Research Article
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Return Policies in the Framework of Addressing Life's Needs and Ensuring Sustainable Security

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 159 - 176, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1615323

Abstract

Repatriation policies play a crucial role in supporting the return of refugees, temporary refugees, and migrants from host countries to their countries of origin. However, the success of these policies is highly dependent on the political, security, and living conditions in the return countries. Without addressing these factors, the likelihood of failure increases significantly. This article explores repatriation policies through the lens of fulfilling essential life needs and ensuring sustainable security in the countries of return. It begins by summarizing existing literature on repatriation policies, followed by an analysis of how life needs and security can be met in return countries. The article then examines practical examples of repatriation policies in action and concludes with findings and policy recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of repatriation efforts.

References

  • Amnesty International (2024). “Egypt: Authorities Must End Campaign of Mass Arrests and Forced Returns of Sudanese Refugees”, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/06/egypt-authorities-must-end-campaign-of-mass-arrests-and-forced-returns-of-sudanese-refugees, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • ANKA (2024). “Ümit Özdağ ve Ahmet Davutoğlu Açıklama Yapıyor”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0jKffTTv8Q, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Babahanoğlu, V. (2024). “Syria in Türkiye-US Relations: Security, Terror and Strategic Dilemmas”, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University the Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 65, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1518264
  • Barry, N. S. (1997). “Refugee Repatriation, Return, and Refoulement During Conflict, USAID Conference Promoting Democracy, Human Rights, and Reintegration in Post-conflict Societies”, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacd092.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Biddle, S. (2017). “Building Security Forces & Stabilizing Nations: The Problem of Agency”, Daedalus, 146(4), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00452
  • Black, R. ve Gent, S. (2006). “Sustainable Return in Post‐Conflict Contexts”, International Migration, 44(3), 15-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00344.x
  • Brettel, C. B. ve Hollifield, J. F. (2023). “Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines” (Eds. Brettel, C. B. ve Hollifield, J. F.), Introduction: Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines, (ss. 1-43), Routledge.
  • Castles, S. ve Miller, M. J. (1998). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, London: MacMillan Press LTD.
  • Congressional Research Service (2022). “Foreign Assistance: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy”, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40213, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Çataklı, İ. ve Taşdoğan, C. (2023). “Suriyeli Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sığınmacılara Yönelik Politikaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 233-260.
  • Denney, L. ve Valters, C. (2015). “Evidence Synthesis: Security Sector Reform and Organisational Capacity Building”, Department for International Development, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a800977ed915d74e33f811d/Security-sector-reform-organisational-capacity-building.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Dustmann, C., Bentolila, S. ve Faini, R. (1996). “Return Migration: The European Experience”, Economic Policy, 11(22), 213-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.1996.tb00062.x
  • European Council (2001). Council Directive 2001/55/EC
  • Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2023). “Gönüllü Geri Dönüş: Uluslararası Deneyimler ve Türkiye”, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 28(110), 181-205.
  • Harild, N., Christensen, A. ve Zetter, R. (2015). “Sustainable Refugee Return: Triggers, Constraints, and Lessons on Addressing the Development Challenges of Forced Displacement”, https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/sustainable-refugee-return-triggers-constraints-and-lessons-on-addressing-the-development-challenges-of-forced-displacement, (Erişim Tarihi 13.01.2025).
  • Hollifield, J. F. (1992). “Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community”, International Migration Review, 26(2), 568-595.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM) (t.y.). “IOM’s Policy on The Full Spectrum of Return, Readmission and Reintegration”, https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/documents/ioms-policy-full-spectrum-of-return-readmission-and-reintegration.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • Kaya, A. (2021). “Orta Güçlerin Rolü: Türkiye’nin Sürdürülebilir Güvenlik Stratejisi”, Journal of Middle East Studies, 10(2), 120-135.
  • Kaya, C. (2019). “Kalıcı Çözüm Türü Olarak Gönüllü Geri Dönüş ve Geçici Koruma Kapsamında Yer Alanlar Bakımından Türk Hukukundaki Düzenlenme Şekli”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 511-535.
  • Koser, K. (2016). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
  • Koser, K. ve Black, R. (1999). “Limits to Harmonization: The Temporary Protection of Refugees in the European Union”, International Migration, 37(3), 521-543.
  • Kronenfield, D. A. (2008). “Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Not All Refugees, Not Always in Pakistan, Not Necessarily Afghan”, Journal of Refugee Studies 21(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen046
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
  • Metz, R. T. (2022). “The Cult of the Persuasive: Why US Security Assistance Fails”, International Security, 47(3), 95-135. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00467
  • Örselli, E. ve Babahanoğlu, V. (2016). “Türkiye’nin Göç Yönetimi ve Göç Politikalarının Gelişimi: Bir Kamu Politikası Analizi”, Journal Of International Social Research, 9(43), 2063-2071.
  • Özdemir, E. (2017). “Suriyeli Mülteciler Krizinin Türkiye’ye Etkileri”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(3), 114-140.
  • Polis Akademisi Başkanlığı (2020). “Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler ve Sınır Ötesi Güvenli Bölge”, https://cdn2.pa.edu.tr/Upload/Rapor/Dosya/turkiyedeki-suriyeliler-ve-sinir-otesi-guvenli-bolge.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Rolandsen, Ø. H., Dwyer, M. ve Reno, W. (2021). “Security Force Assistance to Fragile States: A Framework of Analysis”, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding”, 15(5), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2021.1898675
  • Rosen, L. W. ve Epstein, S. B. (2018). “US Security Assistance and Security Cooperation Programs: Overview of Funding Trends”, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R45091.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 13.01.2025).
  • Sahin-Mencutek, Z. ve Triandafyllidou, A. (2025). “Coerced Return: Formal Policies, Informal Practices and Migrants’ Navigation”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 51(2), 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2371209
  • Schuster, L. ve Majidi, N. (2019). “Deportation and Forced Return. In: Bloch”, (Eds. A. Bloch, and G. Dona), Forced Migration: Current Issues and Debates, (ss. 88-105), London: Routledge.
  • Skinner, A. (2023). “Egypt’s Approach to Conflict in Sudan: A Simmering Crisis”, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pdf/view/18197/en, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • Tarman, Z. D. (2023). “Gönüllü Geri Dönüş”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-49.
  • Topal, A. H. (2015). “Geçici Koruma Yönetmeliği ve Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin Hukuki Statüsü”, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 5-22.
  • Zetter, R. (2007). “More Labels, Fewer Refugees: Remaking the Refugee Label in an Era of Globalization”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 172-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem011

Yaşamsal İhtiyaçların Karşılanması ve Sürdürülebilir Güvenliğin Sağlanması Bağlamında Geri Dönüş Politikaları

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 159 - 176, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1615323

Abstract

Geri dönüş ülkesi politikaları, misafir ülkelerdeki mültecilerin, geçici mültecilerin veya göçmenlerin ülkelerine gönüllü veya zorla dönüşlerini desteklemek adına önemli bir misyon üstlenebilir. Ancak, geri dönüş ülkelerinin içinde bulunduğu siyasi, güvenlik ve yaşamsal koşullar dikkate alınmadan oluşturulacak geri dönüş politikalarının başarısız olma ihtimali oldukça yüksektir. Bu makalede, yaşamsal ihtiyaçların karşılanması ve sürdürülebilir güvenlik perspektifinde geri dönüş ülkelerine yönelik geliştirilen geri dönüş politikaları detaylı şekilde betimlenmiş ve hem uygulanabilir hem de uygulanmış örnekler üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Makale, geri dönüş politikaları bağlamında alanyazındaki bilgileri özetledikten sonra, geri dönüş ülkelerinde yaşamsal ihtiyaçların karşılanması ve sürdürülebilir güvenliğin sağlanması konularını ele almış, son olarak örnek uygulamalar ve karşılaşılan zorlukları tartışarak, çözüm önerileri sunan sonuç bölümüne ulaşmıştır.

References

  • Amnesty International (2024). “Egypt: Authorities Must End Campaign of Mass Arrests and Forced Returns of Sudanese Refugees”, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/06/egypt-authorities-must-end-campaign-of-mass-arrests-and-forced-returns-of-sudanese-refugees, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • ANKA (2024). “Ümit Özdağ ve Ahmet Davutoğlu Açıklama Yapıyor”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0jKffTTv8Q, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Babahanoğlu, V. (2024). “Syria in Türkiye-US Relations: Security, Terror and Strategic Dilemmas”, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University the Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 65, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1518264
  • Barry, N. S. (1997). “Refugee Repatriation, Return, and Refoulement During Conflict, USAID Conference Promoting Democracy, Human Rights, and Reintegration in Post-conflict Societies”, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacd092.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Biddle, S. (2017). “Building Security Forces & Stabilizing Nations: The Problem of Agency”, Daedalus, 146(4), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00452
  • Black, R. ve Gent, S. (2006). “Sustainable Return in Post‐Conflict Contexts”, International Migration, 44(3), 15-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00344.x
  • Brettel, C. B. ve Hollifield, J. F. (2023). “Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines” (Eds. Brettel, C. B. ve Hollifield, J. F.), Introduction: Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines, (ss. 1-43), Routledge.
  • Castles, S. ve Miller, M. J. (1998). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, London: MacMillan Press LTD.
  • Congressional Research Service (2022). “Foreign Assistance: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy”, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40213, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Çataklı, İ. ve Taşdoğan, C. (2023). “Suriyeli Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sığınmacılara Yönelik Politikaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 233-260.
  • Denney, L. ve Valters, C. (2015). “Evidence Synthesis: Security Sector Reform and Organisational Capacity Building”, Department for International Development, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a800977ed915d74e33f811d/Security-sector-reform-organisational-capacity-building.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Dustmann, C., Bentolila, S. ve Faini, R. (1996). “Return Migration: The European Experience”, Economic Policy, 11(22), 213-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.1996.tb00062.x
  • European Council (2001). Council Directive 2001/55/EC
  • Geyik Yıldırım, S. (2023). “Gönüllü Geri Dönüş: Uluslararası Deneyimler ve Türkiye”, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 28(110), 181-205.
  • Harild, N., Christensen, A. ve Zetter, R. (2015). “Sustainable Refugee Return: Triggers, Constraints, and Lessons on Addressing the Development Challenges of Forced Displacement”, https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/sustainable-refugee-return-triggers-constraints-and-lessons-on-addressing-the-development-challenges-of-forced-displacement, (Erişim Tarihi 13.01.2025).
  • Hollifield, J. F. (1992). “Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community”, International Migration Review, 26(2), 568-595.
  • International Organization for Migration (IOM) (t.y.). “IOM’s Policy on The Full Spectrum of Return, Readmission and Reintegration”, https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/documents/ioms-policy-full-spectrum-of-return-readmission-and-reintegration.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • Kaya, A. (2021). “Orta Güçlerin Rolü: Türkiye’nin Sürdürülebilir Güvenlik Stratejisi”, Journal of Middle East Studies, 10(2), 120-135.
  • Kaya, C. (2019). “Kalıcı Çözüm Türü Olarak Gönüllü Geri Dönüş ve Geçici Koruma Kapsamında Yer Alanlar Bakımından Türk Hukukundaki Düzenlenme Şekli”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 511-535.
  • Koser, K. (2016). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
  • Koser, K. ve Black, R. (1999). “Limits to Harmonization: The Temporary Protection of Refugees in the European Union”, International Migration, 37(3), 521-543.
  • Kronenfield, D. A. (2008). “Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: Not All Refugees, Not Always in Pakistan, Not Necessarily Afghan”, Journal of Refugee Studies 21(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen046
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
  • Metz, R. T. (2022). “The Cult of the Persuasive: Why US Security Assistance Fails”, International Security, 47(3), 95-135. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00467
  • Örselli, E. ve Babahanoğlu, V. (2016). “Türkiye’nin Göç Yönetimi ve Göç Politikalarının Gelişimi: Bir Kamu Politikası Analizi”, Journal Of International Social Research, 9(43), 2063-2071.
  • Özdemir, E. (2017). “Suriyeli Mülteciler Krizinin Türkiye’ye Etkileri”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(3), 114-140.
  • Polis Akademisi Başkanlığı (2020). “Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler ve Sınır Ötesi Güvenli Bölge”, https://cdn2.pa.edu.tr/Upload/Rapor/Dosya/turkiyedeki-suriyeliler-ve-sinir-otesi-guvenli-bolge.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2025).
  • Rolandsen, Ø. H., Dwyer, M. ve Reno, W. (2021). “Security Force Assistance to Fragile States: A Framework of Analysis”, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding”, 15(5), 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2021.1898675
  • Rosen, L. W. ve Epstein, S. B. (2018). “US Security Assistance and Security Cooperation Programs: Overview of Funding Trends”, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/R45091.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 13.01.2025).
  • Sahin-Mencutek, Z. ve Triandafyllidou, A. (2025). “Coerced Return: Formal Policies, Informal Practices and Migrants’ Navigation”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 51(2), 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2371209
  • Schuster, L. ve Majidi, N. (2019). “Deportation and Forced Return. In: Bloch”, (Eds. A. Bloch, and G. Dona), Forced Migration: Current Issues and Debates, (ss. 88-105), London: Routledge.
  • Skinner, A. (2023). “Egypt’s Approach to Conflict in Sudan: A Simmering Crisis”, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pdf/view/18197/en, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.06.2024).
  • Tarman, Z. D. (2023). “Gönüllü Geri Dönüş”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-49.
  • Topal, A. H. (2015). “Geçici Koruma Yönetmeliği ve Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin Hukuki Statüsü”, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 5-22.
  • Zetter, R. (2007). “More Labels, Fewer Refugees: Remaking the Refugee Label in an Era of Globalization”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 172-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem011
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Migration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kenan Çakabey 0000-0002-9237-0898

Submission Date January 8, 2025
Acceptance Date May 26, 2025
Early Pub Date June 7, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakabey, K. (2025). Yaşamsal İhtiyaçların Karşılanması ve Sürdürülebilir Güvenliğin Sağlanması Bağlamında Geri Dönüş Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Politika Dergisi, 5(2), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1615323

Publishing Institution

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