Araştırma Makalesi

From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact

Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 19 Haziran 2026
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From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact

Öz

This study examines the emergence, evolution, and eventual failure of the Baghdad Pact within the broader context of post–Second World War Middle Eastern politics, with particular emphasis on Iran’s accession to the pact on 3 November 1955. It situates the pact against the backdrop of decolonization, rising Arab nationalism, superpower rivalry, and the enduring Arab–Israeli conflict, all of which reshaped the region’s security environment. The analysis demonstrates that alliance formation in the Middle East was driven less by abstract balance-of-power considerations than by perceived regional threats, regime security concerns, and expectations of external military and economic assistance. The article traces early Western efforts to construct regional defence frameworks, from the Middle East Command (MEC) and Middle East Defence Organization (MEDO) to the Northern Tier Project, highlighting their political and strategic limitations. It argues that the Baghdad Pact emerged as a compromise solution reflecting overlapping but asymmetrical objectives: Britain sought to preserve influence with limited resources, the United States aimed to contain Soviet expansion while avoiding alienation of Arab states, and regional members pursued security guarantees and material aid. The pact’s vague legal commitments, absence of an immediate military threat, and internal mistrust significantly undermined its effectiveness. Special attention is devoted to Iran’s hesitant path to accession. The study shows how the Shah’s decision was shaped by domestic stability concerns, fear of Soviet reactions, and the pursuit of Western economic and military support. Iranian participation ultimately reflected regime security calculations and developmental expectations rather than confidence in a robust collective defence mechanism. The Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal of 1955 proved a critical turning point, intensifying Cold War competition and accelerating Iran’s entry into the pact. Finally, the article assesses the transformation of the Baghdad Pact into CENTO and explains its decline, emphasizing the lack of credible deterrence, divergent member priorities, and waning commitment. It concludes that the Baghdad Pact and CENTO illustrate the structural fragility of Cold War alliances in the Middle East, where regional rivalries, nationalist politics, and regime survival consistently outweighed formal collective security arrangements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Archives -The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
  2. • NARA RG 59 780.5/3-2155, Dulles to Tehran.
  3. • NARA RG 59 780.5/3-2255, Aldrich (London) to Secretary of State.
  4. • NARA RG 59 780.5/9-2755, Memorandum of Conversation: Iranian adherence to the Baghdad Pact.
  5. • NARA RG 59 780.5/9-2755, Philip Clock (American Embassy in Tehran) to the Department of State.
  6. -British Archives (The National Archives)
  7. • TNA/FO371/115519/V1073/1012, Report by Brigadier T. E. Williams, 18 August 1955.
  8. • TNA/FO371/115469/V1073/975, Middle East Policy in the light of the Egyptian-Czechoslovak arms deal, 6 October 1955.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ortadoğu Çalışmaları

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

19 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

21 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

27 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Yeşilbursa, B. K. (2026). From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact. UPA Strategic Affairs, 7(2), 48-69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20642514
AMA
1.Yeşilbursa BK. From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact. UPA Strategic Affairs. 2026;7(2):48-69. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20642514
Chicago
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. 2026. “From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact”. UPA Strategic Affairs 7 (2): 48-69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20642514.
EndNote
Yeşilbursa BK (01 Haziran 2026) From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact. UPA Strategic Affairs 7 2 48–69.
IEEE
[1]B. K. Yeşilbursa, “From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact”, UPA Strategic Affairs, c. 7, sy 2, ss. 48–69, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20642514.
ISNAD
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. “From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact”. UPA Strategic Affairs 7/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 48-69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20642514.
JAMA
1.Yeşilbursa BK. From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact. UPA Strategic Affairs. 2026;7:48–69.
MLA
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. “From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact”. UPA Strategic Affairs, c. 7, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 48-69, doi:10.5281/zenodo.20642514.
Vancouver
1.Behçet Kemal Yeşilbursa. From Neutrality to Alliance: Iran’s Accession to the Baghdad Pact. UPA Strategic Affairs. 01 Haziran 2026;7(2):48-69. doi:10.5281/zenodo.20642514