Contact dermatitis in poultry

Year 2021, , 188 - 197, 15.06.2021

Hilal Çapar Akyüz , E. Ebru Onbaşılar

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.875381

Abstract

Contact dermatitis is a common skin problem in poultry. This disease plays an important role in determining animal welfare. In terms of the producer, it can cause significant economic losses. This non-infectious disease affects the foot pad (foot pad dermatitis), hock (hock burn) and breast (breast burn). Many factors such as genotype, sex, body weight, nutrition, intestinal infections, litter quality and poultry house conditions can be effective to emergence of the disease. The main reason is high moisture content in the litter. Factors affecting the moisture ratio in litter; litter type, litter depth, ambient temperature, ventilation, relative humidity, drinker management and broiler density per unit area. Genotype is another important factor in the occurrence of this disease. As body weight increases in fast-growing broilers, walking ability deteriorates and this rises the rates of foot pad dermatitis and hock burns. Breast burns can also be associated with high breast weight and poor breast feathering. Contact dermatitis has been detected in broilers, turkeys and pekin ducks. Especially in turkeys, its incidence is higher than in broilers. However, it can be seen in laying hens and broiler breeders raised in the litter system. In the prevention of contact dermatitis, poultry house conditions are prominent. It is predicted that the prevalence of contact dermatitis will decrease in poultry breeding based on the welfare criteria.

Keywords

Contact dermatitis, Poultry, Animal welfare

Kanatlılarda kontakt dermatit

Abstract

Kontakt dermatit, kanatlılarda yaygın görülen bir deri problemidir. Bu hastalık hayvan refahının belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Üretici bakımından ise önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açabilmektedir. Enfeksiyöz olmayan bu hastalık ayak tabanı (ayak tabanı yanığı), diz (diz yanığı) ve göğüsü (göğüs yanığı) etkilemektedir. Hastalığın ortaya çıkmasında; genotip, cinsiyet, canlı ağırlık, beslenme, bağırsak enfeksiyonları, altlık özellikleri ve kümes koşulları gibi pek çok faktör etkili olabilmektedir. Başlıca nedeni ise altlıktaki nem içeriğinin yüksek olmasıdır. Altlıktaki nem oranını etkileyen faktörler; altlığın türü, altlık derinliği, çevre sıcaklığı, havalandırma, nispi nem, suluk idaresi ve birim alandaki piliç yoğunluğu olarak sıralanabilmektedir. Genotip bu hastalığın ortaya çıkmasındaki diğer önemli faktördür. Hızlı büyüyen piliçlerde canlı ağırlık arttıkça yürüme yeteneğinde bozulmalar meydana gelmekte ve bu durum ayak tabanı ile diz yanık oranlarını artırmaktadır. Göğüs yanıkları ayrıca yüksek göğüs ağırlığı ve zayıf göğüs tüylenmesi ile ilişkilendirilebilmektedir. Kontakt dermatit etçi piliçlerde, hindilerde ve Pekin ördeklerinde tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle hindilerde görülme sıklığı etçi piliçlere göre daha fazla olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte altlıklı sistemde yetiştirilen yumurtacı tavuklar ile etçi piliç damızlıklarda da görülebilmektedir. Kontakt dermatitin önlenmesinde kümes içi koşullar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Refah kriterleri göz önüne alınarak yapılan kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde, kontakt dermatit yaygınlığının azalacağı ön görülmektedir.

Keywords

Kontakt dermatit, Kanatlılar, Hayvan refahı

References

• Abd El-Wahab A, Beineke A, Beyerbach M, Visscher CF, Kamphues J (2011): Effects of floor heating and litter quality on the development and severity of foot pad dermatitis in young turkeys. Avian Diseases, 55, 429–434.
• Abd El-Wahab A, Visscher C, Kamphues J (2018): Impact of different dietary protein sources on performance, litter quality and foot pad dermatitis in broilers. J. Anim. Feed Sci, 27, 148-154.
• Allain V, Mirabito L, Arnould C, Colas M, Le Bouquin S, Lupo C, Michel V. (2009): Skin lesions in broiler chickens measured at the slaughterhouse: relationships between lesions and between their prevalence and rearing factors. British Poultry Science, 50, 407–417.
• Amer MM (2020): Footpad dermatitis (FPD) in chickens. The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence, 6, 11-16.
• Arnould, C., A. Butterworth, and U. Knierim. (2009): Standardisation of clinical scoring in poultry. 7–30. B. Forkmann, L. Keeling (ed.) In Assessment of Animal Welfare Measures for Layers and Broilers. Cardiff University Press, Cardiff, UK.
• Ask B (2010): Genetic variation of contact dermatitis in broilers. Poultry Science, 89, 866-875.
• Ben Sassi N, Avero ́s X, Estevez I (2016): Technology and poultry welfare. Animals, 6, 62–83.
• Ben Sassi N, Aver´os X, Estevez I (2019): The potential of the transect method for early detection of welfare problems in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98, 522–532.
• Berckmans D. (2014). Precision livestock farming technologies for welfare management in intensive livestock systems. Rev. Sci. Tech, 33, 189-196.
• Berg CC (1998): Foot-pad dermatitis in broilers and turkeys. Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
• Bilgili SF, Hess JB, Donald J, Fancher B (2010): Practical considerations for reducing the risk of pododermatitis. Aviagen Brief, 1, 1-8.
• Butterworth A (2013): On-farm broiler welfare assessment and associated training. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic., 15, 71–77.
• Çavuşoğlu E, Petek M, Abdourhamane IM, Akkoc A, Topal E (2018): Effects of different floor housing systems on the welfare of fast-growing broilers with an extended fattening period. Arch. Anim. Breed., 61, 9–16.
• Chen J, Tellez G, Escobar J, Vazquez-Anon M (2017): Impact of Trace Minerals on Wound Healing of Footpad Dermatitis in Broilers. Scientific reports, 7, 1-9.
• Chuppava B, Visscher C, Kamphues J (2018): Effect of different flooring designs on the performance and foot pad health in broilers and turkeys. Animals, 8, 70.
• Dawkins MS, Donnelly CA, Jones TA (2004): Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature, 427, 342–344.
• Dawkins MS, Roberts SJ, Cain RJ, Nickson T, Donnelly CA (2017): Early warning of footpad dermatitis and hockburn in broiler chicken flocks using optical flow, bodyweight and water consumption. Veterinary Record, 180, 499–499.
• de Baere K. (2008): Lichtschema’s bij vleeskuikens. Pluimvee 46 [in Dutch].
• de Baere, K. and Zoons, J. (2004) Strooiselmateriaal in pluimveestallen. Pluimvee 40 [in Dutch].
• de Oliveira MC, Gonçalves BN, Pádua GT, da Silva VG, da Silva DV, Freitas AI (2015): Treatment of poultry litter does not improve performance or carcass lesions in broilers. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 28, 331-338.
• DEFRA (2010): Foot pad dermatitis and hock burn in broilers: risk factors, aetiology and welfare consequences. Department of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom.
• Dinev I, Denev S, Vashin I, Kanakov D, Rusenova N (2019): Pathomorphological investigations on the prevalence of contact dermatitis lesions in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 47, 129-134.
• EFSA (2010): EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Scientific opinion on the influence of genetic parameters on the welfare and the resistance to stress of commercial broilers. EFSA Journal, 8, 1666.
• EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (2012): Scientific opinion on the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of broilers. EFSA J,10, 2774.
• Ekstrand C, Algers B, Svedberg J (1997): Rearing conditions and foot-pad dermatitis in Swedish broiler chickens. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 31, 167–174.
• Ekstrand C, CArpenter TE, Andersson I, Algers B (1998): Prevalence and control of foot-pad dermatitis in broilers in Sweden. British Poultry Science, 39, 318–324.
• European Union (EU) (2007): Council directive 2007/43/EC laying down minimumrules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Official Journal ofthe European Union, 182, 19–28.
• Forkman B (2009). Assessment of animal welfare measures for layers and broilers. Univ., School of City and Regional Planning.
• Frosch PJ, John SM (2011): Clinical aspects of irritant contact dermatitis. In Contact Dermatitis. 305-345. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Greene JA, McCracken RM, Evans RT (1985): A contact dermatitis of broilers-Clinical and pathological findings. Avian Pathology, 14, 23- 38.
• Hartcher KM, Lum HK (2020). Genetic selection of broilers and welfare consequences: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 76, 154-167.
• Haslam SM, knowles TG, Brown SN, Wilkins LJ, Kestin SC, Warriss PD, Nicol CJ (2007): Factors affecting the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn in broiler chicken. British Poultry Science, 48, 264-275.
• Heitmann S, Stracke J, Petersen H, Birgit Spindler B, Kemper N (2018): First approach validating a scoring system for foot-pad dermatitis in broiler chickens developed for application in practice. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 154, 63–70.
• Hocking PM, Mayne RK, Else RW, French NA, Gatcliffe J (2008): Standard European footpad dermatitis scoring system for use in turkey processing plants. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 64, 323–328.
• Hocking PM, Veldkamp T (2019): Poultry Feathers and Skin: The Poultry Integument in Health and Welfare. 70-83. In OA Olukosi, V Olori, A Helmbrecht, S Lambton, N French (Ed), Contact Dermatitis in Domestic Poultry (No. 32). CABI, UK.
• Hocking PM, Wu K (2013): Traditional and commercial turkey show similar susceptibility to foot pad dermatitis and behavioural evidence of pain. British Poultry Science, 54, 281-288.
• Kaukonen E, Norring M, Valros A (2016): Effect of litter quality on foot pad dermatitis, hock burns and breast blisters in broiler breeders during the production period. Avian Pathology, 45, 667–673.
• Kestin SC, Gordon S, Su G, Sorensen P (2001): Relationship in broiler chickens between lameness, liveweight, growth rate and age. Veterinary Record, 148, 195–197.
• Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M, Wu SB (2017): Potential of pelleted wheat straw as an alternative bedding material for broilers. Poultry Science, 96, 1641–1647.
• Kiani A, von Borstel UK (2019): Impact of different group sizes on plumage cleanliness and leg disorders in broilers. Livestock Science, 221, 52–56.
• Kjaer JB, Su G, Nielsen BL, Sorensen P (2006): Foot pad dermatitis and hock burn in broiler chickens and degree of inheritance. Poultry Science, 85, 1342-1348.
• Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Bergmann S, Erhard MH, Fehlhaber K, Hübel J, Ludewig M, Mitterer-Istyagin H Ziegler N, Bartels T (2013): Impact of selected factors on the occurrence of contact dermatitis in turkeys on commercial farms in Germany. Animals, 3, 608-628.
• Kristensen HH, Perry GC, Prescott NB, Ladewig J, Ersbøll AK, Wathes CM (2006): Leg health and performance of broiler chickens reared in different light environments. British Poultry Science 47, 257–263.
• Kyvsgaard NC, Jensen HB, Ambrosen T, Toft N (2013): Temporal changes and risk factors for foot-pad dermatitis in Danish broilers. Poultry Science, 92, 26-32.
• Louton H, Bergmann S, Reese S, Erhard M, Bachmeier J, Rösler B, Rauch E (2018): Animal- and management-based welfare indicators for a conventional broiler strain in 2 barn types (Louisiana barn and closed barn). Poultry Science, 97, 2754–2767.
• Marchewka J, Estevez I, Vezzoli G, Ferrante V, Makagon MM (2015): The transect method: a novel approach to on-farm welfare assessment of commercial turkeys. Poultry Science, 94, 7–16.
• Marchewka J, Watanabe TTN, Ferrante V, Estevez I (2013): Welfare assessment in broiler farms: transect walks versus individual scoring. Poultry Science, 92, 2588–2599.
• Matković K, Marušić D, Ostović M, Pavičić Z, Matković S, Kabalin AE, Lucić H (2019): Effect of litter type and perches on footpad dermatitis and hock burn in broilers housed at different stocking densities. South African Journal of Animal Science, 49, 546-554.
• Mayne RK (2005): A review of the aetiology and possible causative factors of foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys and broilers. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 61, 256–267.
• Mayne RK, Else RW, Hocking PM (2007a): High litter moisture alone is sufficient to cause footpad dermatitis in growing turkeys. British Poultry Science, 48, 538–545.
• Mayne RK, Powell F, Else RW, Kaiser P, Hocking PM (2007b): Foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys is associated with cytokine and cellular changes indicative of an inflammatory immune response. Avian Pathology, 36, 453–459.
• McFerran JB, McNulty MS, McCracken RM, Greene JA (1983): Enteritis and associated problems. 129- 138. Proc. International Union of Immunological Societies: Disease Prevention and Control in Poultry Production. No. 66, University of Sydney, Australia.
• McKeegan D. (2010): Foot pad dermatitis and hock burn in broilers: risk factors, aetiology and welfare consequences. Research Project Final Report, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Meluzzi A, Fabbri C, Folegatti E, Sirri F (2008): Survey of chicken rearing conditions in Italy: effects of litter quality and stocking density on productivity, foot dermatitis and carcase injuries. British poultry science, 49, 257-264.
• Onbaşılar EE, Erdem E, Ünal N, Kocakaya A, Torlak E (2013): Effect of Yucca schidigera spraying in different litter materials on some litter traits and breast burn of broilers at the fifth week of production. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 749-753.
• Onbaşılar EE, Erdem E, Ünal N, Kocakaya A, Torlak E (2014): Effect of Yucca schidigera additions to different litter materials on broiler performance, footpad dermatitis and litter characteristics. European Poultry Science, 78.
• Popescu S, El Mahdy C, Diugan EA, Petrean AB, Borda C (2018): The effect of bedding type on the welfare quality of broiler chickens. Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 51, 86-92.
• Riber AB, Van De Weerd HA, de Jong IC, Steenfeldt S (2017): Review of environmental enrichment for broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 97, 378-396.
• Shepherd EM, Fairchild BD (2010): Footpad dermatitis in poultry. Poultry Science, 89, 2043-2053.
• Shepherd EM, Fairchild BD, Ritz CW (2017): Alternative bedding materials and litter depth impact litter moisture and footpad dermatitis. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 26, 518–528.
• Sherlock L, McKeegan DEF, Cheng Z, Wathes CM, Wathes DC (2012): Effects of contact dermatitis on hepatic gene expression in broilers. British Poultry Science, 53, 439–452.
• Smith A, Rose SP, Wells RG, Pirgozliev V (2000): Effect of excess dietary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus on excreta moisture of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 41, 598–607.
• Sohsuebngarm D, Kongpechr S, Sukon P (2019): Microclimate, Body Weight Uniformity, Body Temperature, and Footpad Dermatitis in Broiler Chickens Reared in Commercial Poultry Houses in Hot and Humid Tropical Climates. World, 9, 241-248.
• Souillard R, Répérant J-M, Experton C, Huneau-Salaun A, Coton J, Balaine L, Le Bouquin S (2019): Husbandry practices, health, and welfare status of organic broilers in France. Animals, 9, 1-12.
• Tahamtani FM, Pedersen IJ, Riber AB (2020): Animal well-being and behavior - Effects of environmental complexity on welfare indicators of fast-growing broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 99, 21–29.
• Tullo E, Aletti G, Micheletti A, Naldi G, Fernandez AP, Vranken E, ... , Guarino, M (2018): The influence of microclimate on the development of foot pad dermatitis in broilers. In 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X), American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
• Tullo E, Fontana I, Peña Fernandez A, Vranken E, Norton T, Berckmans D, Guarino M (2017): Association between environmental predisposing risk factors and leg disorders in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci., 95, 1512–1520.
• Van Harn J (2009): Invulling lichteisen EU-welzijnsrichtlijn voor vleeskuikens – vier lichtschema’s vergeleken. ASG-Rapport 172 [in Dutch].
• Varol avcılar Ö, Kocakaya A, Onbaşılar EE, Pirpanahi M (2018): Influence of sepiolite additions to different litter materials on performance and some welfare parameters of broilers and litter characteristics. Poultry Science, 97, 3085-3091.
• Veldkamp T, Hocking PM, Vinco LJ (2017): Less foot pad lesions by nutritional adjustments. In Proceedings of the 11th Turkey Science and Production Conference, 24-25.
• Wang G, Ekstrand C, Svedberg J (1998): Wet litter and perches as risk factors for the development of foot pad dermatitis in floor-housed hens. British Poultry Science, 39, 191–197.
• Wathes CM, Kristensen HH, Aerts JM, Berkmans D (2008): Is precision livestock farming an engineer’s daydream or nightmare, an animal’s friend or foe, and a farmer’s panacea or pitfall?. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 64, 2-10.
• Weber C, Sinclair A, Veldkamp T, Vinco LJ, Hocking PM (2015): Footpad dermatitis and pain assessment in turkey poults using analgesia and objective gait analysis. British Poultry Science, 56, 522–530.
• Welfare Quality (2009): Welfare Quality® assessment for poultry: broilers, laying hens. A. Butterworth, C. Arnould, T. Fiks van Niekerk, I. Veissier, L. Keeling, G. van Overbeke, V. Bedaux, (Ed). Welfare Quality® Consortium, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
• Wyneken CW, Sinclair A, Veldkamp T, Vinco LJ, Hocking PM (2015): Footpad dermatitis and pain assessment in turkey poults using analgesia and objective gait analysis. British Poultry Science, 565, 522–530.
• Zapf R, Schultheiß U, Archilles W, Schrader L, Knierim U, Herrmann H-J, Brinkmann J, Winckler C (2015): Tierschutzindikatoren: Vorschläge für die betriebliche Eigenkontrolle. Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft (KTBL), Darmstadt, Germany.
• Zikic DI, Djukic-Stojcic MI, Bjedov SI, Peric LI, Stojanovic SI, Uscebrka GI (2017): Effect of litter on development and severity of foot-pad dermatitis and behavior of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 19, 247-254.