Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX)

Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 523 - 548, 31.12.2019

Tuğba Sarı Bülent Mertoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.502482

Abstract

The nitrogen element, which constitutes 75.5% by weight and 78.06% by volume of the Earth's
atmosphere, participates in the structure of many important biomolecules such as ATP, chlorophyll,
nucleic acids and vitamins. However, this element found as a form of dinitrogen gas (N2) is not suitable
form to use for living organisms, especially primary producers. Therefore, the nitrogen cycle is one of the
most important biological processes that ensure the continuity of life. At the end of the 1990’s, findings
on the nitrogen cycle were updated along with the discovery of anammox bacteria, and anammox
applications have now become an alternative technology to conventional nitrification/denitrification
processes used in wastewater treatment plants. This process can be explained as a conversion of
ammonium into the dinitrogen gas in anoxic environment by anamox bacteria using nitrite as an electron
acceptor. Although seven anammox genera have been discovered up to now, all of them are named by the
status of Candidatus since their pure cultures cannot be obtained. Furthermore, these bacteria have been a
scientific turning point in the fields of ecological research and molecular biology due to their unique
metabolism. In this context, the growth and cell biology, molecular mechanism of anammox bacteria and
the role and importance of Anammox process in environmental applications were investigated in detail.

Keywords

Anammox bacteria, Anammox metabolism, Anammox applications

ANAEROBİK AMONYUM OKSİDASYONU (ANAMMOX)

Abstract

Dünya atmosferinin ağırlıkça %75,5’ini, hacimce %78,06’sını oluşturan azot elementi ATP, klorofil,
nükleik asitler, vitaminler gibi birçok önemli biyomolekülün yapısına katılmaktadır. Fakat azot gazı
formunda (N2) bulunan bu element, birincil üreticiler dahil canlılar için kullanılmaya elverişli formda
değildir. Bu yüzden azot döngüsü yaşamın sürekliliğini sağlayan en önemli biyolojik proseslerden biridir.
1990’lı yılların sonunda anammox bakterilerinin keşfi ile birlikte azot döngüsü hakkındaki bulgular
güncellenmiş olup, anammox uygulamaları günümüzde atık su arıtma tesislerinde kullanılan
konvansiyonel nitrifikasyon/denitrifikasyon proseslerine alternatif bir teknoloji haline gelmiştir. Bu
proses anoksik ortamda anammox bakterilerinin nitriti elektron alıcı olarak kullanarak amonyumu azot
gazına dönüştürmesi olarak açıklanabilir. Şimdiye kadar, yedi anammox cinsi bulunmasına rağmen, saf
kültürleri elde edilemediği için hepsine aday (Candidatus) statüsü verilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, bu
bakteriler eşsiz metabolizmaları nedeniyle ekolojik araştırmalar ve moleküler biyoloji alanlarında bilimsel
bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamızda anammox bakterilerinin büyümesi, hücre
biyolojisi, moleküler mekanizması ile birlikte Anammox prosesinin çevre uygulmalarındaki rolü ve
önemi detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. 

Keywords

Anammox bakterileri, Anammox metabolizması, Anammox uygulamaları

References

• Akgul, D., Aktan, C.K., Yapsakli, K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2013) Treatment of landfill leachate using UASB-MBR-SHARON-Anammox configuration, Biodegradation, 24(3), 399-412. doi: 10.1007/s10532-012-9597-y
• Aktan, C.K., Yapsakli, K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2012) Inhibitory effects of free ammonia on Anammox bacteria, Biodegradation, 23, 751–762. doi: 10.1007/s10532-012-9550-0
• Bernard, A. (2010) The nitrogen cycle: processes, players and human impact, Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 25.
• Blackburne, R., Yuan, Z. ve Keller, J. (2008) Partial nitrification to nitrite using low dissolved oxygen concentration as the main selection factor, Biodegradation, 19(2), 303- 312. doi: 10.1007/s10532-007-9136-4
• Broda, E. (1977) Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature, Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 17(6), 491-493. doi: 10.1002/jobm.3630170611
• Cao, Y., van Loosdrecht, M.C. ve Daigger, G.T. (2017) Mainstream partial nitritationanammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 101(4), 1365-1383. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-8058-7
• Celik, S. (2018). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for sidestream treatment: A pilot study in Istanbul Atakoy Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, M.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Chaban, V.V., Nielsen, M.B., Kopec, W. ve Khandelia, H. (2014) Insights into the role of cyclic ladderane lipids in bacteria from computer simulations, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 181, 76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.002
• Chen, H., Liu, S., Yang, F., Xue, Y. ve Wang, T. (2009) The development of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in a single reactor for nitrogen removal, Bioresource Technology, 100(4), 1548-1554. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.003
• Crowe, S.A., Treusch, A.H., Forth, M., Li, J., Magen, C., Canfield, D.E., Thamdrup, B. ve Katsev, S. (2017) Novel anammox bacteria and nitrogen loss from Lake Superior, Scientific Reports, 7(1), 13757. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12270-1
• Dalsgaard T. ve Thamdrup B. (2002) Factors controlling anaerobic ammonium oxidation with nitrite in marine sediment, Applied and Encironmental Microbiology, 68(8), 3802- 3808. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3802-3808.2002
• Dapena-Mora, A., Fernandez, I., Campos, J.L., Mosquera-Corral, A., Méndez, R. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2007) Evaluation of activity and inhibition effects on Anammox process by batch tests based on the nitrogen gas production, Enzyme Microbial Technology, 40, 859–865. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.018
• Daverey, A., Su, S.H., Huang, Y.T. ve Lin, J.G. (2012) Nitrogen removal from optoelectronic wastewater using the simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification (SNAD) process in sequencing batch reactor, Bioresource Technology, 113, 225-231. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.004
• Daverey, A., Su, S., Huang, Y., Chen, S., Sung, S. ve Lin, J. (2013). Partial nitrification and anammox process: A method for high strength optoelectronic industrial wastewater treatment, Water Research, 47, 2929-2937. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.028
• de Almeida, N.M., Neumann, S., Mesman, R.J., Ferousi, C., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M., Kartal, B. ve Niftrik, L.V. (2015) Immunogold localization of key metabolic enzymes in the anammoxosome and on the tubule-like structures of Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Journal of Bacteriology, 197(14), 2432-2441. doi: 10.1128/JB.00186-15
• de Almeida, N.M., Wessels, H.J., de Graaf, R.M., Ferousi, C., Jetten, M.S., Keltjens, J.T. ve Kartal, B. (2016) Membrane-bound electron transport systems of an anammox bacterium: a complexome analysis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1857(10), 1694-1704. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.006
• DeGraaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G., Temmink, H. ve Buisman, C.J.N. (2011) Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by partial nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected black water, Water Research, 45, 375-383. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.023
• Denk, T.R.A., Mohn, J., Decock, C., Lewicka-Szczebak, D., Harris, E., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kiese, R. ve Wolf, B. (2017) The nitrogen cycle: a review of isotope effects and isotope modeling approaches, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 105, 121-137. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.11.015
• Dezotti, M., Lippel, G. ve Bassin, J.P. (2018) Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment, Springer, İsviçre. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58835-3
• Dietl, A., Ferousi, C., Maalcke, W.J., Menzel, A., de Vries, S.D., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M., Kartal, B. ve Barends, T.R. (2015) The inner workings of the hydrazine synthase multiprotein complex, Nature, 527(7578), 394-397. doi: 10.1038/nature15517
• Egli, K., Bosshard, F., Werlen, C., Lais, P., Siegrist, H., Zehnder, A. ve Van der Meer, J.V. (2003) Microbial composition and structure of a rotating biological contactor biofilm treating ammonium-rich wastewater without organic carbon, Microbial Ecology, 45(4), 419-432. doi: 10.1007/s00248-002-2037-5
• Erdim, E., Yücesoy Özkan, Z., Kurt, H. ve Alpaslan Kocamemi, B. (2019) Overcoming challenges in mainstream Anammox applications: Utilization of nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI), Science Total Environment, 651(Pt 2), 3023-3033. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.140
• Ferousi, C., Lindhoud, S., Baymann, F., Kartal, B., Jetten, M.S. ve Reimann, J. (2017) Iron assimilation and utilization in anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 37, 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.009
• Fuerst, J.A. (1995) The planctomycetes: emerging models for microbial ecology, evolution and cell biology, Microbiology, 141(Pt 7), 1493-1506. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-7-1493
• Fuerst, J.A., Webb, R.I., van Niftrik, L., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2006) Microbiology Monographs Volume 2: Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 259–283. doi: 10.1007/11497158
• Gonzalez-Martinez, A., Munoz-Palazon, B., Rodriguez-Sanchez, A. and Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (2018) New concepts in Anammox processes for wastewater nitrogen removal: Recent advances and future prospects, Fems Microbiology Letters, 365(6), 10. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fny031
• Gonzalez-Martinez, A., Osorio, F., Rodriguez-Sanchez, A., Martinez-Toledo, M.V., Gonzalez-Lopez, J., Lotti, T., van Loosdrecht, M.C. (2015) Bacterial community structure of a lab-scale anammox membrane bioreactor, Biotechnology Progress, 31, 186-193. doi: 10.1002/btpr.1995
• Güven, D., Dapena, A., Kartal, B., Schmid, M.C., Maas, B., van de Pas-Schoonen, K., Sozen, S., Mendez, R., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S., Strous, M., Schmidt, I. (2005) Propionate oxidation by and methanol inhibition of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 71(2), 1066-1071. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.2.1066-1071.2005
• Hellinga, C., Schellen, A., Mulder, J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. ve Heijnen, J.J. (1998) The SHARON process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water, Water Science and Technology, 37(9), 135-142. doi: 10.1016/s0273-1223(98)00281-9
• Hendrickx T.L.G., Wang Y., Kampman C., Zeeman G., Temmink H. ve Buisman C.J.N. (2012) Autotrophic nitrogen removal from low strength waste water at low temperature, Water Research, 46(7), 2187-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.037
• Hendrickx T.L.G., Kampman C., Zeeman G., Temmink H., Hu Z., Kartal B. ve Buisman C.J.N. (2014) High specific activity for anammox bacteria enriched from activated sludge at 10˚C, Bioresource Technology, 163, 214-221. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.025
• Imajo, U., Tokutomi, T., Furukawa, K. (2004) Granulation of anammox microorganisms in up-flow reactors, Water Science and Technology, 49(5-6), 155–163. doi: 10.2166/wst.2004.0749
• Isaka, K., Sumino, T. ve Tsuneda S. (2007) High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 103, 486–490. doi: 10.1263/jbb.103.486
• Isanta, E., Reino, C., Carrera, J. ve Pérez, J. (2015) Stable partial nitritation for lowstrength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor, Water Resource, 80, 149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.028
• Jaeschke, A., Hopmans, E.C., Wakeham, S.G., Schouten, S. ve Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2007) The presence of ladderane lipids in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea indicates nitrogen loss through anammox, Limnology and Oceanography, 52(2), 780-786. doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0780
• Jaeschke, A., Op den Camp, H.J., Harhangi, H., Klimiuk, A., Hopmans, E.C., Jetten, M.S., Schouten, S. ve Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2009) 16S rRNA gene and lipid biomarker evidence for anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (anammox) in California and Nevada hot springs, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 67(3), 343-350. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00640.x
• Jetten, M.S.M., Strous, M., van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T., Schalk, J., van Dongen, U.G.J.M., van de Graaf, A.A., Logemann, S., Muyzer, G., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Kuenen, J.G. (1998) The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 22(5), 421-437. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x
• Jetten, M.S., Niftrik, L.V., Strous, M., Kartal, B., Keltjens, J.T. ve Op den Camp, H.J.M. (2009) Biochemistry and molecular biology of anammox bacteria, Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molekuler Biology, 44(2-3), 65-84. doi: 10.1080/10409230902722783
• Jin, R-C., Yang, G-F., Yu, J-J ve Zeng, P. (2012) The inhibition of the Anammox process: A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.014
• Kalkan Aktan, C., Uzunhasanoglu, A.E. ve Yapsakli, K. (2018) Speciation of nickel and zinc, its short-term inhibitory effect on anammox, and the associated microbial community composition, Bioresource Technology, 268, 558-567. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.011
• Kalvelage, T., Jensen, M.M., Contreras, S., Revsbech, N.P., Lam, P., Gunter, M., LaRoche, J., Lavik, G. ve Kuypers, M.M.M. (2011) Oxygen sensitivity of anammox and coupled Ncycle processes in oxygen minimum zones, PLoS ONE, 6(12), e29299. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029299
• Kalyuzhnyi, S., Gladchenko, M., Mulder, A. ve Versprille, B. (2006) New anaerobic process of nitrogen removal, Water Science and Technology, 54(8), 163-170. doi: 10.2166/wst.2006.729
• Kalyuzhnyi, S.V., Gladchenko, M.A., Kang, H., Mulder, A. ve Versprille, A. (2008) Development and optimisation of VFA driven DEAMOX process for treatment of strong nitrogenous anaerobic effluents, Water Science and Technology, 57(3), 323-328. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.044
• Kalyuzhnyi, S. ve Gladchenko, M. (2009) DEAMOX-New microbiological process of nitrogen removal from strong nitrogenous wastewater, Desalination, 248(1-3), 783-793. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.054
• Kampschreur, M.J., Temmink, H., Kleerebezem, R., Jetten, M.S.M. and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2009) Nitrous oxide emission during wastewater treatment, Water Research, 43(17), 4093-4103. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.00
• Kartal, B., Rattray, J., van Niftrik, L.A., van de Vossenberg, J.V., Schmid, M.C., Webb, R.I., Schouten, S., Fuerst, J.A., Damsté, J.S. ve Strous, M. (2007) Candidatus “Anammoxoglobus propionicus” a new propionate oxidizing species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 30(1), 39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.03.004
• Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L.V., Rattray, J., van de Vossenberg, J.L., Schmid, M.C., Damsté, J.S., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2008). Candidatus 'Brocadia fulgida': An autofluorescent anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 63(1), 46-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00408.x
• Kartal, B., Geerts, W. ve Jetten, M.S. (2011a) Cultivation, detection, and ecophysiology of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Methods in Enzymology, 486, 89-108. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381294-0.00004-3
• Kartal, B., Maalcke, W.J., de Almeida, N.M., Cirpus, I., Gloerich, J., Geerts, Op den Camp, H.J.M., Harhangi, H.R., Janssen-Megens, E.M., Francoijs, K.J., Stunnenberg, H.G., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2011b) Molecular mechanism of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Nature, 479(7371), 127-130. doi: 10.1038/nature10453
• Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L.V., Keltjens, J.T., Op den Camp, H.J. ve Jetten, M.S. (2012) Anammox-growth physiology, cell biology, and metabolism, Advances in Microbial Physiology, 60, 211-262. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-398264-3.00003-6
• Kartal, B., Almeida, N.M., Maalcke, W.J., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Keltjens, J.T. (2013) How to make a living from anaerobic ammonium oxidation, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37(3), 428-461. doi: 10.1111/1574-6976.12014
• Kartal, B. ve Keltjens, J.T. (2016) Anammox biochemistry: a tale of heme c proteins, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 41(12), 998-1011. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.015
• Kocamemi, B.A., Dityapak, D., Semerci, N., Keklik, E., Akarsubası, A., Kumru, M. ve Kurt H. (2018) Anammox start-up strategies: the use of local mixed activated sludge seed versus Anammox seed, Water Science and Technology, 78(9), 1901-1915. doi: 10.2166/wst.2018.431
• Kuenen, J.G. (2008) Anammox bacteria: from discovery to application, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(4), 320-326. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1857
• Kuypers, M.M.M., Marchant, H.K. ve Kartal, B. (2018) The microbial nitrogen-cycling network, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16, 263–276. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
• Lackner, S., Gilbert, E.M., Vlaeminck, S.E., Joss, A., Horn, H. ve van Loosdrecht, M.C. (2014) Full-scale partial nitritation/anammox experiences-an application survey, Water Research, 55, 292-303. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.032
• Li, J., Li, J., Gao, R., Wang, M., Yang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, L. ve Peng, Y. (2018) A critical review of one-stage anammox processes for treating industrial wastewater: Optimization strategies based on key functional microorganisms, Bioresource Technology, 265, 498-505. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.013
• Lotti, T., Kleerebezem, R., Lubello, C. ve van Loosdrecht, M.V. (2014a) Physiological and kinetic characterization of a suspended cell anammox culture, Water Research, 60, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.017
• Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., Hu Z., Kartal B., Jetten M.S.M. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014b) Simultaneous partial nitritation and anammox at low temperature with granular sludge, Water Research, 66, 111-121. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.047
• Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., van Erp Taalman Kip Ch., Hendrickx T.L.G., Kruit J., Hoekstra M. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014c) Anammox growth on pretreated municipal wastewater, Environmental Science and Technology, 48(14), 7874-7880. doi: 10.1021/es500632k
• Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., Abelleira J.M., Abbas B. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2015) Faster through training: the anammox case, Water Research, 81, 261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.001
• Luttrell, W.E. (2015) Nitrogen, Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 22(2), 32-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2015.01.013
• Miao, L., Wang, K., Wang, S., Zhu, R., Li, B., Peng, Y., Weng, D. (2014) Advanced nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using real-time controlled three-stage sequence batch reactor (SBR) system, Bioresource Technology, 159, 258-265. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.058
• Miao, L., Yang, G.Q., Tao, T. ve Peng, Y.Z. (2019) Recent advances in nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using biological treatments - a review, Journal of Environmental Management, 235, 178-185. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.057
• Mulder, A., Graaf, A., Robertson, L. ve Kuenen, J. (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 16(3), 177-184. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00281.x
• Ni, B.J., Hu, B.L., Fang, F., Xie, W.M., Kartal, B., Liu, X.W., Sheng, G.P., Jetten, M., Zheng, P. ve Yu, H. Q. (2010) Microbial and physicochemical characteristics of compact anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(8), 2652-2656. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02271-09
• Oshiki, M., Shimokawa, M., Fujii, N., Satoh, H. ve Okabe, S. (2011) Physiological characteristics of the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium 'Candidatus Brocadia sinica', Microbiology, 157(Pt 6), 1706-1713. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.048595-0}
• Peeters, S.H. ve van Niftrik, L. (2019) Trending topics and open questions in anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 49, 45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.022
• Pereira, A.D., Cabezas, A., Etchebehere, C., de Lemos Chernicharo, C.A. ve de Araújo, J.C. (2017) Microbial communities in anammox reactors: a review, Environmental Technology Reviews, 6(1), 74-93. doi: 10.1080/21622515.2017.1304457
• Pérez, J., Lotti, T., Kleerebezem, R., Picioreanu, C. ve van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2014) Outcompeting nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in single-stage nitrogen removal in sewage treatment plants: a model-based study, Water Research, 66, 208-218. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.028
• Qian, F., Wang, J., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, S. ve Chen, X. (2017) Achieving high performance completely autotrophic nitrogen removal in a continuous granular sludge reactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 118, 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.11.017
• Richard, F.A. (1965). Chemical oceanography, Academic Press, London, 611-645.
• Schalk, J., de Vries, S.D., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S. (2000) Involvement of a novel hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Biochemistry, 39(18), 5405-5412. doi: 10.1021/bi992721k
• Shehzad, A., Qismat, S., Zeeshan, N. ve Ibrar, K. (2016) An insight to anammox bacterial communities and their detection strategies-mini review, Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 4(1), 222-239.
• Shen, L., Hu, A., Jin, R., Cheng, D., Zheng, P., Xu, X., Hu, B. (2012). Enrichment of anammox bacteria from three sludge sources for the startup of monosodium glutamate industrial wastewater treatment system, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 199-200, 193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.081
• Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Strous, M., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Hopmans, E.C., Geenevasen, J.A.J., van Duin, A.C.T., van Niftrik, L.A. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2002) Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane, Nature, 419(6908), 708-712. doi: 10.1038/nature01128
• Sobotka D., Tuszyńska A., Kowal. P., Ciesielski S., Czerwionka K. ve Makinia J. (2017) Long-term performance and microbial characteristics of the anammox-enriched granular sludge cultivated in a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 120, 125-135. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.01.007
• Stein, L.Y. ve Klotz, M.G. (2016) The nitrogen cycle, Current Biology, 26(3), 94-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.021
• Strous, M., Heijnen, J.J., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1998) The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(5), 589-596. doi: 10.1007/s002530051
• Strous, M., Fuerst, J.A., Kramer, E.H.M., Logemann, S., Muyzer, G., van de PasSchoonen, K.T., Webb, R., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1999a) Missing lithotroph identified as new planctomycete, Nature, 400(6743), 446-449. doi: 10.1038/22749
• Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1999b) Key physiology of anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65, 3248–3250.
• Strous, M., Pelletier, E., Mangenot, S., Rattei, T., Lehner, A., Taylor, M.W., Horn, M., Daims, H., Bartol-Mavel, D., Wincker, P., Barbe, V., Fonknechten, N., Vallenet, D., Segurens, B., Schenowitz-Truong, C., Médigue, C., Collingro, A., Snel, B., Dutilh, B.E., Op den Camp, H.J., van der Drift, C., Cirpus, I., van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T., Harhangi, H.R., van Niftrik, L., Schmid, M., Keltjens, J., van de Vossenberg, J., Kartal, B., Meier, H., Frishman, D., Huynen, M.A., Mewes, H.W., Weissenbach, J., Jetten, M.S., Wagner, M. ve Le Paslier D. (2006) Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome, Nature, 440(7085), 790-794. doi: 10.1038/nature04647
• Tang, C.J., Zheng, P., Chen, T.T., Zhang, J.Q., Mahmood, Q., Ding, S.A., Chen, X.G., Chen, J.W. and Wu, D.T. (2011) Enhanced nitrogen removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using SBA-Anammox process, Water Research, 45(1), 201-210. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.036
• Tomaszewski, M., Cema, G. ve Ziembińska-Buczyńska, A. (2017) Influence of temperature and pH on the anammox process: a review and meta-analysis, Chemosphere, 182, 203-214. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.003
• Tsushima I., Kindaichi T. ve Okabe S. (2007) Quantification of anaerobic ammoniumoxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by real-time PCR, Water Research, 41(4), 785– 794. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.024
• Uflaz, H. (2018). Start-up of pilot scale partial nitrification and anammox reactors installed in a sewage treatment plant, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, M.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• van de Graaf, A.A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L.A., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Kuenen, J.G. (1997) Metabolic pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation on basis of N-15 studies in a fluidized bed reactor, Microbiology, 143(7), 2415–2421. doi: 10.1099/00221287-143-7-2415
• van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Webb, R.I., Fuerst, J.A., Verkleji, A.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2008a) Linking ultrastructure and function in four genera of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria: Cell plan, glycogen storage, and localization of cytochrome C proteins, Journal of Bacteriology, 190(2), 708–717. doi: 10.1128/JB.01449-07
• van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Yakushevska, A., Verkleij, A.J., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2008b) Combined structural and chemical analysis of the anammoxosome: a membrane-bounded intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria, Journal of Structural Biology, 161(3), 401–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.05.005
• van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J.C., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Webb, R.I., Harhangi, H.R., Op den Camp, H.J., Fuerst, J.A., Verkleij, A.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2009) Cell division ring, a new cell division protein and vertical inheritance of a bacterial organelle in anammox planctomycetes, Molecular Microbiology, 73(6), 1009–1019. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06841.x
• van Niftrik, L., van Helden, M., Kirchen, S., van Donselaar, E.G., Harhangi, H.R., Webb, R.I., Fuerst, J.A., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2010) Intracellular localization of membrane-bound ATPases in the compartmentalized anammox bacterium ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’, Molecular Microbiology, 77(3), 701–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07242.x
• van Niftrik, L. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2012) Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria: unique microorganisms with exceptional properties, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 76(3), 585-596. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05025-11
• van Niftrik, L. (2013) Cell biology of unique anammox bacteria that contain an energy conserving prokaryotic organelle, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 104(4), 489-497. doi: 10.1007/s10482-013-9990-5
• van Teeseling, V.C.F., Neumann, S. ve van Niftrik, L. (2013) The anammoxosome organelle is crucial for the energy metabolism of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(1-2), 104–117. doi: 10.1159/000346547
• van Teeseling, M.C.F., de Almeida, N.M., Klingl, A., Speth, D.R., Op den Camp, H.J.M., Rachel, R., Jetten, M.S.M. ve van Niftrik, L. (2014) A new addition to the cell plan of anammox bacteria: ‘’Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’’ has a protein surface layer (Slayer) as outermost layer of the cell, Journal of Bacteriology, 196(1), 80-89. doi: 10.1128/JB.00988-13
• Volcke, E.I.P., Van Hulle, S.W.H., Donckels, B.M.R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. ve Vanrolleghem, P.A. (2005) Coupling the SHARON process with anammox: Model-based scenario analysis with focus on operating costs, Water Science and Technology, 52(4), 107-115. doi: 10.2166/wst.2005.0093
• Wang, C.C., Lee, P.H., Kumar, M., Huang, Y.T., Sung, S. ve Lin, J.G. (2010) Simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification (SNAD) in a full-scale landfill-leachate treatment plant, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3), 622-628. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.052
• Wang, Z., Peng, Y., Miao, L., Cao, T., Zhang, F., Wang, S., Han, J. (2016) Continuousflow combined process of nitritation and ANAMMOX for treatment of landfill leachate, Bioresource Technology, 214, 514-519. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.118
• Wen, X., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Qing, X. ve He, Q. (2016) A novel process combining simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) with denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) to treat sewage, Bioresource Technology, 222, 309-316. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.132
• Wett, B., Omari, A., Podmirseg, S.M., Han, M., Akintayo, O., Gómez Brandón, M., Murthy, S., Bott, C., Hell, M., Takács, I., Nyhuis, G. ve O'Shaughnessy, M. (2013) Going for mainstream deammonification from bench- to full-scale for maximized resource efficiency, Water Science and Technology, 68(2), 283-289. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.150
• Windey, K., De Bo, I. ve Verstraete, W. (2005) Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrificationdenitrification (OLAND) in a rotating biological contactor treating high-salinity wastewater, Water Research, 39(18), 4512–4520. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.002
• Yamamoto, T., Wakamatsu, S., Qiao, S., Hira, D., Fujii, T. and Furukawa, K. (2011) Partial nitritation and anammox of a livestock manure digester liquor and analysis of its microbial community, Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 2342-2347. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.091
• Yapsakli, K., Aktan, C.K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2017) Anammox-zeolite system acting as buffer to achieve stable effluent nitrogen values, Biodegradation, 28(1), 69-79. doi: 10.1007/s10532-016-9778-1
• Yasuda, T., Waki, M., Yoshinaga, I., Amano, T., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, Y, Yamagishi, T. ve Suwa, Y. (2011) Evidence of exponential growth of an anammox population in an anaerobic batch culture, Microbes and Environments, 26(3), 266–269. doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME10181
• Zhang, L., Narita, Y., Gao, L., Ali, M., Oshiki, M. ve Okabe, S. (2017) Maximum specific growth rate of anammox bacteria revisited, Water Research, 116, 296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.027
• Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Peng, Y., Han, X., Gan, Y., (2015) Nitrogen removal performance and microbial distribution in pilot- and full-scale integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactors based on nitritation-anammox process, Bioresource Technology, 196, 448-453. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.090
• Zhu G., Xia C., Shanyun W., Zhou L., Liu L. ve Zhao S. (2015) Occurrence, activity and contribution of anammox in some freshwater extreme environments, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 7(6), 961-969. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12341