REFLECTIONS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION ON WAGE POLICIES IN LABOUR MARKET AND ITS ROLE IN UNITED NATIONS AGREEMENTS
Abstract
Women often face
discrimination in their daily lives. In their business life, they have discrimination
in many areas such as employment, harassment, wage discrimination and glass
ceiling. The professions that are allocated as 'women's work' and 'men's work'
are compelling women to work into lower pay sectors which have jobs that are
considered to be suitable for the stereotyping of women's character. In the
field of human rights, the emergence of ‘the equal pay
for equal work’ was in placed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In
time, ‘the equal work equal pay ’has become insufficient to meet the present
needs. Although women and men work equally, and unequal wage policy against
women has been one of the priority problems of women in the world for a long
time. The value of women's labor which has been underestimated due to gender
perceptions, has been discussed more frequently with the demands of equal and
fair wages as of the second half of the 90s thanks to the agreements and
recommendations of the international organizations. In this study, recent
effects on gender inequality and gender pay gap of these agreements which are
signed by Turkey. The causes of gender pay gap are examined; opinions and
suggestions are presented.
Keywords
References
- Bender A. and Pigeyre F. (2017) Job Evaluation and Pay Equity: Stakes and Methods, Conference EURAM, Jun 2014, Valencia, Spain. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01340259/document
- Brown, G. (Editör) (2016) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge
- Borjas G.J. (2016) Labor Economics Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill Educaiton, The United States
- Carlsson M. (2011) Does Hiring Discrimination Cause Gender Segregation in the Swedish Labor Market? Feminist Economics, Volume 17,2011- Issue 3, Pages 71-102https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2011.580700
- Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) (2018) ILO, UNWOMEN AND OECD’S Vision for the Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) To Contribute To The Achievement of SDG Target 8.5 Focusing on Equal Pay Between Women and Men For Work of Equal Value https://www.equalpayinternationalcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/EPICs-Vision.pdf
- Goldin, C., and C. Rouse (2000) Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians, The American Economic Review 90(4), 715-741.
- Gül, İ. ve Karan, U. (2011). AyrımcılıkYasağı: Kavram, Hukuk, İzlemeveBelgeleme, İstanbul Bilgi ÜniversitesiYayınları, İstanbul
- ILO (2011) Report of Director General: A New Era of Social Justice, International Labour Conference, 100th Session, ILO, Geneva, s. 14-15
- Korkut, Levent, (2009), AyrımcılıkKarşıtıHukuk, İnsanHaklarıGündemiDerneğiYayını, Ankara.
- Kuhn, P.J.and Shen, K. (2011) Gender Discrimination in JobAds: Theory and Evidence(September 2011) NBER Working Paper No. w17453., National Bureau of EconomicResearch http://www.nber.org/papers/w17453
- Lawler, J.J. and Bae, J.(1998), “Overt Employment Discrimination by Multinational Firms: Cultural and Economic Influences in a Developing Country”, Industrial Relations,Vol. 37, Issue 2, p. 126-152.
- Nilsson A. and Wrench J. (2009) ‘Ethnic İnequality and Discrimination in the Labour Market’, Kraal K., Roosblad J. and Wrench J. (Editors) Equal Opportunities and Ethnic Inequality in European Labour Markets Discrimination, Gender and Policies of Diversity, Amsterdam University Press
- OECD (2012) Closing Gender Gap Act Now, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264179370-en
- OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en
- Rehman, J. (2003) International Human Rights Law: A Practical Approach, Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom s. 344-346
- Sheetz-Runkle B. (2011) Sun Tzu for Women: The Art of War for Winning in Business, Adams Media, United States of America. s. 21-22
- The International Labour Office (ILO) (2011) A New Era of Social Justice, International Labour Conference, The International Labour Office, Switzerland
- The International Labour Office (ILO) (2016) Women at Work Trends 2016, The International Labour Office, Geneva
- United Nations (UN) (1996) Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995, New York
- Wetzels C. (2007) MotherhoodandWages, Del Boca D. AndWetzelsC( Editors) SocialPolicies, Labour MarketsandMotherhood: A Comperative Analysis of EuropeanCountries,CambridgeUnivesityPress
- Wirth, L. (2001) Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling. Women in Management, International Labour Office (İLO), Geneva
- https://humanrightscenter.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/120-ekonomik-sosyal-ve-kulturel-haklara-iliskin-uluslararas-sozlesme/
- https://www.ilo.org/ankara/conventions-ratified-by-turkey/WCMS_377269/lang--tr/index.htm
İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINDA CİNSİYET AYRIMCILIĞININ ÜCRET POLİTİKASINA YANSIMASI VE BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER ANTLAŞMALARINDAKİ YERİ
Abstract
Kadınlar
günlük hayatlarında sıklıkla ayrımcılık ile karşılaşmaktadır. İş hayatında ise istihdama
dahil olma, taciz, ücret ayrımcılığı, cam tavan gibi pek çok alanda ayrımcılık temelli
muameleye tabi tutulmaktadırlar. ‘Kadın işi’ ve ‘erkek işi’ diye ayrılan meslekler
kadınları daha düşük ücretli, kadının karakterine dair stereotipleştirmelere göre
olduğu düşünülen işlerin olduğu sektörlere sıkıştırmaktadır. İnsan hakları alanındaki
düzenlemeler ile ‘eşit işe eşit ücret’ kavramının ortaya çıkması ücret ayrımcılığı
ile mücadelede ilk önlemler arasındaki yerini İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi
ile almıştır. Zaman içinde ‘eşit ücret’ için ‘eşit iş’ kriteri yeterli gelmemeye
başlamıştır. Kadın ve erkeğin eşit değerde iş görmelerine rağmen kadının aleyhine
eşitsiz bir ücret politikası uygulanması uzun zamandır dünyada kadına yönelik ayrımcı
uygulamalar arasında öncelikli sorunlar arasındadır. Kadın emeğinin toplumsal cinsiyet
algıları sebebiyle düşük görülen değeri, 90’lı yılların ikinci yarısından itibaren
uluslararası örgütlerin anlaşma ve tavsiyeleri sayesinde hakkettiği gibi eşit ve
adil ücret talebi ile daha sık tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin
de imzaladığı bu anlaşmaların son yıllardaki cinsiyet eşitsizliğine ve ücret açığına
etkisi incelenmiştir. Ücret eşitsizliğinin arkasında yatan nedenler irdelenerek,
görüş ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
References
- Bender A. and Pigeyre F. (2017) Job Evaluation and Pay Equity: Stakes and Methods, Conference EURAM, Jun 2014, Valencia, Spain. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01340259/document
- Brown, G. (Editör) (2016) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century: A Living Document in a Changing World, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge
- Borjas G.J. (2016) Labor Economics Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill Educaiton, The United States
- Carlsson M. (2011) Does Hiring Discrimination Cause Gender Segregation in the Swedish Labor Market? Feminist Economics, Volume 17,2011- Issue 3, Pages 71-102https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2011.580700
- Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) (2018) ILO, UNWOMEN AND OECD’S Vision for the Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) To Contribute To The Achievement of SDG Target 8.5 Focusing on Equal Pay Between Women and Men For Work of Equal Value https://www.equalpayinternationalcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/EPICs-Vision.pdf
- Goldin, C., and C. Rouse (2000) Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians, The American Economic Review 90(4), 715-741.
- Gül, İ. ve Karan, U. (2011). AyrımcılıkYasağı: Kavram, Hukuk, İzlemeveBelgeleme, İstanbul Bilgi ÜniversitesiYayınları, İstanbul
- ILO (2011) Report of Director General: A New Era of Social Justice, International Labour Conference, 100th Session, ILO, Geneva, s. 14-15
- Korkut, Levent, (2009), AyrımcılıkKarşıtıHukuk, İnsanHaklarıGündemiDerneğiYayını, Ankara.
- Kuhn, P.J.and Shen, K. (2011) Gender Discrimination in JobAds: Theory and Evidence(September 2011) NBER Working Paper No. w17453., National Bureau of EconomicResearch http://www.nber.org/papers/w17453
- Lawler, J.J. and Bae, J.(1998), “Overt Employment Discrimination by Multinational Firms: Cultural and Economic Influences in a Developing Country”, Industrial Relations,Vol. 37, Issue 2, p. 126-152.
- Nilsson A. and Wrench J. (2009) ‘Ethnic İnequality and Discrimination in the Labour Market’, Kraal K., Roosblad J. and Wrench J. (Editors) Equal Opportunities and Ethnic Inequality in European Labour Markets Discrimination, Gender and Policies of Diversity, Amsterdam University Press
- OECD (2012) Closing Gender Gap Act Now, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264179370-en
- OECD (2017), The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en
- Rehman, J. (2003) International Human Rights Law: A Practical Approach, Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom s. 344-346
- Sheetz-Runkle B. (2011) Sun Tzu for Women: The Art of War for Winning in Business, Adams Media, United States of America. s. 21-22
- The International Labour Office (ILO) (2011) A New Era of Social Justice, International Labour Conference, The International Labour Office, Switzerland
- The International Labour Office (ILO) (2016) Women at Work Trends 2016, The International Labour Office, Geneva
- United Nations (UN) (1996) Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995, New York
- Wetzels C. (2007) MotherhoodandWages, Del Boca D. AndWetzelsC( Editors) SocialPolicies, Labour MarketsandMotherhood: A Comperative Analysis of EuropeanCountries,CambridgeUnivesityPress
- Wirth, L. (2001) Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling. Women in Management, International Labour Office (İLO), Geneva
- https://humanrightscenter.bilgi.edu.tr/tr/content/120-ekonomik-sosyal-ve-kulturel-haklara-iliskin-uluslararas-sozlesme/
- https://www.ilo.org/ankara/conventions-ratified-by-turkey/WCMS_377269/lang--tr/index.htm
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | August 28, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | June 14, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 |
