Review Article

Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990)

Volume: 7 Number: 1 March 2, 2026
EN TR

Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990)

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of Turkish foreign policy during the Cold War era (1945–1990), highlighting its strategic orientation, key turning points, and underlying dynamics. Initially shaped by the Soviet threat and territorial demands in 1945, Turkey adopted a firmly pro-Western stance, culminating in its accession to NATO in 1952 and participation in regional security pacts such as the Balkan and Baghdad Pacts. The study traces how Turkey’s foreign policy, anchored in Western alignment, gradually diversified in response to changing international conditions, including détente, the Cyprus crisis, and the emergence of a multipolar world order. The analysis explores critical phases: the consolidation of Western ties (1945–1965), the shift toward a more balanced approach following the Johnson Letter and Cyprus crisis (1965–1973), the active diplomacy and strategic recalibration after the 1974 Cyprus operation (1973–1983), and the deepening of U.S. relations amid regional challenges and European integration efforts (1983–1991). Drawing on archival sources and scholarly literature, the article argues that while Turkey maintained its Western orientation throughout the Cold War, it simultaneously pursued pragmatic adjustments to safeguard national interests, manage regional conflicts, and respond to global transformations.

Keywords

References

  1. Archival Sources:
  2. The National Archives, United Kingdom (TNA)
  3. • FO371/67305B, Review of Events in Türkiye in 1946.
  4. • FO371/72540, Annual Report on Türkiye for 1947.
  5. • FO371/78661, Annual Report on Türkiye for 1948.
  6. • FO371/87933, Annual Report on Türkiye for 1949.
  7. • FO371/95267, Türkiye: Annual Review for 1950.
  8. • FO371/101848, Türkiye: Annual Review for 1951.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Turkish Foreign Policy

Journal Section

Review Article

Publication Date

March 2, 2026

Submission Date

January 13, 2026

Acceptance Date

February 11, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 1

APA
Yeşilbursa, B. K. (2026). Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990). UPA Strategic Affairs, 7(1), 73-113. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18650906
AMA
1.Yeşilbursa BK. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990). UPA Strategic Affairs. 2026;7(1):73-113. doi:10.5281/zenodo.18650906
Chicago
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. 2026. “Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War Era (1945-1990)”. UPA Strategic Affairs 7 (1): 73-113. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18650906.
EndNote
Yeşilbursa BK (March 1, 2026) Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990). UPA Strategic Affairs 7 1 73–113.
IEEE
[1]B. K. Yeşilbursa, “Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990)”, UPA Strategic Affairs, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 73–113, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18650906.
ISNAD
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. “Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War Era (1945-1990)”. UPA Strategic Affairs 7/1 (March 1, 2026): 73-113. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18650906.
JAMA
1.Yeşilbursa BK. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990). UPA Strategic Affairs. 2026;7:73–113.
MLA
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. “Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War Era (1945-1990)”. UPA Strategic Affairs, vol. 7, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 73-113, doi:10.5281/zenodo.18650906.
Vancouver
1.Behçet Kemal Yeşilbursa. Turkish Foreign Policy during the Cold War Era (1945-1990). UPA Strategic Affairs. 2026 Mar. 1;7(1):73-113. doi:10.5281/zenodo.18650906