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İstihdam, Reel Ücret ve Emek Verimliliği: Türkiye İmalat Sektörü Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2023, Volume: 57 Issue: 2, 313 - 326, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1197943

Abstract

Amaç: Reel ücret ve emek verimliliğinin istihdam üzerindeki etkisi literatürde tartışmalı bir konudur ve araştırmacılar arasında bir fikir birliği bulunmamaktadır. Türkiye imalat sektöründeki istihdam artışının önemli belirleyicileri arasında birçok makroekonomik değişken yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye imalat sektörüne ilişkin 2009:Q1-2021:Q4 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak reel ücret, emek verimliliği ve istihdam arasındaki ilişki analiz edilmiştir.

Yöntem: Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığı ARDL Sınır Testi yardımıyla incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda, kısa dönemde istihdam ile hem reel ücretler hem de emek verimliliği arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönemde ise istihdam ile reel ücretler arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiş olsa da istihdam ile emek verimliliği arasında istatistiksel olarak bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye imalat sektöründe reel ücret ve emek verimliliği değişkenlerinin kısa dönemde istihdamın belirleyicileri arasında yer aldığını, uzun dönemde ise sadece reel ücret değişkeninden etkilendiğini göstermektedir.

Özgünlük: Bu çalışma reel ücret, emek verimliliği ve istihdam değişkenleri arasındaki dinamik ilişkiyi bir arada inceleyerek literatürdeki diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır.

References

  • Adaş, C.G. (2003). "Türk İmalat Sanayi İşgücü Piyasasında Ücretler ile İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki", İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 53(2), 145-186.
  • Ağazade, S. ve Albayrak, N.C. (2018). "Türkiye Sanayi Sektöründe Emek Verimliliği, İstihdam ve Ücretler", Verimlilik Dergisi, 7-24.
  • Apergis, N. ve Theodosiou, I. (2008). "The Employment-Wage Relationship: Was Keynes Right After All?", American Review of Political Economy, 6(1), 40-50.
  • Bakır, H. ve Eryılmaz, F. (2020). "Türkiye’de İstihdam ve Reel Ücretler Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi", Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(10), 1-16.
  • İlhan, A., Akdeniz, C. ve Bakır, H. (2019). "Türk İmalat Sanayinde Reel Ücretler ve İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki", Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu 20. Ulusal İktisat Sempozyumu, 17-18 Ekim 2019, Adana.
  • Bender, K.A. ve Theodossiou, I. (1999). "International Comparisons of the Real Wage-Employment Relationship", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21(4), 621-637.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Narayan, P.K., Popp, S. ve Rath, B.N. (2011). "The Productivity-Wage and Productivity-Employment Nexus: A Panel Data Analysis of Indian Manufacturing", Empirical Economics, 40(2), 285-303.
  • Cavelaars, P. (2005). "Has the Tradeoff Between Productivity Gains and Job Growth Disappeared?", Kyklos, 58(1), 45-64.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. (2005). "A Note on the Relationship between Real Wages and Employment: Further Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests", Journal of Economic Studies, 32(1), 25-32.
  • Çağlayan, E. (2006). "Enflasyon, Faiz Oranı ve Büyümenin Yurtiçi Tasarruflar Üzerindeki Etkikeri", Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 423-438.
  • Çolak, M. ve Kara, O. (2017). "Türkiye’de Makroekonomik Göstergelerin İstihdama Etkisi", Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Afro-Avrasya Özel Sayısı, 259-272.
  • Dew-Becker, I. ve Gordon, R.J. (2012). "The Role of Labor-Market Changes in the Slowdown of European Productivity", Review of Economics and Institutions, 3(2), 1-45.
  • Elgin, C. ve Kuzubas, T.U. (2012). "Wage-productivity Gap in Turkish Manufacturing Sector", Bogazici University, Department of Economics, Working Papers No 2012/03, 1-22.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W. (1987). "Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing", Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Geary, P.T., ve Kennan, J. (1982). "The Employment-Real Wage Relationship: An International Study", Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), 854-871.
  • Göktaş, P., Pekmezci, A. ve Bozkurt, K. (2019). "Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik", Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Granger, C.W. ve Newbold, P. (1974). "Spurious Regressions in Econometrics", Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Habanabakize, T., Meyer, D.F. ve Oláh, J. (2019). "The Impact of Productivity, Investment and Real Wages on Employment Absorption Rate in South Africa", Social Sciences, 8(12), 1-15.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration- with Appucations to the Demand for Money", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Junankar, P. (2013). "Is there a Trade-off between Employment and Productivity?", Discussion Paper No. 7717, 2-41.
  • Kennedy, P. (2008). "A Guide to Econometrics", John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
  • Kilduff, A.P. (1989). "Real Wages and Employment: New Evidence", The Canadian Journal of Economics, 22(3), 619-629.
  • Kim, B.J. (1988). "A Time-Series Study of the Employment-Real Wage Relationship: An International Comparison", Journal of Economics and Business, 40(1), 67-78.
  • Kim, S., Lim, H. ve Park, D. (2010). "Productivity and Employment in a Developing Country: Some Evidence from Korea", World Development, 38(4), 514-522.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. (2021). "Is Labor Productivity Linked to Real Wages? An Empirical Study of the Turkish Manufacturing Sector", Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 25-48.
  • Mazumdar, D. (2003). "Trends in Employment and the Employment Elasticity in Manufacturing, 1971–92: An International Comparison", Cambridge Journal of Ecomomics, 27(4), 563-582.
  • McFarlane, A.A., Das, A. ve Chowdhury, M. (2014). "Non-linear Dynamics of Employment, Output and Real Wages in Canada", Journal of Economic Studies, 41(4), 554-568.
  • Mehra, Y. (1982). "Real Wages and Employment: Evidence from Disaggregated Data", Eastern Economic Journal, 8(3), 191-196.
  • Mora, J.J. ve Muro, J. (2019). "The Long Run Wage-Employment Elasticity: Evidence from Colombia", Alcamentos, 3-27.
  • Morley, B. (2006). "Causality between Economic Growth and Immigration: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach", Economics Letters, 72-76.
  • Narayan , P.K. ve Smyth, R. (2005). "Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in Fiji: An Empirical Assessment Using the ARDL Approach", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), 96-115.
  • Narayan, P.K. (2004). "Reformulating Critical Values for the Bounds F-statistics Approach to Cointegration: An Application to the Tourism Demand Model for Fiji", Monash University, Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 2(4).
  • Narayan, P.K. ve Smyth, R. (2006). "What Determines Migration Flows from Low-Income to High-Income Countris? An Empirical Investigation of Fiji-U.S. Migration 1972-2001", Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Neftçi, S.N. (1978). "A Time-Series Analysis of the Real Wages-Employment Relationship", Journal of Political Economy, 86(2), 281-291.
  • Nickell, S. ve Symons, J. (1990). "The Real Wage-Employment Relationship in the United States", Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1), 1-15.
  • Özata, E. ve Esen, E. (2010). "Reel Ücretler ile İstihdam Arasındaki İlişkinin Ekonometrik Analizi", Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 55-70.
  • Özmucur, S. (2003). "Wage and Productivity Differentials in Private and Public Manufacturing: The Case of Turkey", Econ WPA Series (0303002), 1-17.
  • Pehkonen, J. (1991). "Real Wages-Employment Relationship in Finnish Manufacturing: A VAR Approach", Applied Economics, 23(10), 1559-1668.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R.J. (2001). "Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 289-326.
  • Pissarides, C.A. ve Vallanti, G. (2004). "Productivity Growth and Employment: Theory and Panel Estimates", CEP Discussion Paper No 663, 1-41.
  • Ponikvara, N. ve Kejžara, K.Z. (2014). "The Puzzle on the Causality of the Productivity and Employment Growth: Evidence from Firm-Level Data", Applied Economics, 46(14), 1642-1651.
  • Saraçoğlu, B. ve Suiçmez, H. (2008). "Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Büyüme, İstihdam ve Verimlilik Sorunları", TİSK Akademi, 3(6), 88-126.
  • Sargent, T.J. (1978). "Estimation of Dynamic Labor Demand Schedules under Rational Expectations", Journal of Political Economy, 86(6), 1009-1044.
  • Seputiene, J. (2011). "The Estimation of the Relationship between Wages and Unemployment in the European Union", International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(2), 277-285.
  • Suedekum, J. ve Blien, U. (2004). "Wages and Employment Growth: Disaggregated Evidence for West Germany", Discussion Paper 1128, Bonn: The Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Tadjoeddin, M.Z. (2016). "Productivity, Wages and Employment: Evidence from the Indonesia's Manufacturing Sector", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 21(4), 489-512.
  • Uzay, N. (2008), "Verimlilik Artışlarının İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkileri: Teorik ve Ampirik Bulgular", Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 113-141.
  • Yardımcı, M.C. ve Abdullah, A. (2021). "Sanayi Sektöründe İstihdamın Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği", Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(73), 2252-2259.
  • Yılancı, V. (2012). "Türkiye'de Para Talebi İstikrarlılığının Testi: Kayan Pencerelerde Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı", Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (33), 67-74.
  • Yıldırım, Z. (2015). "Türkiye İş Gücü Piyasası Dinamiklerinin Yapısal Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (SVECM) ile Analizi", Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 26(94), 57-84.
  • Yusof, S.A. (2008). "The Long-Run and Dynamic Behaviors of Wages, Productivity and Employment in Malaysia", Journal of Economic Studies, 35(3), 249-262.
  • Yürük, B. ve Acaroğlu, H. (2021). "Türkiye’de Eğitim Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Doğrusal Olmayan Analizi", Journal of Yasar University, 16(61), 1301-1317.

Employment, Real Wage and Labor Productivity: A Research on Turkish Manufacturing Sector

Year 2023, Volume: 57 Issue: 2, 313 - 326, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1197943

Abstract

Purpose: The literature is divided on the impact of real wages and labor productivity on employment, and there is no general agreement among scholars. The key causes of rising employment in Türkiye's manufacturing sector include a wide range of macroeconomic factors. The link between real wages, labor productivity, and employment is examined in this study utilizing data from the Turkish manufacturing industry for the years 2009:Q1 through 2021:Q4.

Methodology: The ARDL Boundary Test is used in the study to evaluate whether there is a short- and long-term link between the variables.

Findings: The current study found that there is a short-term positive and statistically significant relationship between employment and real wages as well as labor productivity. Labor productivity is determined not to have a statistically significant impact on employment, despite there being a long-term positive and statistically significant link between employment and real wages. The findings show that real wages and labor productivity are among the short-term factors influencing employment in Türkiye's manufacturing sector. On the other hand, real wages do have a long-term impact on employment.

Originality: By studying the dynamic link between real wage, labor productivity, and employment factors collectively, this study differs from earlier studies in the literature.

References

  • Adaş, C.G. (2003). "Türk İmalat Sanayi İşgücü Piyasasında Ücretler ile İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki", İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 53(2), 145-186.
  • Ağazade, S. ve Albayrak, N.C. (2018). "Türkiye Sanayi Sektöründe Emek Verimliliği, İstihdam ve Ücretler", Verimlilik Dergisi, 7-24.
  • Apergis, N. ve Theodosiou, I. (2008). "The Employment-Wage Relationship: Was Keynes Right After All?", American Review of Political Economy, 6(1), 40-50.
  • Bakır, H. ve Eryılmaz, F. (2020). "Türkiye’de İstihdam ve Reel Ücretler Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Zaman Serisi Analizi", Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(10), 1-16.
  • İlhan, A., Akdeniz, C. ve Bakır, H. (2019). "Türk İmalat Sanayinde Reel Ücretler ve İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki", Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu 20. Ulusal İktisat Sempozyumu, 17-18 Ekim 2019, Adana.
  • Bender, K.A. ve Theodossiou, I. (1999). "International Comparisons of the Real Wage-Employment Relationship", Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21(4), 621-637.
  • Bhattacharya, M., Narayan, P.K., Popp, S. ve Rath, B.N. (2011). "The Productivity-Wage and Productivity-Employment Nexus: A Panel Data Analysis of Indian Manufacturing", Empirical Economics, 40(2), 285-303.
  • Cavelaars, P. (2005). "Has the Tradeoff Between Productivity Gains and Job Growth Disappeared?", Kyklos, 58(1), 45-64.
  • Christopoulos, D.K. (2005). "A Note on the Relationship between Real Wages and Employment: Further Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests", Journal of Economic Studies, 32(1), 25-32.
  • Çağlayan, E. (2006). "Enflasyon, Faiz Oranı ve Büyümenin Yurtiçi Tasarruflar Üzerindeki Etkikeri", Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 423-438.
  • Çolak, M. ve Kara, O. (2017). "Türkiye’de Makroekonomik Göstergelerin İstihdama Etkisi", Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Afro-Avrasya Özel Sayısı, 259-272.
  • Dew-Becker, I. ve Gordon, R.J. (2012). "The Role of Labor-Market Changes in the Slowdown of European Productivity", Review of Economics and Institutions, 3(2), 1-45.
  • Elgin, C. ve Kuzubas, T.U. (2012). "Wage-productivity Gap in Turkish Manufacturing Sector", Bogazici University, Department of Economics, Working Papers No 2012/03, 1-22.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W. (1987). "Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing", Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Geary, P.T., ve Kennan, J. (1982). "The Employment-Real Wage Relationship: An International Study", Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), 854-871.
  • Göktaş, P., Pekmezci, A. ve Bozkurt, K. (2019). "Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik", Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Granger, C.W. ve Newbold, P. (1974). "Spurious Regressions in Econometrics", Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Habanabakize, T., Meyer, D.F. ve Oláh, J. (2019). "The Impact of Productivity, Investment and Real Wages on Employment Absorption Rate in South Africa", Social Sciences, 8(12), 1-15.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration- with Appucations to the Demand for Money", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Junankar, P. (2013). "Is there a Trade-off between Employment and Productivity?", Discussion Paper No. 7717, 2-41.
  • Kennedy, P. (2008). "A Guide to Econometrics", John Wiley & Sons, Australia.
  • Kilduff, A.P. (1989). "Real Wages and Employment: New Evidence", The Canadian Journal of Economics, 22(3), 619-629.
  • Kim, B.J. (1988). "A Time-Series Study of the Employment-Real Wage Relationship: An International Comparison", Journal of Economics and Business, 40(1), 67-78.
  • Kim, S., Lim, H. ve Park, D. (2010). "Productivity and Employment in a Developing Country: Some Evidence from Korea", World Development, 38(4), 514-522.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. (2021). "Is Labor Productivity Linked to Real Wages? An Empirical Study of the Turkish Manufacturing Sector", Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 25-48.
  • Mazumdar, D. (2003). "Trends in Employment and the Employment Elasticity in Manufacturing, 1971–92: An International Comparison", Cambridge Journal of Ecomomics, 27(4), 563-582.
  • McFarlane, A.A., Das, A. ve Chowdhury, M. (2014). "Non-linear Dynamics of Employment, Output and Real Wages in Canada", Journal of Economic Studies, 41(4), 554-568.
  • Mehra, Y. (1982). "Real Wages and Employment: Evidence from Disaggregated Data", Eastern Economic Journal, 8(3), 191-196.
  • Mora, J.J. ve Muro, J. (2019). "The Long Run Wage-Employment Elasticity: Evidence from Colombia", Alcamentos, 3-27.
  • Morley, B. (2006). "Causality between Economic Growth and Immigration: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach", Economics Letters, 72-76.
  • Narayan , P.K. ve Smyth, R. (2005). "Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth in Fiji: An Empirical Assessment Using the ARDL Approach", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 10(1), 96-115.
  • Narayan, P.K. (2004). "Reformulating Critical Values for the Bounds F-statistics Approach to Cointegration: An Application to the Tourism Demand Model for Fiji", Monash University, Department of Economics Discussion Paper, 2(4).
  • Narayan, P.K. ve Smyth, R. (2006). "What Determines Migration Flows from Low-Income to High-Income Countris? An Empirical Investigation of Fiji-U.S. Migration 1972-2001", Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Neftçi, S.N. (1978). "A Time-Series Analysis of the Real Wages-Employment Relationship", Journal of Political Economy, 86(2), 281-291.
  • Nickell, S. ve Symons, J. (1990). "The Real Wage-Employment Relationship in the United States", Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1), 1-15.
  • Özata, E. ve Esen, E. (2010). "Reel Ücretler ile İstihdam Arasındaki İlişkinin Ekonometrik Analizi", Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 55-70.
  • Özmucur, S. (2003). "Wage and Productivity Differentials in Private and Public Manufacturing: The Case of Turkey", Econ WPA Series (0303002), 1-17.
  • Pehkonen, J. (1991). "Real Wages-Employment Relationship in Finnish Manufacturing: A VAR Approach", Applied Economics, 23(10), 1559-1668.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R.J. (2001). "Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 289-326.
  • Pissarides, C.A. ve Vallanti, G. (2004). "Productivity Growth and Employment: Theory and Panel Estimates", CEP Discussion Paper No 663, 1-41.
  • Ponikvara, N. ve Kejžara, K.Z. (2014). "The Puzzle on the Causality of the Productivity and Employment Growth: Evidence from Firm-Level Data", Applied Economics, 46(14), 1642-1651.
  • Saraçoğlu, B. ve Suiçmez, H. (2008). "Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Büyüme, İstihdam ve Verimlilik Sorunları", TİSK Akademi, 3(6), 88-126.
  • Sargent, T.J. (1978). "Estimation of Dynamic Labor Demand Schedules under Rational Expectations", Journal of Political Economy, 86(6), 1009-1044.
  • Seputiene, J. (2011). "The Estimation of the Relationship between Wages and Unemployment in the European Union", International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 3(2), 277-285.
  • Suedekum, J. ve Blien, U. (2004). "Wages and Employment Growth: Disaggregated Evidence for West Germany", Discussion Paper 1128, Bonn: The Institute for the Study of Labor.
  • Tadjoeddin, M.Z. (2016). "Productivity, Wages and Employment: Evidence from the Indonesia's Manufacturing Sector", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 21(4), 489-512.
  • Uzay, N. (2008), "Verimlilik Artışlarının İstihdam Üzerindeki Etkileri: Teorik ve Ampirik Bulgular", Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 113-141.
  • Yardımcı, M.C. ve Abdullah, A. (2021). "Sanayi Sektöründe İstihdamın Belirleyicileri: Türkiye Örneği", Uluslararası Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 8(73), 2252-2259.
  • Yılancı, V. (2012). "Türkiye'de Para Talebi İstikrarlılığının Testi: Kayan Pencerelerde Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı", Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (33), 67-74.
  • Yıldırım, Z. (2015). "Türkiye İş Gücü Piyasası Dinamiklerinin Yapısal Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (SVECM) ile Analizi", Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 26(94), 57-84.
  • Yusof, S.A. (2008). "The Long-Run and Dynamic Behaviors of Wages, Productivity and Employment in Malaysia", Journal of Economic Studies, 35(3), 249-262.
  • Yürük, B. ve Acaroğlu, H. (2021). "Türkiye’de Eğitim Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Doğrusal Olmayan Analizi", Journal of Yasar University, 16(61), 1301-1317.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Tuna Köse 0000-0002-8703-0215

Mehmet Avcı 0000-0002-1201-6718

Publication Date April 28, 2023
Submission Date November 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 57 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Köse, T., & Avcı, M. (2023). İstihdam, Reel Ücret ve Emek Verimliliği: Türkiye İmalat Sektörü Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Verimlilik Dergisi, 57(2), 313-326. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1197943

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