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İki Dünya Savaşı Arası Dönemde Modernleşen Türkiye'de Dejenerasyon Kaygıları ve Öjenik Düşünceler

Year 2022, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 51 - 68, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1051036

Abstract

Öjeni, arzu edilen kalıtsal özelliklere sahip insanları seçici olarak çiftleştirerek insan türünü iyileştirme uygulaması veya savunuculuğu anlamına gelir. Öjeni hareketi, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren ulus inşası ve modernleşme süreçlerinde önem kazanmış ve en büyük popülaritesine yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısında ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışma, öjeni düşüncesini on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonları ve yirminci yüzyılın başlarındaki dünya çapında tedavülde olan fikirlerden biri olarak ele alarak, erken cumhuriyet döneminde Türkiye'de öjeni hareketinin ve bununla ilişkili söylemin kökenini ve gelişimini araştırmıştır. Hareketin ve onunla bağlantılı fikirlerin Türkiye'ye gelişini ve yeni cumhuriyetin mimarları için çekiciliğinin ardındaki nedenleri ve entelektüel ve siyasi çevreler tarafından ne ölçüde değiştirildiğini ve hangi yönleriyle uygulamaya konulduğunu mercek altına almıştır. Bu çalışma, bu konu üzerine mevcut akademik literatürü ve dönemin Türk Öjenistlerinin önemli eserlerini okuyarak, erken dönem Türk Cumhuriyet elitleri ve tıp bürokratlarının sağlıklı, güçlü ve üretken vatandaşlar yetiştirmek için annelik, evlilik, hijyen, çocuk bakımı, spor ve beden eğitiminin önemini tartıştığını göstermektedir. Diğer bir deyişle Türk öjeni söylemi, modernleşme sürecinde hem Batı'yı yakalamaya hem de Batı'ya karşı kendini kanıtlamaya yönelik Batı'dan uyarlanmış politikalarla kolektif bir milli kimliğe sahip sağlıklı ve güçlü bir Türk toplumu yaratmayı amaçlamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Öjeni, Türkiye, Modernizasyon, İki Savaş Arası
JEL Sınıflandırması: N450

References

  • Adams, M.B. (1990). The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Akalın, B. (1939). Türk Çocuğunu Nasıl Yaşatmalı?. İstanbul: Ahmet İhsan Basımevi.
  • Akın, Y. (2019). Gürbüz ve Yavuz Evlatlar: Erken Cumhuriyet’te Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Akşam Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/aksam, Date Accessed: 01.10.2021.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A. (2005). Eugenics, Modernity and Nationalism. (Edited by Turner, D. M. and Stagg K.). Social Histories of Disability and Deformity, London, and New York: Routledge, 126-41.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A. (2005). Politics of the Body and Eugenic Discourse in Early Republican Turkey, Body & Society,11(3), 61–76.
  • Arı, T. G. Nurlu M. (2017). An Investigation of The Works Selected for The Libraries of People’s Houses Between 1933- 1948 Years. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 149-157.
  • Arpacı, M. (2015). Modernleşen Türkiye’de Beden ve Nüfus Politikaları: Hıfzıssıhha, Terbiye, Öjeni. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar University/ Institute of Social Science, İstanbul. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/215617/yokAcikBilim_10089749.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y.
  • Atabay, E. (2009). Eugenics, Modernity and the Rationalization of Morality in Early Republican Turkey, (Unpublished MA dissertation). McGill University/ Institute of Islamic Studies, Montreal. https://psi421.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Atabay%2C%20Eugenics%20modernity%20and%20the%20rationalization%20of%20morality%20in%20early%20republican%20Turkey%20%28McGill%20Thesis%29.pdf.
  • Biography.com Editors. (2021). Gregor Mendel Biography. https://www.biography.com/scientist/gregor-mendel Date Accessed: 05.10.2021.
  • Birol, A. E. (1938). Öjenik Tatbikatı, in 7. Milli Türk Tıp Kurultayı, 3-46.
  • Butler, S. (1927). Erewhon. New York: The Modern Library Publishers.
  • Cassata, F. (2011). Building the New Man: Eugenics, Racial Science and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy, Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Darwin, C. (1981). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Erdal, İ. (2011). Ülkü Mecmuasına Göre Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Nüfus Politikası (1923–1938). Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 12, 779-790.
  • Ergin, M. (2006). Biometrics and Anthropometrics: The Twins of Turkish Modernity. Patterns of Prejudice, 42, 281-304.
  • Eugenic Archive. https://eugenicsarchive.ca/ Date Accessed: 11.10.2021.
  • First Turkish Medical Congress Booklet. (1926). İstanbul: Kader Matbaası.
  • Fogarty, R.S. (2015). Eugenics in Europe. In: James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 8, 237–38.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: Macmillan.
  • Galton, F. (1909). Essays in Eugenics. Eugenics Education Society, London.
  • Gaste Arşivi. https://www.gastearsivi.com/ Date Accessed: 01.10.2021.
  • Geri, S. (2021). A Leading Name in Sports History: Selim Sırrı Tarcan’s Articles in The Women's Newspaper. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 141-153.
  • Haber Newspaper. https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/haber Date Accessed:11.10.2021.
  • Jordan, D. S. (1906). The Blood of The Nation; A Study of The Decay of Races Through Survival of The Unfit. Boston: American Unitarian Association.
  • Kılıç, R. (2015). Deliler ve Doktorları: Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Delilik. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Kocatürk, U. (1984). Atatürk’ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri. Ankara: Turan Kitabevi.
  • Konan, B. (2016). Cumhuriyet Öncesi Dönemde Türk Kadınının Aile Hukukundaki Durumu. Yasama Dergisi, 33,7-28.
  • Kurbegovic, E. (2013). Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste. Retrieved from https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/52336a1d5c2ec50000 Date Accessed: 05.10.2021.
  • Levine, P. Bashford, A. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of The History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Magnarella, P. J., Orhan T., Nadia, A.Z., Wolfram, E., Nermin E., Bozkurt G., Ibrahim Y. (1976). The Development of Turkish Social Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology. 17(2), 263–274.
  • Maksudyan, N. (2005). Türklüğü Ölçmek: Bilimkurgusal Antropoloji ve Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Irkçı Çehresi, 1925-1939. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Official Newspaper, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:15.10.2021.
  • Ozbudun, S., (2011). Anthropology As A Nation-Building Rhetoric: The Shaping Of Turkish Anthropology (From 1850s To 1940s). Dialectical Anthropology, 35, 111-129.
  • Öztan, G. (2006). Öjeni Düşüncesi ve Kadın. Toplum ve Bilim,105, 265-282.
  • Public Hygiene Law. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1593.pdf Date Accessed:07.10.2021.
  • Salgırlı, S.G. (2009). Eugenics As Science of The Social: A Case From 1930s Istanbul, (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Binghamton University/ Department of Sociology, New York. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/eugenics-as-science-social-case-1930s-istanbul/docview/305107469/se-2.
  • Shorter, C. F. (1985). The Population of Turkey after the War of Independence. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17(4), 417-441.
  • Son Telgraf Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/son_telgraf https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:08.10.2021.
  • Tandoğan, Z. G. (2008). Anthropology in Turkey: Impressions for an Overview. (Edited by Aleksandar Boskovic). Other People’s Anthropologies, Oxford: Berghahn, 97-109.
  • Taner, C. (1939). Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor Teşkilatında Çalışma Esasları. Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor, 2,2.
  • Tokgöz, S. K. (1938). Öjenism: Irk Islahı, Ankara: Sümer Basımevi.
  • Türe, F. (2015). Facts and Fantasies Images of Istanbul Women in the 1920s. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Turkish Criminal Law. (1926). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/5.3.765.pdf Date Accessed: 17.10.2021.
  • Turkish Republic, General Provisions to Be Subjected to Women and Brothels and The Regulation on Combating Venereal Diseases
  • Transmitted by Prostitution https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/2.4.5984.pdf Date Accessed:17.10.2021.
  • Uzman, O. M. (1941). Tebabet-i Ruhiye. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Vakit Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/vakit https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:09.10.2021.
  • Webster, J. (1915). Dear Enemy. New York: The Century Company.
  • Webster, J. (1916). Daddy-Long-Legs. New York: The Century Co.
  • Well, H.G. (1895). The Time Machine. London: William Heinemann.
  • Woiak, J. (1998), Drunkness, Degeneration and Eugenics in Britain, 1900-1914. (Unpublished MA dissertation). University of Toronto/ Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/11886.
  • Yakut, K. and Yetkin, A. (2011). II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nde Toplumsal Ahlâk Bunalımı: Fuhuş Meselesi, International Periodical for History and Social Research,11, 21-54.
  • Yıldız, A. (2001). Ne Mutlu Türküm Diyebilene: Türk Ulusal Kimliğin Etno-seküler Sınırları (1919-1938). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.

Degeneration Anxieties and Eugenic Contemplations in Modernizing Turkey during the Interwar Period

Year 2022, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 51 - 68, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1051036

Abstract

Eugenics is the practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with certain desirable hereditary traits. Eugenic movement gained importance in the nation-building and modernization processes starting from the late nineteenth century and reached its’ greatest popularity in the first half of the twentieth century. This study, by treating eugenic thought as one of the travelling ideas of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, explored the origin and the development of eugenics movement and its associated discourse in Turkey in the early republican period. It charts the arrival of the movement and its associated ideas in Turkey and the reasons behind its appeal for the architects of a new republic as well as, how and to what extent was it modified by the intellectual and political milieu and what elements of it, if any, were put in practice. By reading the existing literature on Turkish eugenics and major works of Turkish Eugenicist of the period, this study demonstrates that the early Turkish Republican elite and medical bureaucrats discussed the significance of motherhood, marriage, hygiene, childcare, sports, and physical education to come up with a generation of citizens that would be healthy, strong, and productive. In other words, the discourse of Turkish eugenics aimed to create a healthy and robust Turkish society with a collective national identity with policies adapted from the West to both catch up with the West and prove itself against the West in the process of modernization.
Key Words: Eugenics, Turkey, Modernization, Inter-War Period
JEL Classification: N450

References

  • Adams, M.B. (1990). The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Akalın, B. (1939). Türk Çocuğunu Nasıl Yaşatmalı?. İstanbul: Ahmet İhsan Basımevi.
  • Akın, Y. (2019). Gürbüz ve Yavuz Evlatlar: Erken Cumhuriyet’te Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Akşam Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/aksam, Date Accessed: 01.10.2021.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A. (2005). Eugenics, Modernity and Nationalism. (Edited by Turner, D. M. and Stagg K.). Social Histories of Disability and Deformity, London, and New York: Routledge, 126-41.
  • Alemdaroğlu, A. (2005). Politics of the Body and Eugenic Discourse in Early Republican Turkey, Body & Society,11(3), 61–76.
  • Arı, T. G. Nurlu M. (2017). An Investigation of The Works Selected for The Libraries of People’s Houses Between 1933- 1948 Years. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 149-157.
  • Arpacı, M. (2015). Modernleşen Türkiye’de Beden ve Nüfus Politikaları: Hıfzıssıhha, Terbiye, Öjeni. (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar University/ Institute of Social Science, İstanbul. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.12812/215617/yokAcikBilim_10089749.pdf?sequence=-1&isAllowed=y.
  • Atabay, E. (2009). Eugenics, Modernity and the Rationalization of Morality in Early Republican Turkey, (Unpublished MA dissertation). McGill University/ Institute of Islamic Studies, Montreal. https://psi421.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Atabay%2C%20Eugenics%20modernity%20and%20the%20rationalization%20of%20morality%20in%20early%20republican%20Turkey%20%28McGill%20Thesis%29.pdf.
  • Biography.com Editors. (2021). Gregor Mendel Biography. https://www.biography.com/scientist/gregor-mendel Date Accessed: 05.10.2021.
  • Birol, A. E. (1938). Öjenik Tatbikatı, in 7. Milli Türk Tıp Kurultayı, 3-46.
  • Butler, S. (1927). Erewhon. New York: The Modern Library Publishers.
  • Cassata, F. (2011). Building the New Man: Eugenics, Racial Science and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy, Budapest: Central European University Press.
  • Darwin, C. (1981). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Erdal, İ. (2011). Ülkü Mecmuasına Göre Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Nüfus Politikası (1923–1938). Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 12, 779-790.
  • Ergin, M. (2006). Biometrics and Anthropometrics: The Twins of Turkish Modernity. Patterns of Prejudice, 42, 281-304.
  • Eugenic Archive. https://eugenicsarchive.ca/ Date Accessed: 11.10.2021.
  • First Turkish Medical Congress Booklet. (1926). İstanbul: Kader Matbaası.
  • Fogarty, R.S. (2015). Eugenics in Europe. In: James D. Wright (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 8, 237–38.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: Macmillan.
  • Galton, F. (1909). Essays in Eugenics. Eugenics Education Society, London.
  • Gaste Arşivi. https://www.gastearsivi.com/ Date Accessed: 01.10.2021.
  • Geri, S. (2021). A Leading Name in Sports History: Selim Sırrı Tarcan’s Articles in The Women's Newspaper. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 141-153.
  • Haber Newspaper. https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/haber Date Accessed:11.10.2021.
  • Jordan, D. S. (1906). The Blood of The Nation; A Study of The Decay of Races Through Survival of The Unfit. Boston: American Unitarian Association.
  • Kılıç, R. (2015). Deliler ve Doktorları: Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Delilik. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Kocatürk, U. (1984). Atatürk’ün Fikir ve Düşünceleri. Ankara: Turan Kitabevi.
  • Konan, B. (2016). Cumhuriyet Öncesi Dönemde Türk Kadınının Aile Hukukundaki Durumu. Yasama Dergisi, 33,7-28.
  • Kurbegovic, E. (2013). Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste. Retrieved from https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/52336a1d5c2ec50000 Date Accessed: 05.10.2021.
  • Levine, P. Bashford, A. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of The History of Eugenics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Magnarella, P. J., Orhan T., Nadia, A.Z., Wolfram, E., Nermin E., Bozkurt G., Ibrahim Y. (1976). The Development of Turkish Social Anthropology [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology. 17(2), 263–274.
  • Maksudyan, N. (2005). Türklüğü Ölçmek: Bilimkurgusal Antropoloji ve Türk Milliyetçiliğinin Irkçı Çehresi, 1925-1939. İstanbul: Metis.
  • Official Newspaper, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:15.10.2021.
  • Ozbudun, S., (2011). Anthropology As A Nation-Building Rhetoric: The Shaping Of Turkish Anthropology (From 1850s To 1940s). Dialectical Anthropology, 35, 111-129.
  • Öztan, G. (2006). Öjeni Düşüncesi ve Kadın. Toplum ve Bilim,105, 265-282.
  • Public Hygiene Law. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.1593.pdf Date Accessed:07.10.2021.
  • Salgırlı, S.G. (2009). Eugenics As Science of The Social: A Case From 1930s Istanbul, (Unpublished PhD dissertation). Binghamton University/ Department of Sociology, New York. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/eugenics-as-science-social-case-1930s-istanbul/docview/305107469/se-2.
  • Shorter, C. F. (1985). The Population of Turkey after the War of Independence. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17(4), 417-441.
  • Son Telgraf Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/son_telgraf https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:08.10.2021.
  • Tandoğan, Z. G. (2008). Anthropology in Turkey: Impressions for an Overview. (Edited by Aleksandar Boskovic). Other People’s Anthropologies, Oxford: Berghahn, 97-109.
  • Taner, C. (1939). Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor Teşkilatında Çalışma Esasları. Beden Terbiyesi ve Spor, 2,2.
  • Tokgöz, S. K. (1938). Öjenism: Irk Islahı, Ankara: Sümer Basımevi.
  • Türe, F. (2015). Facts and Fantasies Images of Istanbul Women in the 1920s. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Turkish Criminal Law. (1926). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/5.3.765.pdf Date Accessed: 17.10.2021.
  • Turkish Republic, General Provisions to Be Subjected to Women and Brothels and The Regulation on Combating Venereal Diseases
  • Transmitted by Prostitution https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/2.4.5984.pdf Date Accessed:17.10.2021.
  • Uzman, O. M. (1941). Tebabet-i Ruhiye. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Vakit Newspaper, https://www.gastearsivi.com/gazete/vakit https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/1499.pdf Date Accessed:09.10.2021.
  • Webster, J. (1915). Dear Enemy. New York: The Century Company.
  • Webster, J. (1916). Daddy-Long-Legs. New York: The Century Co.
  • Well, H.G. (1895). The Time Machine. London: William Heinemann.
  • Woiak, J. (1998), Drunkness, Degeneration and Eugenics in Britain, 1900-1914. (Unpublished MA dissertation). University of Toronto/ Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. Toronto. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/11886.
  • Yakut, K. and Yetkin, A. (2011). II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi’nde Toplumsal Ahlâk Bunalımı: Fuhuş Meselesi, International Periodical for History and Social Research,11, 21-54.
  • Yıldız, A. (2001). Ne Mutlu Türküm Diyebilene: Türk Ulusal Kimliğin Etno-seküler Sınırları (1919-1938). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Faika Çelik 0000-0001-6615-668X

Necmiye Karakuş This is me 0000-0001-6484-5035

Publication Date March 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, F., & Karakuş, N. (2022). Degeneration Anxieties and Eugenic Contemplations in Modernizing Turkey during the Interwar Period. Journal of Management and Economics, 29(1), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1051036