From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact
Abstract
This study examines the emergence, evolution, and eventual failure of the Baghdad Pact within the broader context of post–Second World War Middle Eastern politics, with particular emphasis on Iran’s accession to the pact on 3 November 1955. It situates the pact against the backdrop of decolonization, rising Arab nationalism, superpower rivalry, and the enduring Arab–Israeli conflict, all of which reshaped the region’s security environment. The analysis demonstrates that alliance formation in the Middle East was driven less by abstract balance-of-power considerations than by perceived regional threats, regime security concerns, and expectations of external military and economic assistance. The article traces early Western efforts to construct regional defence frameworks, from the Middle East Command (MEC) and Middle East Defence Organization (MEDO) to the Northern Tier Project, highlighting their political and strategic limitations. It argues that the Baghdad Pact emerged as a compromise solution reflecting overlapping but asymmetrical objectives: Britain sought to preserve influence with limited resources, the United States aimed to contain Soviet expansion while avoiding alienation of Arab states, and regional members pursued security guarantees and material aid. The pact’s vague legal commitments, absence of an immediate military threat, and internal mistrust significantly undermined its effectiveness. Special attention is devoted to Iran’s hesitant path to accession. The study shows how the Shah’s decision was shaped by domestic stability concerns, fear of Soviet reactions, and the pursuit of Western economic and military support. Iranian participation ultimately reflected regime security calculations and developmental expectations rather than confidence in a robust collective defence mechanism. The Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal of 1955 proved a critical turning point, intensifying Cold War competition and accelerating Iran’s entry into the pact. Finally, the article assesses the transformation of the Baghdad Pact into CENTO and explains its decline, emphasizing the lack of credible deterrence, divergent member priorities, and waning commitment. It concludes that the Baghdad Pact and CENTO illustrate the structural fragility of Cold War alliances in the Middle East, where regional rivalries, nationalist politics, and regime survival consistently outweighed formal collective security arrangements.
Keywords
References
- Archives -The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
- • NARA RG 59 780.5/3-2155, Dulles to Tehran.
- • NARA RG 59 780.5/3-2255, Aldrich (London) to Secretary of State.
- • NARA RG 59 780.5/9-2755, Memorandum of Conversation: Iranian adherence to the Baghdad Pact.
- • NARA RG 59 780.5/9-2755, Philip Clock (American Embassy in Tehran) to the Department of State.
- -British Archives (The National Archives)
- • TNA/FO371/115519/V1073/1012, Report by Brigadier T. E. Williams, 18 August 1955.
- • TNA/FO371/115469/V1073/975, Middle East Policy in the light of the Egyptian-Czechoslovak arms deal, 6 October 1955.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Middle East Studies
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
June 19, 2026
Submission Date
April 21, 2026
Acceptance Date
April 27, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 2