türkiye'de Ezidi Sığınmacı Kadınların Sorunları Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 64 2018 (1) Araştırma: Batman ve Diyarbakır Kamp Örnekleri. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi. 19(2), 31-63. Bauer, A. M., & Alegria, M. (2010). Impact of patient language proficienty and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: A systemic review . Psychiatric Services, 765-773. Berman, C. R., & Tyyska, V. (2011). A Critical Reflection on the Use of Translators/Interpreters in a Qualitative Cross-Language Research Project. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 178-190. Bhugra, D., Craig, T., & Bhui, K. (2010). Mental Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bracken, P., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D. (1997). Rethinking mental health work with the survivors of wartime violence and refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies, 431-442. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 77-101. Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001). Asylum seekers adn refugees in Britain: Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. British Medical Jurnal, 544. Busso, M., & Czuczka, T. (2017, July 6). Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon Host the Highest Number of Refugees. Bllomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2017countries-of-asylum-for-migrants/ adresinden alındı Çağaptay, S. (2014, July). The impact of Syria’s refugees on Southern Turkey. Policy Focus, 130, revised and updated. The Washinghton İnstıtute for Near East Policy. October 2, 2017 tarihinde http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus130_Cagapt ay_Revised3s.pdf adresinden alındı Carswell, K., Balckburn, P., & Barker, C. (2011). The relationship between trauma, postmigration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 107-119. Century, G., Leavey, G., & Payne, H. (2007). The experience of working with refugees: counsellors in primary care. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23-40. Di Tomasso, L. (2010). Approaches to counsellign resettled refugee and asylum seeker survivors of organised violence. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies , 244-264. Falzon, M.-A. (2016). Introduction: Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, Paraxis and Locality in Contemporary Research. M.-A. Falzcon (Dü.) içinde, Multi-sited ethnography: Theory, Paraxis and Locality in Contemporary Research (s. 1-24). London: Routledge. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalance of seriosu mental disorders in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: a systematic review. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 1309-1314. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 65 2018 (1) Feldman, R. (2006). Primary health care for refugees and asylum seekers: A review of the literature and a framework for service. Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, 809-816. Gorst-Unsworht, C., & Goldenberg, E. (1998). Psychological sequelae of torture and organised violence suffered by refugees from Iraq. . Teh British journal of Psychiatry, 90-94. Guruge, S., Berman, R., Tyyska, R., Kilbride, K. M., Woungang, I., Edwards, S., & Clune, L. (2009). Implications of English proficiency on immigrant women's access to & utilization of health services. TSpace, University of Toronto. adresinden alındı Gustavson, L. C., & Cytrynbaum, J. D. (2003). Illımunating spaces: Relatinal spaces, complicity, and multi-sited ethnography. Field Methods, 252-270. Hannerz, U. (2003). Being there...and there...and there...!REflections on multi-site ethnography. Ethnography, 201-16. Harris, B. (1973). Thr importance of natural translation. working papers on Bilingualism, 96114. Harris, B., & Sherwood, B. (1978). Translating as an innate skill. Language interpretation and communication. Jones, D., & Gill, P. (1998). Breaking down language barriers. British Medical Journal, 14761480. Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, G. A., Guzder, J., . . . Pottie, K. (2011). Common menatal health problems in immigrants and refugees: General approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), 959-967. Laban, C. J., Gernaat, H. B., Komproe, I. H., Schreuders, B. A., & DeJong, J. T. (2004). Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevelance of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in The Netherlands. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 843851. LeCompte, M. D., & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research , 31-60. Panoe, T. R., & Malott, K. M. (2008). Using interpreters in mental health counselling: A literature review and recommendations. Journal of Multicultural counselling and development, 130-142. Pérez-González, L., & Susam-Saraeva, Ş. (2012). Non-professionals translating and interpreting: Participatory and engaged perspectives. The Translator, 149-165. Raval, H., & Smith, J. A. (2003). Therapists' experinces of working with language interpreters. International Journal of Mental Health, 6-31. Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety, depression and PTSD in asylum-seekers: associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 351-357. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Internatıonal Anatolian Social Sciences Journal 66 2018 (1) Silove, D., Steel, Z., McGorry, P., & Mohan, P. (1998). Trauma exposure, postmigration stressors, and symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress in Tamil asylum-seekers: comparison with refugees and immigrants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 175-181. Simon, S. (1996). Gender in translation: Cultural identity and the politics of transmission. London: Routledge. Splevins, K. A., Cohen, K., Joseph, S., Murray, C., & Bowley, J. (2010). Vicarious posttraumatic growth among interpreters. Qualitative Health Research, 1705-1716. Tagg, C., Lyons, A., Hu, R., & Rock, F. (2017). The ethics of digital ethnography in a team project. Applied Linguistics Review, 271-292. Taylor-East, R., Rossi, A., Caruana, J., & Grech, A. (2016). The mental health services for detained asylum seekers in Malta. BJPsych International, 32-35. Tribe , R., & Morriseys, J. (2003). The refugee context and the role of interpreters. R. Tribe, & H. Raval (Dü) içinde, Working with interpreters in mental health. London: Routledge. Tribe, R. (1999). Bridging the gap or damning the flow? Using interpreters/bicultural workers when working with refugee clients, many of whom have been tortured. British Journal Medical Psychology, 597-576. UNHCR. (2017, Ekim 20). UN Refugee Agency: http://www.unhcr.org/uk/ adresinden alındı Welsh Language: History, Facts and Figures. (2017, September 17). Lyywodraeth Cymru Welsh Government: http://gov.wales/topics/welshlanguage/publications/historyfactsfigures/?lang=en adresinden alındı Wilson, J. P., & Drozdek, B. (2004). Broken Spirits: The treatment of traumtized asylum seekers and refugees, and war and torture victims. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Wintour, P. (2015, September 7). UK to take up to 20,000 Syrian refugees over five years, David Cameron confirms. Guardian Newspaper. October 2017, 15 tarihinde https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/07/uk-will-accept-up-to-20000-syrianrefugees-david-cameron-confirms adresinden alındı Zetter, R., Griffiths, D., & Sigona, N. (2005"169-181). Social capital or social exclusion? The impactof asylum-seeker dispersal on UK refugee community organizations. CommunityDevelopment Journal.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Filiz Çelik

Tom Cheesman This is me

Publication Date May 4, 2018
Submission Date March 3, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, F., & Cheesman, T. (2018). Sığınmacı ve Mültecilerin Galler´e Yerleşme Sürecinde Dil İle İlgili Yaşadıkları Zorlukların İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 48-66.

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