Trichoderma and Biological Control Mechanisms in Biological Control

Abstract

Pesticides have been widely preferred in chemical control for many years in the management against plant diseases in agricultural production. Intensive and uncontrolled use of pesticides, deterioration of the natural balance, negative effects on the environment and human health, as well as residue problems of chemicals cause serious problems in marketing. Due to the prohibition of most chemical fungicides by the European Union, it has brought along the search for new methods in the control of plant diseases as a sustainable alternative. The first method that comes to mind in the management against plant diseases, which can be sustainable, environmentally friendly and effective for a long time, is biological control. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on biological agents. Trichoderma species from these biocontrol factors are used as biocontrol agents in the control of plant pathogenic fungi. At the present time, commercial products of Trichoderma are used as biopesticide, soil conditioner and plant growth regulator. In this review, the importance of Trichoderma in biological control, the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma species and their use in biotic and abiotic stress conditions were examined.

Keywords

• Biological control
• Plant pathogens
• Antagonist microorganism
• Trichoderma spp.

Biyolojik Mücadelede Trichodermalar ve Biyolojik Kontrol Mekanizmaları

Abstract

Tarımsal üretimde bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadelede pestisitler uzun yıllardan bu yana kimyasal mücadelede yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Pestisitlerin yoğun ve kontrolsüz bir şekilde kullanımı doğal dengenin bozulması, çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkileri ayrıca kimyasalların kalıntı sorunları da pazarlamada ciddi sıkıntılara sebep olmaktadır. Çoğu kimyasal fungisitlerin Avrupa Birliği tarafından yasaklanması nedeniyle sürdürülebilir bir alternatif olarak bitki hastalıklarının mücadelesinde yeni yöntem arayışlarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bitki hastalıklarıyla mücadelede sürdürülebilir, çevre dostu ve uzun süre etkili olabilecek ilk akla gelen yöntem biyolojik mücadele olmaktadır. Son yıllarda biyolojik ajanlara yönelik yapılan çalışmalar hız kazanmaktadır. Bu biyokontrol etmenlerinden Trichoderma’lar bitki patojeni fungusların mücadelesinde uzun süredir çok yönlü biyokontrol ajanı olarak yer almakta ve günümüzde Trichoderma’ların ticari ürünleri; biyopestisit, toprak düzenleyici ve bitki gelişim düzenleyici olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemede biyolojik mücadelede Trichoderma’nın önemi, Trichoderma türlerinin etki mekanizmaları ile biyotik ve abiyotik stres koşullarında kullanımları konusunda yapılan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

• Biyolojik mücadele
• bitki hastalıkları
• antagonist mikroorganizmalar
• Trichoderma spp

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