Investigating The Relationship on CO2, Tourism, Economic Growth and Trade Openness in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 321 - 331, 19.03.2019

Tuncer Gövdeli

https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.467176

Cited By: 6

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of economic growth, trade openness and tourist arrivals on CO₂ emissions by considering the period 1970 through to 2014. For this purpose, firstly, by analyzing the stability of the variables, it was determined that the variables were stationary at level I (1). After the variables were determined to be stationary at I (1), the ARDL boundary test analysis was performed. The cointegration relation was determined according to the ARDL boundary test analysis. In addition, the long-term coefficients of the variables are positive and significant. According to the VECM Granger causality analysis, there was found to be a causality in Turkey between economic growth and CO₂ emissions, between trade openness and CO₂ emissions, between tourist arrivals and CO₂ emissions and between trade openness and economic growth. According to the long-term causality results, there is a relationship of causality between economic growth, trade openness and tourist arrivals and CO₂ emissions.

Keywords

Tourism, CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness, Turkey

Türkiye'de CO2, Turizm, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dışa Açıklık İlişkilerin Araştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1970 ile 2014 dönemi arasında Türkiye’de ekonomik
büyüme, dışa açıklık ve turist sayısının CO₂ emisyonu üzerindeki
etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla öncelikle değişkenlerin durağanlıkları analiz
edilerek değişkenlerin I(1) mertebede durağan oldukları belirlenmiştir.
Değişkenlerin I(1) mertebede durağan oldukları belirlendikten sonra ARDL sınır
testi analizine geçilmiştir. ARDL sınır testi analizine göre eşbütünleşme
ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca değişkenlerin uzun dönem katsayıları pozitif
ve anlamlıdır. VECM Granger nedensellik analizine göre Türkiye’de ekonomik
büyümeden CO₂ emisyonuna doğru, dışa açıklıktan CO₂
emisyonuna doğru, turist sayısından CO₂ emisyonuna doğru ve dışa
açıklıktan ekonomik büyümeye doğru nedensellik tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönem
nedensellik sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyüme, dışa açıklık ve turist sayısından
CO₂ emisyonuna doğru nedensellik ilişkisi vardır. 

Keywords

Turizm, CO2 Emisyonu, Ekonomik Büyüme, Dış Açıklık, Türkiye

References

• Balaguer, J., & Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002). Tourism as a long-run economic growth factor: the Spanish case. Applied economics, 34(7), 877-884.
• Balikçioğlu, E., & Oktay, K. (2015). Türkiye’de Turizm Gelirleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Kamu Politikaları Doğrultusunda Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyoekonomi, 23(25).
• Çetintaş, H., & Bektaş, Ç. (2008). Türkiye'de Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Kısa ve Uzun Dönemli İlişkiler. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19(1), 37-44.
• de Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652-16663.
• Demiroz, D. M., & Ongan, S. (2005). The contribution of tourism to the long-run Turkish economic growth. Ekonomický časopis, 9, 880-894.
• Dogan, E., Seker, F., & Bulbul, S. (2017). Investigating the impacts of energy consumption, real GDP, tourism and trade on CO2 emissions by accounting for cross-sectional dependence: A panel study of OECD countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(16), 1701-1719.
• Durbarry, R. (2004). Tourism and economic growth: the case of Mauritius. Tourism Economics, 10(4), 389-401.
• Ghatak, S., & Siddiki, J. U. (2001). The use of the ARDL approach in estimating virtual exchange rates in India. Journal of Applied statistics, 28(5), 573-583.
• Gövdeli, T. Ekonomik Özgürlük, Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme: BRICST Ülkelerinde Kónya Bootstrap Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 379-390.
• Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.
• Husein, J., & Kara, S. M. (2011). Research note: Re-examining the tourism-led growth hypothesis for Turkey. Tourism Economics, 17(4), 917-924.
• Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
• Katircioğlu, S. T. (2014). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383-391.
• Katircioglu, S. T., Feridun, M., & Kilinc, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640.
• Kızılgöl, A. G. Ö., & Erbaykal, E. (2008). Türkiye'de turizm gelirleri ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: bir nedensellik analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2).
• Kreishan, F. M. (2011). Time-series evidence for tourism-led growth hypothesis: A case study of Jordan. International Management Review, 7(1), 89.
• Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69-76.
• Odhiambo, N. M. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Tanzania: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Energy Policy, 37(2), 617-622.
• Oh, C. O. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism management, 26(1), 39-44.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
• Phiri, A. (2015). Tourism and economic growth in South Africa: Evidence from linear and nonlinear cointegration frameworks. MPRA Paper, No. 65000.
• Shahbaz, M., Khraief, N., & Jemaa, M. M. B. (2015). On the causal nexus of road transport CO2 emissions and macroeconomic variables in Tunisia: Evidence from combined cointegration tests. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 89-100.
• Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2), 228-241.Srivastav, S. K., & Kumar, A. (2018). Impact Of Travel & Tourism On Economic Growth In India. Frontiers of Inclusive Growth, 1(1), 257-261.
• Tang, C. H. H., & Jang, S. S. (2009). The tourism–economy causality in the United States: A sub-industry level examination. Tourism Management, 30(4), 553-558.
• Tang, Z., Shang, J., Shi, C., Liu, Z., & Bi, K. (2014). Decoupling indicators of CO2 emissions from the tourism industry in China: 1990–2012. Ecological indicators, 46, 390-397.
• UNWTO, (2015), Tourism Highlights 2015 Edition, https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899, (Erişim: 16.08.2018).
• Wang, L., Zhang, H., & Li, W. (2012). Analysis of Causality between Tourism and Economic Growth Based on Computational Econometrics. JCP, 7(9), 2152-2159.
• Wang, Y. S. (2012). Research note: Threshold effects on development of tourism and economic growth. Tourism Economics, 18(5), 1135-1141.
• Zortuk, M. (2009). Economic impact of tourism on Turkey’s economy: evidence from cointegration tests. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 25(3), 231-239.