Research Note

Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script

Volume: 2 Number: 1 September 30, 2026
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Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script

Abstract

This study aims to describe and exemplify graphological code-switching in one type of multiscriptual manuscript, namely the Garshuni-Turkish type (aka “Turkish Garshuni”), that is, in Turkish written in the Syriac script. The manuscript studied here is the anonymous manuscript HMML CFMM 00799, held in the library of the church Kırklar Kilisesi in Mardin. This is an anthology of poems, songs, and Syriac Orthodox hymns in Turkish written in the Syriac script, tentatively dated to the 19th century. Written code-switching is sociolinguistically conditioned. The same conditioning factors as in spoken code-switching may apply. In addition, factors such as the context and setting of the text, informality versus formality of address, the comparative status of the languages, the topic’s requirements in precision, etc. also play a conditioning role. Of special importance is code-switching that arises from the fact that specific terms are more precise, easier to express or more common in one language than another, particularly in specialized fields. Code-switching in Garshuni-Turkish texts has not been studied yet, so this study will give a first impression of this phenomenon. Further study of this type of text will show how code-switching is influenced by the manuscripts’ contents and their dates of production.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This is the written version of the paper I read at the Hafız Ahmed Agha Library and its Manuscript Collection Workshop, Rhodes, May 11-13, 2026.

References

  1. Aktaş, Gürol und Peter Zieme. “Eine Osmanische Köroglı-Sammlung in Syrischer Schrift.” Turcica, 55 (2024): 395-445.
  2. Ambros, Edith Gülçin. “On some secular and religious Garshuni-Turkish poems sung in the 19th (?) century” (forthcoming in the memorial volume for Bernt Brendemoen).
  3. Kiraz, George. “Garshunography: Terminology and Some Formal Properties of Writing One Language in the Script of Another.” In Scripts beyond Borders. A Survey of Allographic Traditions in the Euro Mediterranean World, edited by J. den Heijer, A. Schmidt, and T. Pataridze, Peeters, 2014, 65-74.
  4. Manuscript HMML CFMM 00799 kept in the church Kırklar Kilisesi, Mardin.
  5. Trigona-Harany, Benjamin. “A Description of Syro-Ottoman.” In Between Religion and Language: Turkish-speaking Christians, Jews and Greek-speaking Muslims and Catholics in the Ottoman Empire (Türk dilleri araştırmaları dizisi 48), edited by Evangelia Balta and Mehmet Ölmez, Eren, 2011, 15-41.
  6. Zieme, Peter. “Bir Garşuni-Türkçe Antolojisinin Dokuz Pasajı.” In Bilge Biliglig Bahşı Bitigi: Doğumunun 60. Yılında Mehmet Ölmez Armağanı, edited by Ö. Ayazlı – T. Karaayak – U. Uzunkaya, Paradigma Akademi Yayınları, 2023, 727-738.
  7. Zieme, Peter. “Ein Marienhymnus in Garshuni-Türkisch.” Opuscula György Hazai Dicata. Beiträge zum Deutsch-Ungarischen Workshop aus Anlass des 80. Geburtstags von György Hazai, edited by Barbara Kellner-Heinkele – Simone-Christiane Raschmann, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2015, 58-92.
  8. Zieme, Peter. “The Tale of Ahikar According to a Garshuni Turkish Manuscript of the John Rylands University Library.” In Winds of Jingjiao: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia, edited by Li Tang and Dietmar W. Winkler. Lit Verlag, 2016, 131-145.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Historical, Comparative and Typological Linguistics, Anatolian Languages

Journal Section

Research Note

Authors

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

July 12, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 24, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2 Number: 1

APA
Ambros, E. (2026). Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script. Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 293-305. https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF
AMA
1.Ambros E. Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script. Yazmabilim. 2026;2(1):293-305. https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF
Chicago
Ambros, Edith. 2026. “Code-Switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: Ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script”. Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (1): 293-305. https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF.
EndNote
Ambros E (September 1, 2026) Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script. Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 1 293–305.
IEEE
[1]E. Ambros, “Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script”, Yazmabilim, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 293–305, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF
ISNAD
Ambros, Edith. “Code-Switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: Ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script”. Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi 2/1 (September 1, 2026): 293-305. https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF.
JAMA
1.Ambros E. Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script. Yazmabilim. 2026;2:293–305.
MLA
Ambros, Edith. “Code-Switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: Ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script”. Yazmabilim: Yazma Eser Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 1, Sept. 2026, pp. 293-05, https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF.
Vancouver
1.Edith Ambros. Code-switching in a Multiscriptual 19thCentury Manuscript of Turkish Poems: ca. 99% Syriac & 1% Arabic Script. Yazmabilim [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;2(1):293-305. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA53CB76JF

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