Koyunlarda Şap Aşısı ile Birlikte Kullanılan İmmunstimülan İlaçların İmmunglobulinler Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Koyunlarda şap aşısı ile birlikte kullanılan immunstimülan ilaçların immunglobülinler üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. Bu amaçla 40 adet sağlıklı koyun 4 gruba ayrıldı. Çalışma öncesinde tüm hayvanlardan 0. gün kan ve serum örnekleri alındı. Hematolojik parameterler hemen ölçüldü, biyokimyasal parametrelerden IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE ve Zn değerleri ölçülmek üzere serumlar saklandı. I. gruba sadece şap aşısı uygulandı, II. gruba şap aşısı ile birlikte Levamizol, III. gruba şap aşısı ile birlikte Çinko ve son grup olan IV. gruba da şap aşısı ile birlikte AD3E vitamini uygulandı. 21gün sonra tüm gruplardan kan ve serum örnekleri tekrar alındı ve 0. gün değerlerine göre hem hematolojik hem de IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE ve Zn değerleri kıyaslandı. Hematolojik parametrelerin PLT ve NEU hariç gruplar arasında herhangi bir istatistiksel fark belirlenmedi. 0. ve 21. günlere göre kıyaslamada II. ve III. gruplarda PLT düzeylerinde önemli artış (p<0.05) tespit edilirken IV. grupta NEU duzeyinde istatistiksel olarak azalma görüldü (p<0.05). Biyokimyasal analizlerden IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE değerlerinde, 0. güne göre II. Grupta IgG (p<0,05) ve IgE (p<0,001), III. grupta IgM (p<0,05), IgE (p<0,001) ve IV. grupta sadece IgE (p<0,001) düzeylerinde artis belirlendi. Gruplar arası kıyaslamada da II. ve III. grup IgG düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre artış belirlendi (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak Şap aşısı ile birlikte kullanılan levamizole veya çinko uygulanmasının hayvanlarda özellikle IgG ve IgM üzerine olumlu etkilerinin olduğu, aşı ile birlikte bu ilaçların uygulanmasının tavsiye edilebileceği kanısına varıldı.

Keywords

• Immunglobülin,Immunostimülantlar,Koyun,Şap

The Effect of Used Immunostimulating Drugs with FMD Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep

Abstract

In this study, the effect of used immunostimulating drugs with FMD vaccine on immunoglobulins was aimed to investigate in sheep. For this purpose 40 healthy sheep were divided into 4 groups. Blood and serum samples were taken from all animals from 0 days before the study. Blood samples were measured immediately, and IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and Zn values from biochemical parameters were stored for measurement. Group I was applied only FMD vaccine, group II Levamisole with the FMD vaccine, group III Zinc with FMD vaccine and the last group IV AD3E was applied with FMD vaccine. After 21 days, blood and serum samples from all groups were taken again and hematologic and IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and Zn values were compared according to the values of day 0. No statistical difference was found between the groups except for PLT in hematological parameters (p> 0, 05) when compared to pre-vaccination and post-vaccination. In groups II and III there was a significant increase in PLT levels. Biochemical analysis showed IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE levels to be higher in IgG (p <0, 05) and IgE (p <0,001) in groups II and III when levels compared to before vaccination. There were statistically significant increases in IgM (p <0.05) in group IV.

Keywords

• Sheep,FMD,immunoglobulin,immunostimulant drugs

References

1. Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson AI, Garland AJM (2003). The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, J Comp Path, 129, 1–36.
2. Al-zuhairy MA, Jameel YJ (2014).Effect of ND Vaccine, Multivitamins AD3E, and Omega-3 on Performance and Immune Response of Broilers.Mrvsa, 3, 1, 42–50.
3. Backer JA, Engel B, Dekker A, Roermund HJW (2012). Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease II: Regaining FMD-free status. Prev Vet Med, 107, 41– 50.
4. Barnett PV, Cox SJ, Aggarwal N, Gerbe H, McCullough KC (2002). Further studies on the early protective responses of pigs following immunisation with high potency foot and mouth disease vaccine.Vaccine, 20, 3197–3208.
5. Bonaventura P, Benedetti G, Albarède F, Miossec P (2015). Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoımmun Rev, 14, 277–285.
6. Brazão V, Filipin MDV, Santello FH, Azevedo AP, Toldo MPA, de Morais FR, do Prado JCJ (2015). Immunomodulatory properties and anti-apoptotic effects of zinc andmelatonin in an experimental model of chronic Chagas disease. Immunobiology, 220, 626–633.
7. Bucafusco D, Giacomo SD, Pega J, Juncos MS, Schammas JM, Filgueira MP, Capozzo AV (2014). Influence of antibodies transferred by colostrum in the immune responses of calves to current foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Vaccine, 32, 6576–6582.
8. Clavijo A, Wright P, Kitching P (2004). Developments in diagnostic techniques for differentiating infection from vaccination in foot and mouth disease. Vet J, 167, 9–22.de Rueda CB, Dekker A, Ebléa PL, de Jong MCM (2014). Identification of factors associated with increased excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Prev Vet Med, 113, 23– 33.

9. Eales LJ (2003). Immunology for Life Scientists, Second Edition, chapter one. Chichester, England.1-298.
10. Eble´P.L, Orsel K, Hemert-Kluitenberg FV, Dekker A (2015).Transmission characteristics and optimal diagnostic samples to detect an FMDV infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated sheep.Vet Microbiol, 177, 69–77.
11. Fu Y, Wang T, Xiu L, Shi X, Bian Z, Zhang Y, Ruhan A, Wang X (2016). Levamisole promotes murine bone marrow derived dendritic cellactivation and drives Th1 immune response in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol, 31 57–65.
12. Gammaz HA, Fayez MM, Abdel-Naby EA (2010). Effect of sanguinarine and vitamins AD3E on growth performance in Cyprinus carpio. Suez Canal Vet Med J, 15, 1, 27-44.
13. Gopalakannan A, Arul V (2006). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255, 179–187.
14. Hohlich BJ, Wiesmuller KH, Haas B, Gerner W, Correa R, Hehnen HR, Schlapp T, Pfaff E, Saalmuller A (2003). Induction of an antigen-specific immune response and partial protection of cattle against challenge infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) after lipopeptide vaccination with FMDV-specific B-cell epitopes. J Gen Viro, 84, 3315–3324.
15. Horsington J, Zhang Z, Bittner H, Hole K, Singanallur N B, Alexandersen S, Vosloo W (2015). Early protection in sheep against intratypic heterologous challengewith serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus using high-potency, emergency vaccine. Vaccine, 33, 422–429.
16. Jackson PGG, Cockcroft PD (2002). Clinical Examination of Farm Animals, Appendix 2 Laboratory Reference Values: Haematology. p:301-302
17. Jeong K, Lee J, Park S, Choi J, Jeong D, Choi D, Nam Y, Park J, Lee K, Kim S, Ku J (2015). Synthesis and in-vitro evaluation of 2-amino-4-arylthiazole as inhibitor of 3D polymerase against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Eur J Med Chem, 102, 387–397.
18. Kang Y, Jin H, Zheng G, Xie Q, Yin J, Yu Y, Xiao C, Zhang X, Chen A, Wang B (2005). The adjuvant effect of levamisole on killed viral vaccines. Vaccine, 23, 5543–5550.
19. Kızıl O, Gul Y (2008). Effects of vitamin AD3E and C on immune responses of cattle to trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine. Revue Med Vet, 159, 12, 599–602.
20. Ko Y, Lee H, Park J, Lee K, Kim S, Cho I, Joo H, Paik S, Paton D, Parida S (2012). Field application of a recombinant protein-based ELISA during the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease type A in South Korea. J Virol Methods, 179, 265– 268.
21. Lin S, Lin X, Yang Y, Li F, Luo L (2013). Comparison of chelated zinc and zinc sulfate as zinc sources for growth and immune response of shrimp (Litopenaeusvannamei). Aquaculture, 406–407, 79–84.
22. Lovatt FM (2010). Clinical examination of sheep.Small Ruminant Res, 92, 72–77.
23. Młyniec K, Trojan E, Slusarczyk J, Głombik K, Basta-Kaim A, Budziszwska B, Skrzeszewski J, Siwek A, Holst B, Nowak G (2015). Immune malfunction in the GPR39 zinc receptor of knockout mice: Its relationship to depressive disorder. J Neuro immunol, 10,1016,12,001.
24. Mohri M, Seifi HA, Sani SHZ (2005).Effects of oral administration of levamisole on non-specific immunity, serum proteins and health in normal colostrum-fed neonatal dairy calves.Comp Clin Path, 13, 132–136.
25. Ocal G, Kokcu A, Cetinkaya M.B, Tosun M, Kefeli M, Kandemir B (2007). Efficacy of levamisole on experimental endometriosis.Int J Gynecol Obstet, 99, 38–42.Paton DJ, Füssel AE, Vosloo W, Dekker A, Clercq KD (2014). The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of “foot and mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised”.Vaccine, 32, 7050–7056.
26. Pekmezci D, Cakiroglu D (2009). Investigation of Immunmodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on Immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Vet Res Commun, 33, 711–721.
27. Raina Sh and Sachar A (2014). Effect of Heavy Metal, Zinc and Carbamate Pesticide, Sevin on Haematological Parameters of Fish, Labeo Boga. Int. JInnov Res SciEngTechnol, 3, 2319–8753.
28. Rajasekhar R, Hosamani M, Basagoudanavar S H, Sreenivasa BP, Selvan RP. T, Saravanan P, Venkataramanan R (2013). Rescue of infective virus from a genome-length cDNA clone of the FMDV serotype O (IND-R2/75) vaccine strain and its characterization. Res Vet Sci, 95, 291–297.
29. Ramulu SP, Nagalakshmi D, Kumar MK (2015). Effect of zinc supplementation on haematology and serum biochemical constituents in Murrah buffalo calves. Indian J Anim. Res, 49, 4, 482-486.
30. Rosenkranz E, Maywald M, Hilgers RD, Brieger A, Clarner T, Kipp M, Plumakers B, Meyer S, Schwerdtle T, Rink L (2015). Induction of regulatory T cells in Th1-/Th17-driven experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by zinc administration. J NutrBiochem, 10, 1016, 11, 010.
31. Sadigh-Eteghad S, Khayat-Nuri H, Abadi N, Ghavami S, Golabi M, Shanebandi D (2011). Synergetic effects of oral administration of levamisole and Echinacea purpurea on immune response in Wistar rat. Res Vet Sci, 91 82–85.
32. Saravanan P, Sreenivasa BP, Selvan RPT, Basagoudanavar SH, Hosamani M, Reddy ND, Nathanielsz J, Derozier C, Venkataramanan R (2015). Protective immune response to liposome adjuvanted high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in Indian cattle. Vaccine, 33, 670–677.
33. Schafer AS, Leal MLR, Molento M.B, Aires AR, DuarteMMMF, Carvalho FB, Tonin AA, Schmidt L, Flores EMM, Franc RT, Grando TH, Minho AP, Krause A, Antoniazzi AQ, Lopes STA (2015). Immune response of lambs experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus and parenterally treated with a combination of zinc and copper. Small Rumin. Res, 123, 183–188.
34. Shah D, Londheva, Mazumder R, Parikh R (2011). Can levamisole alone maintain the immunity. Int j pharm pharmsci, 0975-1491 3, 2.
35. Sharma G K, Mohapatra J K, Pandey L K, Mahajan S, Mathapati B S, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B (2012). Immunodiagnosis of foot and mouth disease using mutated recombinant 3ABC polyprotein in a competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods, 185, 52– 60.
36. Spears JW (2000). Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Nutr Soc, 59, 587–594.
37. Stelletta C, Cuteri V, Bonizzi L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Orsi F, Nisoli L, Lulla D, Morgante M (2004). Effect of levamisole administration on bluetongue vaccination in sheep. Vet Ital, 40, 4, 635.
38. Uddowla S, Pacheco J M, Larson C, Bishop E, Rodriguez L.L, Rai D K, Arzt J, Rieder E (2013). Characterization of a chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus bearing a bovine erhinitis B virus leader proteinase. Virology, 447, 172–180.
39. West CE, Rombout JHWM, Zijpp AJV, Sijtsma SR (1991). Vitamin A and immune function. Proc Nutr Soc, 50, 251–262.
40. Wong HT, Cheng SC-S, Sin FW-Y, Chan EW-C, Sheng Z-T, Xie YA(2003). DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease elicits an immune response in swine which is enhanced by co-administration with interleukin-2. Vaccine, 20, 2641–2647