Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE APPROACHES OF GREAT POWERS TO THE SYRIAN CRISIS: INCOMPATIBLE DEMANDS AND CONFLICTING SOLUTIONS

Year 2020, Issue: 4, 968 - 999, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.784102

Abstract

The Syrian crisis, which started in March 2011 with mass demonstrations, has been affected by the conflicting approaches of the permanent members of the UNSC. The UNSC veto powers have intervened in the crisis in a short time, but their different objectives have prevented any long-term solutions, and their measures have neutralized the others’ measures. Furthermore, conflicting demands of the parties have limited the effectiveness of the UNSC. The USA, France, and the UK considered the source of the Syrian crisis as the policies of the Syrian administration, and they determined the solution as the change of the Syrian administration. On the other hand, Russia and China have seen the source of the crisis as the violence of other actors besides the Syrian administration’s policies and opposed any foreign intervention in the crisis. Although the permanent members’ conflicting approaches have created a kind of balance between the parties, China and Russia's approaches to the crisis has begun to come to the fore after Russia’s direct intervention in the Syrian civil war, the change in the priorities of the USA, Britain, and France in the context of the crisis, and the support of the UNSC to Russia and China’s initiatives in terms of a political solution. In this context, this article will show the effects of the UNSC veto powers on the Syrian crisis. Moreover, their strategies about the crisis and the effects of these strategies on the global organization will be analyzed. For this analysis, the permanent members’ declarations and implemented policies during the Syrian crisis, and the effects of UNSC resolutions on the crisis will be examined.

Project Number

112K172

References

  • Al Jazeera Türk. (2014). Rusya: Esed'i Desteklemeye Devam Edeceğiz. 26.10.2014. 21.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/rusya-esedi-desteklemeye-devam-edecegiz adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Allison, R. (2013). Russia and Syria: Explaining Alignment with A Regime in Crisis. International Affairs 89(4), 795-823.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1971). The Power of Positive Sanctions. World Politics 24(1), 19–38.
  • Brecher, M. (2008). International Political Earthquakes. USA: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Brecher, M. & Wilkenfeld, J. (1997). A Study of Crisis. USA: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Carnegie Middle East Center (2012). National Coordination Body for Democratic Change. 15.01.2012. 19.08.2020 tarihinde http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48369 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Declaration on Syria: 3241st Foreign Affairs Council meeting Brussels. 27.05.2013. DeRouen Jr, K. (2003). The Role of the UN in International crisis Termination, 1945-1994. Defence and Peace Economics 14(4), 251-260.
  • Embassy Of France in Washıngton, D.C. (2012). Syria. 14.11.2012. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article4093 adresinden ulaşılmıştır. Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2010). Statement by Bernard Kouchner, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs. 04.07.2010. 18.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article1741 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2019). Official Speeches and Statements. 27.12.2019. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article9499 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2019). Official Speeches and Statements. 15.10.2019. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article9386 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Hellenic Republic. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin's Regular Press Conference. 10.02.2012. 11.08.2020 tarihinde http://gr.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t904275.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • European Commission. (2012). 3199th Council meeting Foreign Affairs Brussels. 19.12.2012. 10.08.2020 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_12_467 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Executive Order 13572. (2011). Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Human Rights Abuses in Syria, April 29, 2011. Presidential Document 78(85), 3.05.2011.
  • Executive Order 13573. (2011). Blocking Property of Senior Officials of the Government of Syria, May 18, 2011. Presidential Document 76(98), 20.05.2011.
  • Executive Order 13582. (2011). Blocking Property of the Government of Syria and Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Syria, August 17, 2011. Presidential Document 76(162), 22.08.2011.
  • Executive Order 13606. (2012). Blocking the Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons With Respect to Grave Human Rights Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology, April 22, 2012. Presidential Document 77(79), 24.04.2012.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2010). Foreign Office Minister Expresses Concern over Human Rights in Syria. 05.11.2010. 09.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-expresses-concern-over-human-rights-in-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt Expresses Concern at Ongoing Violence in Syria. 25.03.2011. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-alistair-burt-expresses-concern-at-ongoing-violence-in-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Office Minister Meets Syrian National Council Members. 12.10.2011. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-meets-syrian-national-council-members adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2012). British Diplomatic Staff in Syria Withdrawn. 01.03.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-diplomatic-staff-in-syria-withdrawn adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2012). Foreign Secretary Statement on Gaza, the Middle East Peace Process and Syria. 20.11.2012. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-gaza-the-middle-east-peace-process-and-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2013). UK Announces Increased Assistance for Syria Crisis. 13.05.2013. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-announces-increased-assistance-for-syria-crisis adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2014). Gifting of Equipment to Syria. 01.05.2014. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/gifting-of-equipment-to-syria--2 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2019). Syria: Foreign Secretary Condemns Recent Violence in Idlib Province. 07.05.2019. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/syria-foreign-secretary-condemns-recent-violence-in-idlib-province adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). Joint UK, French and German statement on Syria. 18.08.2011. 18.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-uk-french-and-german-statement-on-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Francis, E. (2017). U.S.-Russian Ceasefire Deal Holding in Southwest Syria. Reuters, 09.07.2017. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN19U08D adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Gordon, M. R. & Schmitt, E. (2013). Russia Sends More Advanced Missiles to Aid Assad in Syria. New York Times, 16.05.2013. 14.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/middleeast/russia-provides-syria-with-advanced-missiles.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Hubbard, B. & Sanger, D. E. (2016). Russia, Iran and Turkey Meet for Syria Talks, Excluding U.S. New York Times, 20.12.2016. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/world/middleeast/russia-iran-and-turkey-meet-for-syria-talks-excluding-us.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jennifer, C. & Casagrande, G. (2015). Syrian Opposition Guide. Institute for the Study of War, 1-45.
  • Lister, C. (2016). The Free Syrian Army: A Decentralized Insurgent Brand. Brookings Institution 26, 1-40.
  • MacFarquhar, N. (2012). Western Nations, Protesting Killings, Expel Syrian Envoys. New York Times, 29.05.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/world/middleeast/kofi-annan-meets-with-bashar-al-assad.html?ref=middleeast adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Rebuplic of China. (2019). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference. 23.12.2019. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1727131.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Rebuplic of China. (2014). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Remarks on the UN Security Council's Vote on the Draft Resolution to Refer the Situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court. 23.05.2014. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1158923.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin's Regular Press Conference. 11.04.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t923058.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on Syrian President's Special Envoy's Visit to China. 13.08.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t960727.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2016). Statement by Ambassador WU Haitao at the Security Council After Voting on the Draft Resolution on Syria. 31.12.2016. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1429865.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Miş, N. (2014). Suriye 2012. (Der.). İnat, K. & Ataman, M. Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2012 içinde (217-253). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
  • Miş, N. & Özdemir, Ö. B. (2015). Suriye 2014. (Der.). İnat, K. & Ataman, M., Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2014 içinde (167-194). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
  • National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. (t.y.). 19.08.2020 tarihinde https://en.etilaf.org/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations. (2017). Statement by Mr.Vladimir Safronkov, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, at the Security Council on the Situation in the Middle East. 12.04.2017. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://russiaun.ru/en/news/sc_fsr adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • President of Russia. (2011) Interview by Dmitry Medvedev. 5 Ağustos 2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/12204 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Radio Free Europe. (2016). Russia Confirms Deployment Of S-300 Air Defense Missiles To Syria. 04.10.2016. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-syria-s-300-deployment/28031744.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Radio Free Europe. (2017). Putin Signs Law Allowing Expansion of Russian Naval Facility in Syria. 29.12.2017. 21.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-signs-law-syria-tartus-naval-facility/28946167.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Reuters. (2012). China says Solution to Syria Crisis Must be Led by Its People. 17.09.2012. 17.08.2020 tarihinde https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-syria/china-says-solution-to-syria-crisis-must-be-led-by-its-people-idUKBRE88G0JF20120917 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sarı Ertem, H. (2018). Surrogate Warfare in Syria and the Pitfalls of Diverging US Attitudes Toward ISIS and PYD/YPG. (Der.). Oktav, Ö. Z., Parlar Dal, E. & Kurşun, A.M. Violent Non-state Actors and the Syrian Civil War: The ISIS and YPG Cases içinde (129-148). Cham: Springer.
  • Stanford University. (t.y.). Mapping Militant Organizations. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Syrian National Council. (t.y.). Information on the SNC. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://syriancouncil.org adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Taşdemir, F. (2016). Suriye İç Savaşı’na Üçüncü Devletlerin Müdahalesi ve Uluslararası Hukuk. (Der.). Taşdemir, F. Suriye, Çatışma ve Uluslararası Hukuk, içinde (157-182). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • The Council of the European Union (2011). Council Decision 2011/273/CFSP of 9 May 2011 Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union 54, L. 121, 10.05.2011.
  • The Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Decision 2013/255/CFSP of 31 May 2013 Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union 14, L. 147 (01.06.2013).
  • The Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Eases Sanctions against Syria to Support Opposition And Civilians. 8611/13, Presse 155. 22.04.2013.
  • The Council of the European Union. (2019). Council Implementing Decision (CFSP) 2019/87 of 21 January 2019: Implementing Decision 2013/255/CFSP Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union. L. 18, I. 13 21.01.2019.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2011) Bloomberg Full Transcript Of Sergey Lavrov Interview. 02.06.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/204754 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2015). Press Release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s talks with Syrian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Walid Muallem. 29.12.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/1512837 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2015). Remarks by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at The Start of the Meeting with A Group of Representatives of the Syrian Opposition and the Syrian Government, Moscow. 28.01.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/916460 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2016). Foreign Ministry Statement in Connection with Russia's Veto of the French-Proposed UN Security Council Draft Resolution on Syria. 08.10.2016. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://special.mid.ru/en/web/guest/maps/sy/-/asset_publisher/9fcjSOwMERcf/content/id/2494622 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2019). Comment by the Information and Press Department on the Mechanism for the Cross-Border Delivery of Humanitarian Aid to the Syrian Arab Republic. 23.12.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/3975548 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2015). More Aid From China Set for Syria. 25.12.2015. http://english.www.gov.cn/news/international_exchanges/2015/12/25/content_281475260338929.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2017). China to donate humanitarian aid to Syria worth $16m. 06.02.2017. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/news/international_exchanges/2017/02/06/content_281475560526100.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2018). State Councilor Says China Willing to Help Syrian Development. 28.09.2018. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/state_councilors/2018/09/28/content_281476322288948.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2020). Chinese, Russian Fms Discuss Gulf Tensions, Cooperation at UN Security Council over Phone. 05.01.2020. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/wangyi/202001/05/content_WS5e1132c8c6d0cee5d284b268.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The White House. (2011). Statement by President Obama on the Situation in Syria. 18.08.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/08/18/statement-president-obama-situation-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. “Secretary Michael R. Pompeo and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at a Press Availability.” 10 Aralık 2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-and-russian-foreign-minister-sergey-lavrov-at-a-press-availability/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2011). Violence in Syria. 23.03.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/03/158894.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2012). Suspending Embassy Operations in Syria. U.S. Department of State. 06.02.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/02/183352.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2013). Syria: U.S. Nonlethal Assistance. 12.12.2013. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218654.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2015). Additional Assistance for the Syrian Opposition. 31.10.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/10/249033.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2019). Russian Federation’s and China’s Veto of UNSCR 2449 Aid to Syrian Refugees. 21.12.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/russian-federations-and-chinas-veto-of-unscr-2449-aid-to-syrian-refugees/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2013). Syria Sanctions Program. 2.08.2013. U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2019). Syria Sanctions. 02.04.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/programs/pages/syria.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2019). Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments Involving Iran and Syria. 25.03.2019. Ulutaş, U. (2011). The Syrian Opposition in the Making: Capabilities and Limits. Insight Turkey 13(3), 87-106.
  • Ulutaş, U. (2016). The Syrian Political Opposition: What Went Wrong?. Insight Turkey 18(2), 31-39.
  • United Nations General Assembly. (2012). Final Communiqué of the Action Group for Syria. A/66/865–S/2012/522. 30.07.2012. United Nations Security Council. (2011). Draft Resolution S/2011/612. 04.10.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/612 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2011). Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution Condemning Syria’s Crackdown on Anti-Government Protestors, Owing to Veto by Russian Federation, China SC/10403. 04.10.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10403.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır. United Nations Security Council. (2012). Draft Resolution S/2012/538. 19.07.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/612 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2012). Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Syria That Would Have Threatened Sanctions, Due to Negative Votes of China, Russian Federation SC/10714. 19.07.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10714.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2013). Resolution 2118. 27.09.2013.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Referral of Syria to International Criminal Court Fails as Negative Votes Prevent Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution SC/11407. 22.05.2014. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11407.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2139. 22.02.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2165. 14.07.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2170. 15.08.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2016). Resolution 2336. 31.12.2016.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2016). Security Council Supports Russian Federation-Turkey Efforts to End Violence in Syria, Jump-start Political Process, Adopting Resolution 2336 (2016) SC/12663. 31.12.2016. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10536.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Van de Graaf, T. (2013). The Oil Weapon Reversed? Sanctions Against Iran and US-EU Structural Power. Middle East Policy 20(3). 145-163.

BMGK DAİMİ ÜYELERİNİN SURİYE KRİZİNE YAKLAŞIMI: UYUŞMAYAN TALEPLER VE ÇATIŞAN ÇÖZÜMLER

Year 2020, Issue: 4, 968 - 999, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.784102

Abstract

Mart 2011’de ülke içerisinde gösterilerle başlayan Suriye krizi, BMGK’nın daimi üyelerinin krize yaklaşımından etkilenmiştir. BM’de veto yetkisine sahip bu devletler, kendi yaklaşımları çerçevesinde krize müdahil olmuş fakat bu aktörlerin farklı hedefleri, krizin çözümünü engellerken hayata geçirdikleri önlemler, birbirlerini etkisizleştirmiştir. Ayrıca tarafların yaklaşımları doğrultusunda devreye soktuğu önlemler, BMGK’nın etkinliğini sınırlandırmıştır. ABD, İngiltere ve Fransa, Suriye krizinin kaynağını Suriye yönetiminin yöntemleri olarak görmüş ve krizin çözümünü Suriye’de yönetimin değişmesi olarak belirlemiştir. Diğer taraftan Rusya ve Çin, krizin kaynağını Suriye yönetiminin yanında ülke içinde şiddet uygulayan diğer aktörler olarak görmüş ve dışarıdan herhangi bir müdahaleye karşı çıkmıştır. Daimi üyelerin krize yaklaşımları taraflar arası bir denge oluştursa da zaman içerisinde ABD, İngiltere ve Fransa'nın kriz bağlamında önceliklerinin değişmesi, Rusya’nın Suriye iç savaşına katılması ve BMGK’nın Rusya ve Çin’in siyasal çözüm önerilerini desteklemesiyle birlikte Suriye krizinin tarafları arasındaki denge bozulmuş ve Çin ve Rusya’nın krize yaklaşımları ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmayla BMGK’nın daimi üyelerinin Suriye krizine etkilerinin neler olduğu gösterilecektir. Ayrıca çalışmada bu aktörlerin hangi stratejileri devreye soktuğu ve bu stratejilerin küresel örgüt üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilecektir. Bu analiz için daimi üyelerin açıklamaları ve hayata geçirdiği siyasalar gösterilip BMGK’da Suriye kriziyle ilgili alınan kararlar ve bu kararların krize etkileri incelenecektir.

Project Number

112K172

References

  • Al Jazeera Türk. (2014). Rusya: Esed'i Desteklemeye Devam Edeceğiz. 26.10.2014. 21.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/rusya-esedi-desteklemeye-devam-edecegiz adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Allison, R. (2013). Russia and Syria: Explaining Alignment with A Regime in Crisis. International Affairs 89(4), 795-823.
  • Baldwin, D. A. (1971). The Power of Positive Sanctions. World Politics 24(1), 19–38.
  • Brecher, M. (2008). International Political Earthquakes. USA: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Brecher, M. & Wilkenfeld, J. (1997). A Study of Crisis. USA: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Carnegie Middle East Center (2012). National Coordination Body for Democratic Change. 15.01.2012. 19.08.2020 tarihinde http://carnegie-mec.org/publications/?fa=48369 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Declaration on Syria: 3241st Foreign Affairs Council meeting Brussels. 27.05.2013. DeRouen Jr, K. (2003). The Role of the UN in International crisis Termination, 1945-1994. Defence and Peace Economics 14(4), 251-260.
  • Embassy Of France in Washıngton, D.C. (2012). Syria. 14.11.2012. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article4093 adresinden ulaşılmıştır. Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2010). Statement by Bernard Kouchner, Minister of Foreign and European Affairs. 04.07.2010. 18.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article1741 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2019). Official Speeches and Statements. 27.12.2019. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article9499 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of France in Washington, D.C. (2019). Official Speeches and Statements. 15.10.2019. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article9386 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Hellenic Republic. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin's Regular Press Conference. 10.02.2012. 11.08.2020 tarihinde http://gr.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t904275.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • European Commission. (2012). 3199th Council meeting Foreign Affairs Brussels. 19.12.2012. 10.08.2020 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/PRES_12_467 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Executive Order 13572. (2011). Blocking Property of Certain Persons With Respect to Human Rights Abuses in Syria, April 29, 2011. Presidential Document 78(85), 3.05.2011.
  • Executive Order 13573. (2011). Blocking Property of Senior Officials of the Government of Syria, May 18, 2011. Presidential Document 76(98), 20.05.2011.
  • Executive Order 13582. (2011). Blocking Property of the Government of Syria and Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Syria, August 17, 2011. Presidential Document 76(162), 22.08.2011.
  • Executive Order 13606. (2012). Blocking the Property and Suspending Entry Into the United States of Certain Persons With Respect to Grave Human Rights Abuses by the Governments of Iran and Syria via Information Technology, April 22, 2012. Presidential Document 77(79), 24.04.2012.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2010). Foreign Office Minister Expresses Concern over Human Rights in Syria. 05.11.2010. 09.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-expresses-concern-over-human-rights-in-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Office Minister Alistair Burt Expresses Concern at Ongoing Violence in Syria. 25.03.2011. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-alistair-burt-expresses-concern-at-ongoing-violence-in-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Foreign Office Minister Meets Syrian National Council Members. 12.10.2011. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-office-minister-meets-syrian-national-council-members adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2012). British Diplomatic Staff in Syria Withdrawn. 01.03.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/british-diplomatic-staff-in-syria-withdrawn adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2012). Foreign Secretary Statement on Gaza, the Middle East Peace Process and Syria. 20.11.2012. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-gaza-the-middle-east-peace-process-and-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2013). UK Announces Increased Assistance for Syria Crisis. 13.05.2013. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-announces-increased-assistance-for-syria-crisis adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2014). Gifting of Equipment to Syria. 01.05.2014. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/gifting-of-equipment-to-syria--2 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2019). Syria: Foreign Secretary Condemns Recent Violence in Idlib Province. 07.05.2019. 11.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/syria-foreign-secretary-condemns-recent-violence-in-idlib-province adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2011). Joint UK, French and German statement on Syria. 18.08.2011. 18.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-uk-french-and-german-statement-on-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Francis, E. (2017). U.S.-Russian Ceasefire Deal Holding in Southwest Syria. Reuters, 09.07.2017. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN19U08D adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Gordon, M. R. & Schmitt, E. (2013). Russia Sends More Advanced Missiles to Aid Assad in Syria. New York Times, 16.05.2013. 14.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/17/world/middleeast/russia-provides-syria-with-advanced-missiles.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Hubbard, B. & Sanger, D. E. (2016). Russia, Iran and Turkey Meet for Syria Talks, Excluding U.S. New York Times, 20.12.2016. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/20/world/middleeast/russia-iran-and-turkey-meet-for-syria-talks-excluding-us.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Jennifer, C. & Casagrande, G. (2015). Syrian Opposition Guide. Institute for the Study of War, 1-45.
  • Lister, C. (2016). The Free Syrian Army: A Decentralized Insurgent Brand. Brookings Institution 26, 1-40.
  • MacFarquhar, N. (2012). Western Nations, Protesting Killings, Expel Syrian Envoys. New York Times, 29.05.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/30/world/middleeast/kofi-annan-meets-with-bashar-al-assad.html?ref=middleeast adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Rebuplic of China. (2019). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference. 23.12.2019. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1727131.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Rebuplic of China. (2014). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Remarks on the UN Security Council's Vote on the Draft Resolution to Refer the Situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court. 23.05.2014. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1158923.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Weimin's Regular Press Conference. 11.04.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t923058.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2012). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on Syrian President's Special Envoy's Visit to China. 13.08.2012. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t960727.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2016). Statement by Ambassador WU Haitao at the Security Council After Voting on the Draft Resolution on Syria. 31.12.2016. 14.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1429865.shtml adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Miş, N. (2014). Suriye 2012. (Der.). İnat, K. & Ataman, M. Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2012 içinde (217-253). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
  • Miş, N. & Özdemir, Ö. B. (2015). Suriye 2014. (Der.). İnat, K. & Ataman, M., Ortadoğu Yıllığı 2014 içinde (167-194). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
  • National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces. (t.y.). 19.08.2020 tarihinde https://en.etilaf.org/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations. (2017). Statement by Mr.Vladimir Safronkov, Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, at the Security Council on the Situation in the Middle East. 12.04.2017. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://russiaun.ru/en/news/sc_fsr adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • President of Russia. (2011) Interview by Dmitry Medvedev. 5 Ağustos 2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/12204 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Radio Free Europe. (2016). Russia Confirms Deployment Of S-300 Air Defense Missiles To Syria. 04.10.2016. 13.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-syria-s-300-deployment/28031744.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Radio Free Europe. (2017). Putin Signs Law Allowing Expansion of Russian Naval Facility in Syria. 29.12.2017. 21.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-signs-law-syria-tartus-naval-facility/28946167.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Reuters. (2012). China says Solution to Syria Crisis Must be Led by Its People. 17.09.2012. 17.08.2020 tarihinde https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-syria/china-says-solution-to-syria-crisis-must-be-led-by-its-people-idUKBRE88G0JF20120917 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sarı Ertem, H. (2018). Surrogate Warfare in Syria and the Pitfalls of Diverging US Attitudes Toward ISIS and PYD/YPG. (Der.). Oktav, Ö. Z., Parlar Dal, E. & Kurşun, A.M. Violent Non-state Actors and the Syrian Civil War: The ISIS and YPG Cases içinde (129-148). Cham: Springer.
  • Stanford University. (t.y.). Mapping Militant Organizations. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Syrian National Council. (t.y.). Information on the SNC. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://syriancouncil.org adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Taşdemir, F. (2016). Suriye İç Savaşı’na Üçüncü Devletlerin Müdahalesi ve Uluslararası Hukuk. (Der.). Taşdemir, F. Suriye, Çatışma ve Uluslararası Hukuk, içinde (157-182). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • The Council of the European Union (2011). Council Decision 2011/273/CFSP of 9 May 2011 Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union 54, L. 121, 10.05.2011.
  • The Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Decision 2013/255/CFSP of 31 May 2013 Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union 14, L. 147 (01.06.2013).
  • The Council of the European Union. (2013). Council Eases Sanctions against Syria to Support Opposition And Civilians. 8611/13, Presse 155. 22.04.2013.
  • The Council of the European Union. (2019). Council Implementing Decision (CFSP) 2019/87 of 21 January 2019: Implementing Decision 2013/255/CFSP Concerning Restrictive Measures against Syria. Official Journal of the European Union. L. 18, I. 13 21.01.2019.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2011) Bloomberg Full Transcript Of Sergey Lavrov Interview. 02.06.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/204754 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2015). Press Release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s talks with Syrian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Walid Muallem. 29.12.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/1512837 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2015). Remarks by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at The Start of the Meeting with A Group of Representatives of the Syrian Opposition and the Syrian Government, Moscow. 28.01.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/916460 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2016). Foreign Ministry Statement in Connection with Russia's Veto of the French-Proposed UN Security Council Draft Resolution on Syria. 08.10.2016. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://special.mid.ru/en/web/guest/maps/sy/-/asset_publisher/9fcjSOwMERcf/content/id/2494622 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (2019). Comment by the Information and Press Department on the Mechanism for the Cross-Border Delivery of Humanitarian Aid to the Syrian Arab Republic. 23.12.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/3975548 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2015). More Aid From China Set for Syria. 25.12.2015. http://english.www.gov.cn/news/international_exchanges/2015/12/25/content_281475260338929.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2017). China to donate humanitarian aid to Syria worth $16m. 06.02.2017. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/news/international_exchanges/2017/02/06/content_281475560526100.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2018). State Councilor Says China Willing to Help Syrian Development. 28.09.2018. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/state_councilors/2018/09/28/content_281476322288948.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The State Council: The People's Republic Of China. (2020). Chinese, Russian Fms Discuss Gulf Tensions, Cooperation at UN Security Council over Phone. 05.01.2020. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/wangyi/202001/05/content_WS5e1132c8c6d0cee5d284b268.html adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • The White House. (2011). Statement by President Obama on the Situation in Syria. 18.08.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/08/18/statement-president-obama-situation-syria adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. “Secretary Michael R. Pompeo and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at a Press Availability.” 10 Aralık 2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/secretary-michael-r-pompeo-and-russian-foreign-minister-sergey-lavrov-at-a-press-availability/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2011). Violence in Syria. 23.03.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/03/158894.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2012). Suspending Embassy Operations in Syria. U.S. Department of State. 06.02.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/02/183352.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2013). Syria: U.S. Nonlethal Assistance. 12.12.2013. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218654.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2015). Additional Assistance for the Syrian Opposition. 31.10.2015. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/10/249033.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2019). Russian Federation’s and China’s Veto of UNSCR 2449 Aid to Syrian Refugees. 21.12.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/russian-federations-and-chinas-veto-of-unscr-2449-aid-to-syrian-refugees/ adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2013). Syria Sanctions Program. 2.08.2013. U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2019). Syria Sanctions. 02.04.2019. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/programs/pages/syria.aspx adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2019). Sanctions Risks Related to Petroleum Shipments Involving Iran and Syria. 25.03.2019. Ulutaş, U. (2011). The Syrian Opposition in the Making: Capabilities and Limits. Insight Turkey 13(3), 87-106.
  • Ulutaş, U. (2016). The Syrian Political Opposition: What Went Wrong?. Insight Turkey 18(2), 31-39.
  • United Nations General Assembly. (2012). Final Communiqué of the Action Group for Syria. A/66/865–S/2012/522. 30.07.2012. United Nations Security Council. (2011). Draft Resolution S/2011/612. 04.10.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/612 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2011). Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution Condemning Syria’s Crackdown on Anti-Government Protestors, Owing to Veto by Russian Federation, China SC/10403. 04.10.2011. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10403.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır. United Nations Security Council. (2012). Draft Resolution S/2012/538. 19.07.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/612 adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2012). Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Syria That Would Have Threatened Sanctions, Due to Negative Votes of China, Russian Federation SC/10714. 19.07.2012. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10714.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2013). Resolution 2118. 27.09.2013.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Referral of Syria to International Criminal Court Fails as Negative Votes Prevent Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution SC/11407. 22.05.2014. 15.08.2020 tarihinde https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11407.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2139. 22.02.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2165. 14.07.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2014). Resolution 2170. 15.08.2014.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2016). Resolution 2336. 31.12.2016.
  • United Nations Security Council. (2016). Security Council Supports Russian Federation-Turkey Efforts to End Violence in Syria, Jump-start Political Process, Adopting Resolution 2336 (2016) SC/12663. 31.12.2016. 15.08.2020 tarihinde http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10536.doc.htm adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Van de Graaf, T. (2013). The Oil Weapon Reversed? Sanctions Against Iran and US-EU Structural Power. Middle East Policy 20(3). 145-163.
There are 82 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Turan Çağlar 0000-0003-1906-1471

Project Number 112K172
Publication Date December 22, 2020
Acceptance Date December 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çağlar, M. T. (2020). BMGK DAİMİ ÜYELERİNİN SURİYE KRİZİNE YAKLAŞIMI: UYUŞMAYAN TALEPLER VE ÇATIŞAN ÇÖZÜMLER. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(4), 968-999. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.784102

16494  16495  16496  16503  16570 16633  16823  16824 17564 19288 2273022803 23495  30847

International Journal of Social Sciences Academy USBAD, Inonu University Faculty of Education Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education Campus Battalgazi / MALATYA, Phone: 0533 5438933, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/usbad -- sdurukoglu@gmail.com -- usbaddergi@gmail.com