The Usage Possibilities of Synthetic and Organic Acaricides for Varroa Control

Year 2019, , 96 - 109, 29.05.2019

Mert Demirel , Gizem Keskin Nabi Alper Kumral

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.568321

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The most important
parasites of honeybees, Varroa spp.,
causes a rapid decrease in honey yield of colonies, weaken colony individuals,
and causes bees to be more sensitive to other diseases in advanced stages of
infection. To control this pest, many registrated chemical formulations are
effective, but the intensive use of the same active substance can cause
resistance to develop to these chemicals. The prophalatic use of these
chemicals threatens the health of the bees as well as human health due to
residue build-up in bee products. In recent years, research has focused on the
use of botanical origin acaricides, because these are easily degraded and are
considered to be natural substances that do not lead to chemical residue
build-up in hives. In addition, there is less risk of pesticide resistance
developing with the use of more natural alternatives. Some of the essential oil
acids used for Varroa control are
mainly thymol, oxalic acid, and thyme oil [(Thymus
caucasicus) (Lamiaceae)], hyssop oil [(Hyssopus
officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae)], lactic acid, caustic acid, clove oil [(Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae)],
eucalyptus oil [(Eucalyptus globulus)
(Myrtaceae)] and mint [(Mentha piperita)
(Lamiaceae)] extracts. Both extracts and mixtures of these have been used
yielding successful results. In this review, we evolauate the effectiveness on Varroa control using synthetic chemicals
and compare their control problems with alternative treatment methods. In
addition, the possibilities of using botanical and organic substances to
control Varroa mites as an alternative
to improve honey bee health will also be discussed.

Erratum: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uluaricilik/issue/54707/764600

Keywords

Varroa, Synthetic Acaricides, Botanical Acaricides, Control, Bee

VARROA MÜCADELESİNDE SENTETİK VE ORGANİK AKARİSİTLERİN KULLANIM OLANAKLARI

Abstract

Bal arılarının en önemli paraziti olan Varroa spp., bal arıların hemolenfini
emerek koloninin zayıflamasına, ileri aşamalarda ise diğer hastalıklara karşı
daha duyarlı hale gelmesine ve koloninin sönmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu zararlı ile mücadele de birçok ruhsatlı kimyasal
preparat Varroa mücadelesinde etkili
olmakta, ancak aynı etken maddenin yoğun kullanılması parazitin bu kimyasallara
karşı bağışıklık kazanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu kimyasalların bilinçsiz
kullanımı arıların sağlıklarını tehdit ettiği gibi arı ürünlerinde kalıntı bırakarak
insan sağlığını da tehlikeye sokmaktadır. Son yıllarda araştırmalar, doğada kolay parçalanan doğal bileşikler
oldukları için ve kimyasal kalıntı bırakmaması ve bağışıklık
oluşturmaması gibi özelliklerinden dolayı bitkisel orjinli preparatlara odaklanmıştır. Bazı esansiyel yağ
asitleri ile Varroa mücadelesinde
başlıca thymol, oksalik asit ve kekik [(Thymus
caucasicus) (Lamiaceae)] yağı olmakla beraber çördük [(Hyssopus officinalis L.) (Lamiaceae)] otu yağı, laktik asit, kostik
asit, karanfil [(Syzygium aromaticum
L. (Myrtaceae)] yağı, okaliptüs [(Eucalyptus
globulus) (Myrtaceae)] yağı ve nane [(Mentha
piperita) (Lamiaceae)] özütü gibi hem sadece özüt hemde bunların karışımı
ile yapılan preparatlar kullanılmakta ve başarılı sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Bu
derleme çalışmasında hem sentetik kimyasalların etkinliği ve bazı olumsuz
etkilerinden bahsedilirken, aynı zamanda bu organik etken maddelerin Varroa ve bal arıları üzerindeki
kullanım olanaklarına da değinilecektir.

Düzeltme: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uluaricilik/issue/54707/764600

Keywords

Varroa, Sentetik Akarisitler, Bitkisel Akarisitler, Mücadele, Bal arısı

References

• Aboushaara, H., Staron, M., Cermakova, T. (2017). Impacts of oxalic acid, thymol, and potassium citrate as Varroa control materials on some parameters of honey bees. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 41(2): 238-247.
• Akyol, E., Kaftanoğlu, O., Özkök, D. (1997). KKTC’li Arıcılara Bal Arısı Hastalık ve Zararlıları Kurs Notları.
• Akyol, E., Kaftanoğlu O., Özkök, D. (1998). Balarısı Hastalıkları, Teşhis-Tedavi ve Kontrol Yöntemleri. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde Arıcılığı Geliştirme Projesi Eğitim Programı Kurs Notları, 45. sayfa, Lefkoşa, K.K.T.C.
• Akyol, E., Özkök, D. (2005). Varroa (Varroa destructor) mücadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanımı. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J., (5):167-174
• Akyol, E., Korkmaz, A. (2005). Bal arısı (Apis mellifera) zararlısı Varroa destructor’un biyolojisi. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J. (5): 122-127.
• Akyol, E., Karatepe, B., Karatepe, M., Karaer, Z. (2006). Development and control of the Varroa (Varroa destructor) in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies and effects on the colony productivity. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J., 6(4): 149-154.
• Akyol, E., Yeninar, H. (2009). Use of oxalic acid to control Varroa destructor in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 33(4): 285-288.
• Albayrak, H., Özan, E. (2011). Akut Arı Paraliz-İsrail Akut Arı Paraliz ve Kaşmir Arı Virus Kompleksi.
• Anonim, 2001. Bal Arılarının Varroosis’ine Karşı Korunma Ve Mücadele Talimatı. Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2018. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/Mevzuat/Talimatlar/gkgm/balarilarinin_varroosis_hast_mucadele_koruma_talimati.pdf
• Anonim, 2003. Arıcılık Yönetmeliği. 25 Mayıs 2003 Tarih ve 25118 Sayılı Resmi Gazete.
• Anonim, 2018a. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/bolgeselistatistik/degiskenlerUzerindenSorgula.do
• Anonim, 2018b. FAOSTAT. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QV
• Anonim, 2018c. Ruhsatlı Veteriner Tıbbi Ürünler. Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2018. https://vtu.tarim.gov.tr/
• Anonim 2018d. IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification/?ext=pdf
• Anonim, 2018e. Varroa Control: Apivar. Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.veto-pharma.eu/varroa-control/18-apivar.html
• Anonim, 2018f. RULAMİT-VA. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.teknovet.com.tr/_upload/22092017_030546.Pdf
• Anonim, 2018g. VARROASON. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.vetbb.com/VARROASON_(ILTERIS)__VETBB119RN006Q504
• Anonim, 2018h. ABvarC Tablet. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.biohayat.net/urunler/1001/urunler/1007/abvarc-tablet.aspx
• Anonim, 2018i. Bayvarol. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. https://vetilac.com/ilac/bayvarol/259
• Anonim, 2018j. Flumevar. Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.vet-hek.com/veteriner-ilaclari/ari-ilaclari/flumevar.html
• Anonim, 2018k. Bal Arilarindaki Varroosis İçin Ektoparaziter (Akarisit). Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. http://www.lavitaltd.com.tr/index.html
• Anonim, 2018l. Apistan: Varroa Control. Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2018. https://www.vita-europe.com/beehealth/products/apistan/#info
• Ariana, A., Rahim E., Gholamhosein T. (2002). Laboratory evaluation of some plant essences to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 27.4 (2002): 319-327.
• Aydın, L., Girişgin, O., Kütükoğlu, F., Çakmak, S. (2003). Arıcılıkta ilaç kullanımı ve AB ile uyum. II. Marmara Arıcılık Kongresi Bidiri Kitabı. Uludağ Arıcılık Derneği Yayın, (2): 132-139.
• Aydın, L., Güleğen, E., Çakmak, İ., Girişgin, A. O. (2007). The occurrence of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000 on Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 31(3): 189-191.
• Brasesco, C., Gende, L., Negri, P., Szawarski, N., Iglesias, A., Eguaras, M., Maggi, M. (2016). Assessing in Vitro Acaricidal Effect and Joint Action of a Binary Mixture Between Essential Oil Compounds (Thymol, Phellandrene, Eucalyptol, Cinnamaldehyde, Myrcene, Carvacrol) Over Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Journal of Apicultural Science, 61(2): 203-215.
• Calderone, N. W., Spivak, M. (1995). Plant extracts for control of the parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) in colonies of the western honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(5): 1211-1215.
• Calderone, N. W., Wilson, W. T., Spivak, M. (1997). Plant extracts used for control of the parasitic mites Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90(5): 1080-1086.
• Calderone, N. W. (1999). Evaluation of formic acid and a thymol-based blend of natural products for the fall control of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) in colonies of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 92(2): 253-260.
• Cengiz, M. M. (2012). In honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.), usage of different organics compounds and their effects to colony performance against Varroa destructor infestation. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18: 133-137.
• Chiesa, F., D'Agaro, M. (1991). Effective control of varroatosis using powdered thymol. Apidologie, 22(2): 135-145.
• Cornelissen, B., Gerritsen, L. J. M. (2006). Swarm prevention and spring treatments against Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies. In Proceedings of the section Experimental and Applied Entomologyof the Netherlands Entomological Society Meeting, Ede, The Netherlands, 16 December 2005 (Vol. 17, pp. 133-139).
• Çakmak, I., Aydin, L., Camazine, S., Wells, H. (2002). Pollen traps and walnut-leaf smoke for Varroa control. American Bee Journal, 142(5): 367-370.
• Çakmak, İ., Aydın, L., and H. Wells. 2006. Walnut Leaf Smoke Versus Mint Leaves In Conjunction With Pollen Traps For Control of Varroa destructor. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy 50: 477–479
• Dar, S. A., Sheikh B. A. (2017). Effectiveness of Acaricidal Treatments against Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) Affecting Honey Bee, Apis mellifera L. Colonies. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 6.2: 1574-1579.
• De Jong, D., De Jong, P. H., Goncalves, L. S. (1982). Weight loss and other damage to developing worker honeybees from infestation with Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Apicultural Research, 21(3): 165-167.
• Elzen, P. J., Baxter, J. R., Spivak, M., Wilson, W. T. (1999). Amitraz resistance in varroa: new discovery in North America. American Bee Journal, 139(5): 362-362.
• Emsen, B., Dodologlu, A. (2009). The effects of using different organic compounds against honey bee mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) on colony developments of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and residue levels in honey. J Anim Vet Adv, 8(5): 1004-1009.
• Ferrer-Dufol, M., Martinez-Vinuales, A. I., Sanchez-Acedo, C. (1991). Comparative tests of fluvalinate and flumethrin to control Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans. Journal of Apicultural Research, 30(2): 103-106.
• Floris, I., Cabras, P., Garau, V. L., Minelli, E. V., Satta, A., & Troullier, J. (2001). Persistence and effectiveness of pyrethroids in plastic strips against Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and mite resistance in a Mediterranean area. Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(4): 806-810.
• Girişgin, A. O., Aydın, L. (2010). Determining the efficacy of flumethrin (Varostop®) against to Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies in fall season. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J.10(2): 70-73.
• Giusti, M., Sabelli, C., Di Donato, A., Lamberti, D., Paturzo, C. E., Polignano, V., Felicioli, A. (2017). Efficacy and safety of Varterminator, a new formic acid medicine against the varroa mite. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(2): 162-167.
• Goodwin, M., Eaton, V. C. (2001). Control of Varroa a guide for New Zealand beekeepers. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
• Gregorc, A., Knight, P. R., Adamczyk, J. (2017). Powdered sugar shake to monitor and oxalic acid treatments to control varroa mites (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(1): 71-75.
• Güneş, N., Aydın, L., Belenli, D., Hranitz, J. M., Mengilig, S., Selova, S. (2017). Stress responses of honey bees to organic acid and essential oil treatments against varroa mites. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(2): 175-181.
• Higes, M., Meana, A., Suárez, M., Llorente, J. (1999). Negative long-term effects on bee colonies treated with oxalic acid against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie, 30(4): 289-292.
• Johnson, R. M., Huang, Z. Y., Berenbaum, M. R. (2010). Role of detoxification in Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) tolerance of the miticide tau-fluvalinate. International Journal of Acarology, 36(1): 1-6.
• Kaftanoğlu, O., Kumova, U., Yeninar, H. (1995a). Effectiveness of drugs commonly used against Varroa jacobsoni and their effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera). Proc. 34th Int. Congr. Apiculturel Apimondia, Lousanne, Sweden, 180pp.
• Kaftanoğlu, O., Kumova, U., Yeninar, H., Özkök, D. (1995b). Türkiye’de balarısı (Apis mellifera L.) hastalıklarının dağılımı, koloniler üzerindeki etkileri ve entegre kontrol yöntemlerinin uygulanması. TÜBİTAK VHAG–925 Nolu Proje Raporu.
• Kumova, U. (2004). Varroa ile Mücadele Yöntemleri. II. Marmara Arıcılık Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. Uludağ Arıcılık Derneği Yayın No: 2 83–131 Uludağ Üniv. Basımevi, Bursa.
• Li, L., Lin, Z. G., Wang, S., Su, X. L., Gong, H. R., Li, H. L., Zheng, H. Q. (2017). The effects of clove oil on the enzyme activity of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Arachnida: Acari: Varroidae). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(5): 996-1000.
• Locke, B., Semberg, E., Forsgren, E., De Miranda, J. R. (2017). Persistence of subclinical deformed wing virus infections in honeybees following Varroa mite removal and a bee population turnover. PloS One, 12(7): e0180910.
• Lodesani, M., Colombo, M., Spreafico, M. (1995). Ineffectiveness of Apistan® treatment against the mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud in several districts of Lombardy (Italy). Apidologie, 26(1): 67-72.
• Maggi, M. D., Ruffinengo, S. R., Damiani, N., Sardella, N. H., Eguaras, M. J. (2009). First detection of Varroa destructor resistance to coumaphos in Argentina. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 47(4): 317-320.
• Maggi, M. D., Ruffinengo, S. R., Mendoza, Y., Ojeda, P., Ramallo, G., Floris, I., Eguaras, M. J. (2011). Susceptibility of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) to synthetic acaricides in Uruguay: Varroa mites’ potential to develop acaricide resistance. Parasitology research, 108(4): 815-821.
• Mahmood, R., Wagchoure, E. S., Raja, S., Sarwar, G. (2012). Control of Varroa destructor using Oxalic acid, Formic acid and Bayvarol strip in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44(6): 1473-1477.
• Mathieu, L., Faucon, J. P. (2000). Changes in the response time for Varroa jacobsoni exposed to amitraz. Journal of Apicultural Research, 39(3-4): 155-158.
• Maver, L., Poklukar, J. (2003). Coumaphos and amitraz residues in Slovenian honey. Apiacta, 38(2003): 54-57.
• Milani, N., Barbattini, R. (1989). Treatment of varroatosis with Bayvarol strips (Flumetrin) in northern Italy. Apicoltura, 5: 173–192.
• Özüiçli, M., Aydın, L. (2018). Türkiye Bal Arılarında Ciddi Tehlike; Nosemosis. Uludag University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 37(2): 35-40.
• Mozes-Koch, R., Slabezki, Y., Efrat, H., Kalev, H., Kamer, Y., Yakobson, B. A., Dag, A. (2000). First detection in Israel of fluvalinate resistance in the varroa mite using bioassay and biochemical methods. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 24(1): 35-43.
• Nentchev, P. (2003). Hyssopus officinalis L. (çördük otu) eterik yağının Varroa destructor’ a karşı kullanımı üzerine gözlemler. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J., (2): 43-44.
• Papežíková, I., Palíková, M., Kremserová, S., Zachová, A., Peterová, H., Babák, V., Navrátil, S. (2017). Effect of oxalic acid on the mite Varroa destructor and its host the honey bee Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(4): 400-408.
• Peroutka, M. (1983). Varroa disease treatment with Bromopropylate in the Folbex-VA preparation, Apimondia, 1983.
• Planinc, A. G. I. (2004). Dynamics of falling varroa mites in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies following oxalic acid treatments. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 73(3): 385-391.
• Rahimi, A., Del, Y. K., Moradpour, F. (2017). The effect of thyme (Thymus caucasicus) ethanol extract on Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), an ectoparasite mite of Apis mellifera meda (Hym: Apidae). Biologija, 63(2): 177-184.
• Ramzi, H., Ismaili, M. R., Aberchane, M., Zaanoun, S. (2017). Chemical characterization and acaricidal activity of Thymus satureioides C.&B. and Origanum elongatum E. & M. (Lamiaceae) essential oils against Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae). Industrial Crops and Products, 108: 201-207.
• Rashid, M., Wagchoure, E. S., Mohsin, A. U., Raja, S., Sarwar, G. (2012). Control of ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies by using different concentrations of oxalic acid. J. AnimSci, 22(1): 72.
• Rinkevich, F. D., Danka, R. G., Healy, K. B. (2017). Influence of varroa mite (Varroa destructor) management practices on insecticide sensitivity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Insects, 8(1): 9.
• Ritter, W. (1981). Varroa disease of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Bee World, 62(4): 141-153.
• Sabahi, Q., Gashout, H., Kelly, P. G., Guzman-Novoa, E. (2017). Continuous release of oregano oil effectively and safely controls Varroa destructor infestations in honey bee colonies in a northern climate. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 72(3): 263-275.
• Sanford, M. T. (2001). Introduction, spread and economic impact of Varroa mites in North America. Mites of the honey bee, Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, 149-162.
• Semkiw, P., Skubida, P., Pohorecka, K. (2013). The amitraz strips efficacy in control of Varroa destructor after many years application of amitraz in apiaries. Journal of Apicultural Science, 57(1): 107-121.
• Sırrı, K., Nesim, K., Güven, E., Karaer, Z. (2006). Yeni Geliştirilen Tespit Kabı ile Ergin Arılarda Varroa Enfestasyonunun Belirlenmesi. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J., 2:68-73.
• Škerl S. M. I., Nakrst, M., Žvokelj, L., Gregorc, A. (2011). The acaricidal effect of flumethrin, oxalic acid and amitraz against Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) colonies. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 80(1): 51-56.
• Sofou, K., Isaakidis, D., Spyros, A., Büttner, A., Giannis, A., Katerinopoulos, H. E. (2017). Use of costic acid, a natural extract from Dittrichia viscosa, for the control of Varroa destructor, a parasite of the European honey bee. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 13, 952.
• Stanimirovic, Z., Glavinić, U., Lakić, N., Radović, D., Ristanić, M., Tarić, E., Stevanović, J. (2017). Efficacy of plant-derived formulation “Argus Ras” in Varroa destructor control. Acta Veterinaria, 67(2): 191-200.
• Toomemaa, K., Martin, A. J., Mänd, M., Williams, I. H. (2010). Using oxalic acid in water solution in control of Varroa mites and its influence on honey bees. Agronomy Research, 8(Special II): 345-350.
• Uygur, Ş. Ö., Girişgin, A. O. (2008). Bal arısı hastalık ve zararlıları. U. Arı D. / U. Bee J.8(4): 130-142.
• Whalon M.E., Mota-Sanchez R.M., Hollingworth R.M., Duynslager L. 2018. Artrhopods Resistant to Pesticides Database (ARPD). Erişim Tarihi: 31.12.2018. http://www.pesticideresistance.org.
• Whittington, R., Winston, M. L., Melathopoulos, A. P., Higo, H. A. (2000). Evaluation of the botanical oils neem, thymol, and canola sprayed to control Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Acari: Varroidae) and Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) in colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae). American Bee Journal, 140(7): 567-572.
• Woyke, J. (1987). Infestation of honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies by the parasitic mites Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae in South Vietnam and results of chemical treatment. Journal of Apicultural Research, 26(1): 64-67.
• Zhang, Z. Q. (2000). Notes on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) parasitic on honeybees in New Zealand. Systematic and Applied Acarology Special Publications, 5(1): 9-14