Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Seed Germination Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Abstract

Plants are the largest interface between soil and groundwater/atmosphere. Plants face many stress factors throughout their lives. The micronutrients (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), etc.) required for plant growth and some toxic metals (cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) etc.) found in soil have phytotoxic effects depending on their specific solubility and concentrations. These heavy metals are involved in the ecosystem in many different ways. At the beginning of industrial welded metals are Cu, nickel (Ni), Pb, Zn and Cd. The most important problem is the entering possibility of these heavy metals to the food chain. In this study, different doses of Zn (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L^-1), Cd (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 mg L^-1) and Pb (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 mg L^-1) effects on the seed germination, root and shoot elongation and plant biomass of lettuce were studied. As a result, Zn and Cd treatments reduced seed germination. Pb treatment was increased the seed germination at low concentrations, whereas it was inhibited the seed germination at high concentrations. Inhibition of root and shoot elongation was observed at concentration of all metals and it was found that roots are more sensitive than shoot. While there was no significant change in plant dry masses compared to control, significant decreases were detected in wet biomass, especially Zn exposure.

Keywords

• Germination,Heavy metal,Lettuce,Root elongation,Toxicity

KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Abstract

Bitkiler, toprak ve yeraltı suyu/atmosfer arasındaki en büyük arabirim olarak görev yapmakta olup, yaşamları boyunca birçok stres faktörü ile karşı karşıya kalırlar. Bitki gelişimi için gerekli olan mikro besin elementleri (bakır (Cu), çinko (Zn), demir (Fe) vb.) ile toprakta bulunan ağır metaller (kobalt (Co), kurşun (Pb), kadmiyum (Cd) vb.) belirli konsantrasyonların üzerinde ve çözünürlüklerine bağlı olarak fitotoksik etkilere sahiptirler. Bu metaller birçok farklı yolla ekosisteme dahil olurlar. Endüstriyel kaynaklı metallerin başında Cu, nikel (Ni), Pb, Zn ve Cd gelmektedir. En önemli sorun bu metallerin besin zincirine girme olasılığıdır. Bu çalışmada farklı konsantrasyonlardaki Zn (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L^-1), Cd (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 mg L^-1) ve Pb (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 mg L^-1) metallerinin marul (Lactuca sativa L.) bitkisinin tohum çimlenmesi, kök ve gövde uzaması ve bitki biyokütlesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta Zn ve Cd uygulamaları tohum çimlenmesini azaltmıştır. Pb uygulaması ise düşük konsantrasyonlarda çimlenmeyi arttırırken yüksek konsantrasyonlarda tohum çimlenmesinde inhibisyona sebep olmuştur. Her üç metal maruziyetinde kök ve gövde uzamasında inhibisyonun olduğu ve kök inhibisyonunun gövdeye göre daha duyarlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitki kuru kütlelerinde kontrole kıyasla büyük bir değişiklik gözlenmezken, yaş biyokütlelerde özellikle Zn maruziyetinde önemli azalmalar saptanmıştır.

Keywords

• Ağır metal,Kök uzaması,Çimlenme,Marul,Toksisite

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