İçgöç, Nüfus Yapısı ve Fiyat Farklılaşması: İstanbul Örneği

Year 2016, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 53 - 74, 27.11.2016

Özlem İnanç Tunçer

Abstract

Göç olgusu her ne kadar demografik bir olgu olarak değerlendirilse de gerek ortaya çıkma nedenleri gerekse sonuçlar açısından ekonomi ile çok yakından ilgilidir. Bu nedenle göçün yerleşik nüfusun toplam refah üzerine olan etkileri araştırılırken, mal ve hizmet fiyatları üzerindeki etkilerinin de analize eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak göç olgusu fiyat seviyelerini hem arz hem de talep yönünden farklı şekillerde etkileyeceğinden söz konusu etki ancak ampirik analizler sonucunda tespit edilebilir. Literatürde göç ile nihai malların fiyatlar arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalar az sayıdadır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul ilçeleri arasındaki fiyat farklılaşması ve İstanbul'a olan iç göçün bölgeler arasında ürün fiyatları farklılaşmasna olan etkisi analiz edilmektedir. Kullanlan veri setlerinin analizleri İstanbul'da ilçeler arasında mal ve hizmet fiyatlarının ciddi oranda farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Söz konusu farklılaşmanın özellikle hizmet sektöründe önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışmanın göç-fiyatlar ilişkisini inceleyen bölümünün sonuçlar ise, uluslararası göçün fiyatlar üzerine olan etkisini araştıran literatür ile paralel şekilde, göç ile gelen nüfusun yerleşik nüfusa oran-fiyatlar ilişkisinin negatif olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum ise göç ile gelen nüfusun araştırma maliyetlerinin daha düşük olması nedeniyle fiyatların düşeceği varsayımına dayandırılmaktadır.

Keywords

Göç, Fiyat Farklılaşması, İstanbul

References

• Aguiar, M., and E. Hurst (2007): Life-cycle prices and production, The American economic review, 97(5), 1533-1559.
• Anderson, J. E., and E. Van Wincoop (2004): Trade costs, Journal of Economic literature, 42(3), 691-751.
• Andrew, A., and A. Burstein (2004): International Relative Prices in New Ricardian Models of International Trade, manuscript, UCLA.
• Balkan, B., and S. Tumen (2016): Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey, Journal of Population Economics, 29(3), 657-686.
• Baylis, K., and J. M. Perloff (2002): Price dispersion on the Internet: Good firms and badfi rms, Review of industrial Organization, 21(3), 305-324.
• Bergin, P. R., R. Glick, et al. (2003): Endogenous nontradability and macroeconomic implications, no. 9739. National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Borjas, G. J. (2003): The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market, Discussion paper, National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Bülbül, S., and A. Köse (2010): Türkiye?de bölgeleraras iç göç hareketlerinin çok boyutlu ölçekleme yöntemi ile incelenmesi, ݝstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(1), 75-94.
• Caglayan, M., A. Filiztekin, and M. T. Rauh (2008): Ination, price dispersion, and market structure, European Economic Review, 52(7), 1187-1208.
• Campbell, J. R., and H. A. Hopenhayn (2005): Market size matters, The Journal of Industrial Economics, 53(1), 1-25.
• Card, D. (2001): Immigrant Inows, Native Outows, and the Local Labor Market Impacts of Higher Immigration, Journal of Labor Economics, 19(1), 22-64.
• Cecchetti, S. G., N. C. Mark, and R. J. Sonora (2000): Price level convergence among United States cities: lessons for the European Central Bank, Discussion paper, National bureau of economic research.
• Ceglowski, J. (2003): The law of one price: intranational evidence for Canada, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 36(2), 373-400.
• Chamberlin, E. (1933): The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Chen, N. (2002): The behaviour of relative prices in the European Union: A sectoral analysis, CEPR Discussion Papers, No.3320.
• Cheung, Y.-W., M. D. Chinn, and E. Fujii (1999): Market Structure and the Persistence of Sectoral Real Exchange Rates, NBER Working Paper, (w7408).
• Cortes, P. (2008): The Eect of Low-Skilled Immigration on US Prices: Evidence from CPI Data, Journal of political Economy, 116(3), 381-422.
• Crucini, M. J., C. I. Telmer, and M. Zachariadis (2005): Understanding European real exchange rates, The American Economic Review, 95(3), 724-738.
• Culver, S. E., and D. H. Papell (1999): Long-run purchasing power parity with short-run data: evidence with a null hypothesis of stationarity, Journal of International Money and Finance, 18(5), 751-768.
• Debelle, G., and O. Lamont (1997): Relative price variability and ination: evidence from US cities, Discussion paper, National bureau of economic research.
• Dubois, P., and H. Perrone (2009): Price Dispersion and Search Costs: The Roles of Imperfect Information and Product Dierentiation, Basılmamış makale.
• Dustmann, C., and T. F. I. Preston (2008): The Eect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages, CReAM Discussion Papers, 03/08.
• Engel, C., and J. H. Rogers (1996): How Wide ls the Border?, The American Economic Review, 86(5), 1112-1125.
• Engel, C., and J. H. Rogers (1999): Violating the law of one price: should we make a federal case out of it?, Discussion paper, National bureau of economic research.
• Engel, C., J. H. Rogers, S.-Y. Wang, et al. (2003): Revisiting the border: an assessment of the law of one price using very disaggregated consumer price data. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
• Frattini, T. (2008): Immigration and Prices in the UK, University College London, mimeo.
• Gedik, A. (1997): Internal migration in Turkey, 19651985: Test of conicting ndings in the literature, Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 9(2), 170-179.
• General, I. M. D. (2002): Price dierences for supermarket goods in Europe, Internal working document of the Internal Market Directorate General. URL: http://ec. europa.eu/internal_market/economic-reports/docs/2002-05-price_en.pdf, 16(11).
• Gökhan, A., and A. Filiztekin (2008): The determinants of internal migration in Turkey. EcoMod Press.
• Goldberg, P. K., and F. Verboven (2001): The evolution of price dispersion in the European car market, The Review of Economic Studies, 68(4), 811-848.
• Gonzalez, L., and F. Ortega (2009): Immigration and Housing Booms: Evidence from Spain, CReAM Discussion Paper Series, 0919, Department of Economics, University College London.
• Hotelling, H. (1929): Stability in Competition, The Economic Journal, 39(153), 4157.
• Içduygu, A., and T. Unalan (1998): Turkiye'de Içgöç: Sorunsal Alanları ve Araştırma Yöntemleri (Internal migration in Turkey: Problem areas and research methods), Türkiye'de Iç Göç, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı.
• Inanc, O., and M. Zachariadis (2012): The importance of trade costs in deviations from the Law-of-One-Price: Estimates based on the direction of trade, Economic Inquiry, 50(3), 667-689.
• Kahraman, B., Ö. Coşkun, and G. Tunç (2002): Göç olgusunun değerlendirilmesi, Kente Göç ve Yoksulluk: Diyarbakır Örneği. Ankara: Middle East Technical University, pp. 25-48.
• Kırdar, M. G., and D. “. Saraco§lu (2006): Does Internal Migration Lead to Faster Regional Convergence in Turkey? An Empirical Investigation, Turkish Economic Association (TEA), Discussion Paper, 6.
• Kürschner, K. (2015): Immigration and Housing Rents: Evidence from German Reunication. Springer.
• Lach, S. (2002): Existence and persistence of price dispersion: an empirical analysis, Review of economics and statistics, 84(3), 433-444.
• Lach, S. (2007): Immigration and prices, Journal of Political Economy, 115(4), 548-587.
• Latif, E. (2015): The relationship between immigration and unemployment: Panel data evidence from Canada, Economic Modelling, 50, 162-167.
• Manacorda, M., A. Manning, and J. Wadsworth (2006): The impact of immigration on the structure of male wages: theory and evidence from Britain, IZA Discussion Paper.
• Melitz, M. J., and G. I. Ottaviano (2005): Market Size, Trade, and Productivity, Discussion paper, National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Moulton, B. R. (1986): Random group eects and the precision of regression estimates, Journal of econometrics, 32(3), 385-397.
• O'Connell, P. G., and S.-J. Wei (2002): ?The bigger they are, the harder they fall?: Retail price dierences across US cities, Journal of International Economics, 56(1), 21-53.
• Olivieri, E. (2010): Immigration and Prices, Basılmamış makale.
• Ottaviano, G. I., and G. Peri (2006): Rethinking the Eects of Immigration on Wages, NBER Working Paper, (w12497).
• Parsley, D. C., and S.-J. Wei (1996): Convergence to the law of one price without trade barriers or currency fluctuations, Discussion paper, National bureau of economic research.
• Parsley, D. C., and S.-J. Wei (2001): Explaining the border eect: the role of exchange rate variability, shipping costs, and geography, Journal of International Economics, 55(1), 87-105.
• Rauch, J. E. (1999): Networks versus markets in international trade, Journal of international Economics, 48(1), 735.
• Saiz, A. (2003): Room in the kitchen for the melting pot: Immigration and rental prices, Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(3), 502-521.
• Saiz, A. (2007): Immigration and housing rents in American cities, Journal of urban Economics, 61(2), 345-371.
• Sorensen, A. T. (2000): Equilibrium price dispersion in retail markets for prescription drugs, Journal of Political Economy, 108(4), 833-850.
• Tunali, I. (2000): Rationality of migration, International Economic Review, 41(4), 893-920.
• Van Hoomissen, T. (1988): Price dispersion and ination: Evidence from Israel, The Journal of Political Economy, pp. 1303-1314.
• Zachariadis, M. (2011): Immigration and international prices: An initial assessment, Economics Letters, 110(2), 83-85.
• Zachariadis, M. (2012): Immigration and international prices, Journal of International Economics, 87(2), 298-311.
• Zhao, Y. (2006): Price dispersion in the grocery market, The Journal of Business, 79(3), 1175-1192.