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Ebeveyn Tarzı ve Anksiyete Belirtileri: Kişilerarası Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar ve Anksiyete Bozukluğunun Düzenlenmiş Aracılık Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 83 - 97
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1520575

Abstract

Anksiyete belirtileri, kişinin ebeveynlerinden miras aldığı algılanan olumsuz ebeveynlik tarzlarıyla sıklıkla ilişkili bulunmuştur ve bu durum kişilerarası ilişkilerde bilişsel süreçleri etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, anksiyete bozukluğu olan bireylerde anksiyete belirtileri, ebeveynlik tarzları ve kişilerarası bilişsel çarpıtmalar arasındaki ilişkiyi sağlıklı kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırarak araştırmaktadır. Çalışmaya 164 yetişkin katılımcı dahil edilmiş; yaşları 18-60 arasında değişen (ortalama yaş = 30.5±8.84) bu katılımcıların 82'si anksiyete bozukluğu teşhisi almış ve 82'si psikiyatrik tanı almamış kişilerden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların 42'si (%26) erkek ve 122'si (%74) kadındır. Katılımcılar demografik bilgi formu, Young Ebeveynlik Ölçeği, Kişilerarası Bilişsel Çarpıtmalar Ölçeği ve Beck Anksiyete Envanterini doldurmuşlardır. Anksiyete bozukluğu grubunun, kontrol grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek düzeyde anksiyete belirtileri, kişilerarası bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve belirli anne (aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı, koşullu/başarı odaklı ve kötümser/endişeli) ve baba (değişime kapalı/duygularını bastıran) ebeveynlik tarzları sergilediği bulunmuştur. Kişilerarası bilişsel çarpıtmaların, aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı anne ebeveynliği ile anksiyete; değişime kapalı/duygularını bastıran baba ebeveynliği ile anksiyete arasındaki ilişkilerde aracı rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak, anksiyete bozukluğu tanısının, ebeveynlik tarzları ve bilişsel çarpıtmalar arasındaki ilişkiyi değiştirmediği görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, özellikle aşırı koruyucu/evhamlı anneler ve değişime kapalı/duygularını bastıran babalarla büyüyen bireylerdeki anksiyete bozukluklarının tedavisinde, kişilerarası bilişleri hedeflemenin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

References

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  • Bandelow, B., Spath, C., Tichauer, G. A., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Ruther, E. (2002). Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(4), 269–278.
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  • Körük, S., Öztürk, A., & Kara, A. (2016). The predictive strength of perceived parenting and parental attachment styles on psychological symptoms among Turkish university students. International Journal of Instruction, 9(2), 215-230.
  • Last, C., O'brien, G., & Barlow, D. (1985). The relationship between cognitions and anxiety. Behavior Modification, 9, 235-241.
  • Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(9), 859-866.
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  • Markowitz, J. S., Weissman, M. M., Ouellette, R., Lish, J. D., & Klerman, G. L. (1989). Quality of life in panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 984-992.
  • McGinn, L., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 219-242.
  • Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1092-1106.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11.
  • Möller, E. L., Nikolić, M., Majdandžić, M. ve Bögels, S. M. (2016). Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 17-33.
  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non‐clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, Big Five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 405-413.
  • Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., & Hülsenbeck, P. (2000). Worry in children is related to perceived parental rearing and attachment. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(5), 487-497.
  • Nakash-Eisikovits, O., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2002). Relationship between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9), 1111-1123.
  • Ota, M., Takeda, S., Pu, S., Matsumura, H., Araki, T., Hosoda, N., Yamamoto, Y., Sakakihara, A., & Kaneko, K. (2020). The relationship between cognitive distortion, depressive symptoms, and social adaptation: A survey in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 453-459.
  • Petegem, S., Sznitman, G., Darwiche, J., & Zimmermann, G. (2021). Putting parental overprotection into a family systems context: Relations of overprotective parenting with perceived coparenting and adolescent anxiety. Family Process, 61(2), 792-807.
  • Pini, S., Cassano, G. B., Simonini, E, Savino, M., SRusso, A., & Montgomery, S. A. (1997). Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 42(2-3), 145-153.
  • Rheingold, A. A., Herbert, J. D., & Franklin, M. E. (2003). Cognitive bias in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(6), 639-655.
  • Salmon, K., & Reese, E. (2015). Talking (or not talking) about the past: The influence of parent–child conversation about negative experiences on children's memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 791-801.
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Parenting Style and Anxiety Symptoms A Moderated-Mediation Analysis of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions and Anxiety Disorder

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 83 - 97
https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1520575

Abstract

Anxiety symptoms often relate to perceived negative parenting styles inherited from one's parents, impacting cognitive processes in interpersonal relationships. This study investigates the association between anxiety symptoms, parenting styles, and interpersonal cognitive distortions in individuals with anxiety disorders compared to healthy controls. The study involved 164 adult participants—82 with diagnosed anxiety disorders and 82 without psychiatric diagnoses, comprising 42 (26%) males and 122 (74%) females, aged 18-60 years (mean age = 30.5±8.84). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Young Parenting Inventory, the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The anxiety disorder group exhibited heightened levels of anxiety symptoms, interpersonal cognitive distortions, and specific maternal parenting styles (overprotective/unbounded, conditional/achievement-oriented, and pessimistic/anxious), as well as a paternal resistant/suppressive parenting style, in contrast to the control group. Interpersonal cognitive distortions were identified as mediators in the relationships between overprotective/unbounded maternal parenting and anxiety, as well as closed to change/repressing paternal parenting and anxiety. However, the diagnosis of anxiety disorder did not moderate the relationship between parenting styles and cognitive distortions. These findings emphasize the importance of targeting interpersonal cognition in treating and preventing anxiety disorders, especially in individuals with overprotective/unbounded mothers and resistant/suppressive fathers.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University (No: E.5919; Date: 30.09.2020).

Supporting Institution

İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi

References

  • Arrindell, W. A., Kwee, M. G., Methorst, G. J., Van der Ende, J., Pol, E., & Moritz, B. J. (1989). Perceived parental rearing styles of agoraphobic and socially phobic in-patients. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 526–535.
  • Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 93-107.
  • Bandelow, B., Spath, C., Tichauer, G. A., Broocks, A., Hajak, G., & Ruther, E. (2002). Early traumatic life events, parental attitudes, family history, and birth risk factors in patients with panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(4), 269–278.
  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897.
  • Borkovec, T. D., Newman, M. G., Pincus, A. L., & Lytle, R. (2002). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(2), 288-298.
  • Bosc, M. (2000). Assessment of social functioning in depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41(1), 63-69.
  • Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1993). Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner city population: 1. early adversity. Psychological Medicine, 23(1), 143-154.
  • Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralized social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 155–168.
  • Bruysters, N., & Pilkington, P. (2022). Overprotective parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adolescence and adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(1), 10-23.
  • Cassano, G. B., Rossi, N. B., & Pini, S. (2002) Psychopharmacology of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 271-285.
  • Cassidy, J. (1995). Attachment and generalized anxiety disorder. In D. Cicchetti., & S. L. Toth (Ed.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Emotion, cognition, and representation (Volume, 6, pp. 343-370). University of Rochester Press.
  • Chambless, D. L., Gillis, M. M., Tran, G. Q., & Steketee, G. S. (1996). Parental bonding reports of clients with obsessive compulsive disorder and agoraphobia. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 3(2), 77-85.
  • Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders: Science and practice. Guilford Press.
  • Dozier, M., Stovall- McClough, K. C., & Albus, K. E. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver, (Ed.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 718-744). The Guilford Press.
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
  • Gamble, S., & Roberts, J. (2005). Adolescents’ perceptions of primary caregivers and cognitive style: The roles of attachment security and gender. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 123-141.
  • Hamamcı, Z., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2003). İlişkilerle ilgili bilişsel çarpıtmalar ölçeği: Ölçeğin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi (Interpersonal cognitive distortions scale: Development of the scale and analysis of psychometric properties). Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(25), 107-111.
  • Hans, E., & Hiller, W. (2013). A meta-analysis of nonrandomized effectiveness studies on outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 954-964.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy Research, 36(5), 427-40.
  • Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621-32.
  • Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: An observational study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(12), 1411-1427.
  • Kashdan, T. B., Collins, R. L., & Elhai, J., D. (2006). Social anxiety and positive outcome expectancies on risk-taking behaviors. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30(6), 749-761.
  • Kerns, K., & Brumariu, L. (2014). Is insecure parent-child attachment a risk factor for the development of anxiety in childhood or adolescence?. Child Development Perspectives, 8(1), 12-17.
  • Kim, E. J. (2005). The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(1), 69-86.
  • Körük, S., Öztürk, A., & Kara, A. (2016). The predictive strength of perceived parenting and parental attachment styles on psychological symptoms among Turkish university students. International Journal of Instruction, 9(2), 215-230.
  • Last, C., O'brien, G., & Barlow, D. (1985). The relationship between cognitions and anxiety. Behavior Modification, 9, 235-241.
  • Lieb, R., Wittchen, H., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). Parental psychopathology, parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia in offspring: A prospective-longitudinal community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(9), 859-866.
  • Lima, F., Shepherd, C., Wong, J., O’Donnell, M., & Marriott, R. (2019). Trends in mental health related contacts among mothers of Aboriginal children in Western Australia (1990–2013): A linked data population-based cohort study of over 40 000 children. BMJ Open, 9.
  • Lindhout, I. E., Boer, F., Markus, T. M., & Hoogendijk, T. H. G. (2003). Sibling relationships of anxiety disordered children- A research note. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(5), 593-601.
  • Mansell, W. (2004). Cognitive psychology and anxiety. Psychiatry, 3(4), 6-11.
  • Markowitz, J. S., Weissman, M. M., Ouellette, R., Lish, J. D., & Klerman, G. L. (1989). Quality of life in panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46(11), 984-992.
  • McGinn, L., Cukor, D., & Sanderson, W. (2005). The relationship between parenting style, cognitive style, and anxiety and depression: Does increased early adversity influence symptom severity through the mediating role of cognitive style?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 219-242.
  • Mickelson, K. D., Kessler, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(5), 1092-1106.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11.
  • Möller, E. L., Nikolić, M., Majdandžić, M. ve Bögels, S. M. (2016). Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 17-33.
  • Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non‐clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, Big Five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 405-413.
  • Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., & Hülsenbeck, P. (2000). Worry in children is related to perceived parental rearing and attachment. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38(5), 487-497.
  • Nakash-Eisikovits, O., Dutra, L., & Westen, D. (2002). Relationship between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9), 1111-1123.
  • Ota, M., Takeda, S., Pu, S., Matsumura, H., Araki, T., Hosoda, N., Yamamoto, Y., Sakakihara, A., & Kaneko, K. (2020). The relationship between cognitive distortion, depressive symptoms, and social adaptation: A survey in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 453-459.
  • Petegem, S., Sznitman, G., Darwiche, J., & Zimmermann, G. (2021). Putting parental overprotection into a family systems context: Relations of overprotective parenting with perceived coparenting and adolescent anxiety. Family Process, 61(2), 792-807.
  • Pini, S., Cassano, G. B., Simonini, E, Savino, M., SRusso, A., & Montgomery, S. A. (1997). Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 42(2-3), 145-153.
  • Rheingold, A. A., Herbert, J. D., & Franklin, M. E. (2003). Cognitive bias in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(6), 639-655.
  • Salmon, K., & Reese, E. (2015). Talking (or not talking) about the past: The influence of parent–child conversation about negative experiences on children's memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29, 791-801.
  • Schimmenti, A., & Bifulco, A. (2015). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child And Adolescent Mental Health, 20(1), 41-48.
  • Shah, P., Muzik, M., & Rosenblum, K. (2011). Optimizing the early parent-child relationship: windows of opportunity for parents and pediatricians. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 41, 7, 183-187. Sharf, R. (2011). Theories of psychotherapy and counselling: Concepts and cases. (5th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
  • Shorey, H. S., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). The role of adult attachment styles in psychopathology and psychotherapy outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 1-20.
  • Soygüt, G., Çakır, Z., & Karaosmanoğlu, A. (2008). Ebeveynlik biçimlerinin değerlendirilmesi: Young ebeveynlik ölçeğinin psikometrik özelliklerine ilişkin bir değerlendirme. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(22), 17-30.
  • Spinhoven, P., Hemert, A., & Penninx, B. (2018). Repetitive negative thinking as a predictor of depression and anxiety: A longitudinal cohort study. Journal of affective disorders, 241, 216-225.
  • Szluz, B. L. (2020). Usidlenie w dzieciństwie – doświadczanie niezaspokojenia emocjonalnego w rodzinie. Ujęcie Socjologiczne, 41(1), 49-59.
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There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Psychology
Journal Section Volume:8, Issue:16 December
Authors

Burcu Büge 0000-0001-5756-0891

Volkan Koç 0000-0003-4218-6555

Early Pub Date December 21, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date July 23, 2024
Acceptance Date December 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Büge, B., & Koç, V. (2024). Parenting Style and Anxiety Symptoms A Moderated-Mediation Analysis of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions and Anxiety Disorder. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(16), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1520575