THE CALL OF THE UNIFORM: THE POWER PROJECTIONS OF MILITARY BANDS AND MEHTERAN CEREMONIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DEFENSE DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER

Abstract

The link between international relations and music has undergone significant development in recent years, particularly within the framework of aesthetic and auditory transformation. However, studies in both areas have generally focused on popular music, art music, and national anthems. Consequently, military bands have largely been overlooked in this context. Yet, military bands and, historically, the Janissary corps occupy a paradoxical position at the intersection of hard power and soft power. This article aims to bridge the gap between military bands and Janissary corps in defense and cultural diplomacy, and to propose a four-functional typology for this context. This typology consists of coercive/power-of-sound, ceremonial/protocol, attractive/prestigious, and identity-building/oriented-towards-domestic-public-opinion functions. The argument is evaluated through an interpretive case analysis using a process-following method, based on the long history of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. This study analyzes in detail the early stages of the Mehter's (Ottoman military band) development as an auditory force, its spread throughout Europe as a soft power within the framework of Turquerie and Alla Turca between 1600 and 1800, its transformation into the Imperial Band in 1826, and its revival in 1953 as a contemporary public diplomacy and national image through the diffusion of Westernization's influence. This research critically examines the concept of soft power by focusing on the compelling and orientalist layers underlying the appeal of military bands. The methodological challenges in measuring the impact of diplomatic actions included within the scope of the band were also highlighted.

Keywords

• Defense Diplomacy
• Public Diplomacy
• Soft Power
• Mehter (Ottoman Military Band)
• Military Band

ÜNİFORMANIN ÇAĞRISI: SAVUNMA DİPLOMASİSİ VE YUMUŞAK GÜÇ ODAĞINDA MEHTERAN TÖRENLERİ VE ASKERİ BANDONUN GÜÇ PROJEKSİYONLARI

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkiler alanı ile müzik arasındaki bağ, günümüzde özellikle estetik ve işitsel dönüşüm çerçevesinde önemli bir gelişme göstermiştir. Ancak her iki alandaki çalışmalar genellikle popüler müzik, sanat müziği ve ulusal marşlar odağında şekillenmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu durumda askeri bandolar analiz açısından büyük ölçüde gözden kaçmıştır. Oysaki askeri bandolar ve tarihsel süreçteki mehteran birlikleri sert güç ile yumuşak gücün kesiştiği paradoksal bir konumdadır. Bu makale, askeri bando ve mehteran birliklerinin savunma diplomasisi ile kültürel diplomasi arasındaki eksik kalan yanını tamamlamayı ve bu bağlamda dört işlevli bir tipolojiyi önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu tipoloji; zorlayıcı/sesin gücü, törensel/protokol, çekici/itibari ve kimlik inşacı/iç kamuoyuna dönük olma işlevlerinden oluşmaktadır. Argüman, Osmanlı Devleti ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin uzun tarihi üzerinden, süreç izleme yöntemiyle yorumsamacı bir vaka analiziyle ele alınmaktadır. Mehter’in erken dönemde işitsel bir güç oluşumu, 1600-1800 yılları arasında Turquerie ve Alla Turca çerçevesinde yumuşak güç olarak Avrupa’ya yayılması, 1826 yılında Mızıka-i Hümâyûn’a dönüşümü ve Batılılaşma etkisinin ters norm difüzyonu ile 1953 yılında çağdaş kamu diplomasisi ve ulusal imaj haline dönüşerek yeniden canlanması süreçleri çalışmada ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmektedir. Araştırma, askeri bandonun cazibesinin kökenindeki zorlayıcı ve oryantalist katmanlara odaklanarak yumuşak güç kavramını eleştirel bir açıdan tartışmaktadır. Ayrıca bando kapsamında yer alan diplomatik eylemlerin etkisinin ölçülmesindeki yöntemsel zorluklara da dikkat çekilmiştir.

Keywords

• Savunma Diplomasisi
• Kamu Diplomasisi
• Yumuşak Güç
• Mehter
• Askeri Bando

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