Benzerlik Modelinin Bir Uygulaması Olarak Somali Seçim Sisteminin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Somali’nin seçim sistemini, temsil modelleri arasında yer alan benzerlik modeli kapsamında incelemiştir. 1990’lı yıllarda meydana gelen bir iç savaş sonucunda devlet sisteminin çöktüğü ve günümüzde devlet inşası sürecinde olan Somali’de, 2012 yılında geçici anayasa yürürlüğe girmiştir. Yürürlüğe giren anayasa, seçim ile ilgili hususları genel ilkeler çerçevesinde düzenlemiştir. Buna göre, vatandaşların seçme ve seçilme hakkı gibi temel unsurlar anayasa tarafından güvence altına alınmış, seçim sistemi ve temsil modeli gibi unsurların ise ayrıca kanunla düzenleneceğini belirtmiştir. Dolayısıyla, seçim sistemi ve siyasi partileri düzenleyen kanunlar, ayrıca parlamento kararları ve cumhurbaşkanı kararnameleri gibi kaynakların incelemeye dahil edilmesi gerekmiştir. Yer verilen kaynaklar, aynı zamanda niteliksel, karşılaştırmalı-tarihsel bir tasarım kullanan bu çalışmanın birincil kaynaklarını oluşturmuştur. Birincil kaynaklara ek olarak, temsil kavramı, temsil modelleri, Somali’nin toplumsal ve siyasal dinamikleri gibi konularda var olan literatürden ise, ikincil kaynaklar olarak, çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulguların analizinde yararlanılmıştır. Buna göre Somali, klan temelli bir toplumsal örgütlenmeye sahip olduğundan benzerlik modelinin bir uygulaması olarak 4.5 klan formülünü benimsemiş ve klan ihtiyarlarının, klan kotalarının olduğu bir sistem içerisinde seçimleri gerçekleştirmiştir. Çalışma, uygulanan seçim sisteminin, ulusal entegrasyonu zorlaştıracak ve klan bölünmelerini güçlendirebilecek riskleri ortaya çıkarabileceği sonucuna ulaşmıştır. Öte yandan, 2024’te yapılan yasal düzenlemelerin sistemi benzerlik modelinden kısmen uzaklaştırıp hibrit bir yapıya doğru dönüştürmeye başladığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Seçim Sistemi, Temsil Modelleri, Somali JEL Sınıflandırması: N37, N47

Keywords

• Seçim Sistemi
• Temsil Modelleri
• Somali

Analysis of Somalia’s Electoral System as an Example of the Similarity (Descriptive) Model

Abstract

This study examines Somalia’s electoral system within the framework of the similarity (descriptive) model of representation. In Somalia—where a civil war in the 1990s precipitated state collapse and where state-building remains ongoing—a Provisional Federal Constitution entered into force in 2012. That constitution addresses electoral matters only in broad principle, guaranteeing core rights such as citizens’ rights to vote and to stand for office, while stipulating that details of the electoral system and representation model would be set out in subsequent legislation. Therefore, sources such as laws regulating the electoral system and political parties, as well as parliamentary decisions and presidential decrees had to be included in the examination. These legal texts constitute the primary sources for this study’s qualitative, comparative-historical design. In addition, secondary literature on the concept of representation, models of representation and Somalia’s socio-political dynamics informs the interpretation of findings. Given Somalia’s clan-based social organization, the country adopted the 4.5 clan formula as an application of the similarity model, conducting elections through a system of clan quotas administered by clan elders. The study concludes that such a system risks impeding national integration and reinforcing clan divisions. However, it also finds that the legal reforms enacted in 2024 have begun to move the system partially away from a pure similarity model toward a more hybrid structure. Key Words: Electoral System, Representation Models, Somalia JEL Classification: N37, N47

Keywords

• Electoral System
• Representation Models
• Somalia

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