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Haberlerde Korku Ögelerinin Sağlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 486 - 500, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.22.1205334

Abstract

Kitleleri ikna etme amacına yönelik olarak medya, farklı yöntem ve teknikleri kullanmaktadır. Çoğunlukla reklamlarda kullanılan korku çekiciliği bunlardan biridir. Bu çalışma; Covid-19 döneminde yayınlanan haber içeriklerinde korku çekiciliği kullanımını ele almaktadır. Bireylerin davranış değişikliği oluşturmaya yönelik gerçekleştirdikleri bilişsel değerlendirme süreci üzerinde korku iletilerinin etkisini saptamak, çalışmanın ana amacıdır. Bu amaç bağlamında araştırma iki aşamalı olarak oluşturulmuştur. İlk aşamada; haber içeriklerinde hangi korku ögelerinin, nasıl oluşturulduğunu tespit edebilmek hedefiyle Türkiye’de ilk Covid-19 vakasının açıklandığı 11 Mart 2020 ile 11 Eylül 2020 tarihleri arasındaki haberler üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Dört ulusal gazetenin internet sitesinin araştırma birimi olarak seçildiği çalışmada sağlık ve sağlık ile bağlantılı kategorilerde yayınlanan ve korku çekiciliği içeren 60 habere içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında ise haber içeriklerinde kullanıldığı tespit edilen korku unsurlarının, okurlar üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 18 yaş üzeri bireylere yönelik saha araştırması gerçekleştirilmiş ve oluşturulan ankete katılım sağlayan 418 kişiden veriler toplanmıştır. Bireylerde, tehlikeye yönelik bilişsel değerlendirme sürecini başlatan algılanan duyarlılık, algılanan şiddet, yanıtın algılanan etkililiği ve öz yeterlilik bileşenlerine ilişkin ifadelerin bulunduğu anket, betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcıların, tehdit duyarlılığına yönelik algılarına en çok etki eden haberlerin, temizlik ve hijyene dikkat etmemenin Covid-19 riskini artırdığına yönelik haberler olduğu, tehdidin algılanan şiddetini Covid-19’un farklı hastalıklara da yol açtığına dair haberlerin artırdığı, yanıtın algılanan etkililiğini en çok artıran haber kaynağının hastalığı deneyimleyen kişiler oluğu, çalışmada ulaşılan önemli sonuçlardandır.

References

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
  • Ash, E., Galletta, S., Hangartner, D., Margalit, Y., & Pinna, M. (2020). The effect of Fox News on health behavior during COVID-19. SSRN, Preprint not peer reviewed, Posted: 28 Jun 2020 Last revised: 7 Aug 2020.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369–2382.
  • Bulduklu, Y. (2010). Televizyonda yayınlanan sağlık programları ve izleyicileri üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Dijker, A., Koomen, W., & Kok, G. (1997). Interpersonal determinants of fear of people with AIDS: The moderating role of predictable behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 61–79.
  • Ertaş, H., Kıraç, R, & Ünal, S. N. (2019). Halkın sağlık haberleri algı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. M. Akbolat (Ed.), Değer temelli sağlık hizmetleri. 3. International & 13. National Congress on Health and Hospital Administration (s. 723–743), 10–13 Ekim 2019, Sakarya.
  • Fishbein, M., Cappella, J., Hornik, R., Sayeed, S., Yzer, M., & Ahern, R. K. (2002). The role of theory in developing effective antidrug public service announcements. In W. D. Crano, & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 89–117). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Furedi, F. (2017). Korku kültürü: Risk almanın riskleri (B. Yıldırım, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hogan, K. (2013). Başkalarını sizin gibi düşünmeye nasıl ikna edersiniz? (V. Karaca, Çev.). Yakamoz: İstanbul.
  • Jenkins, D. C. (2003). Building better health a handbook of behavioral change. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, Scientific and Technical Publication: 590.
  • Love, B., & Mackert, M. S. (2014). ‘You may have a cancer-causing virus and not even know it’: Fear appeals in online news. First Monday, 19(2–3), 1–18.
  • Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 469–479.
  • Melki, J., Tamim, H., Hadid, D., Farhat, S., Makki, M., Ghandour, L., & Hitti, E. (2020). Media exposure and health behavior during pandemics: The mediating effect of perceived knowledge and fear on compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures. Health Communication, 37(5), 586–596.
  • Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106–143.
  • Prochaska, J. O., & Prochasca, J. M. (2011). Behavior change. In D. B. Nash, A. Skoufalos, R. J. Fabius, & W. H. Oglesby (Eds.), Population health creating a culture of wellness (pp. 23–41). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114.
  • Sutton, S. R. (2001). Health behavior: Psychosocial theories. In N. J. Smelser, & B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 6499–6506). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Sweeney, K., & Stephens, S. (2013), The use of fear appeals to communicate a public health message. Irish Business Journal, 8(1), 87–96.
  • Tarakcı, H. N. (2019). İkna edici mesaj stratejisi olarak çekicilik. Konya: Literatürk Akademia.
  • Utma, S. (2020). Medyada ‘sağlıklı’ sağlık haberciği: Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgını özelinde bir değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 4(6), 99–121.
  • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615.
  • Yılmaz, M. B. (2018). Doktorum medya: Medya sağlık davranışlarını nasıl yönlendirir? Konya: Literatürk Akademia.

The Effect of Fear Elements on Health Behavior in the News Abstract

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 486 - 500, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.22.1205334

Abstract

The media employs various techniques to persuade large groups of people, one of which is the use of fear appeal in advertising. This study aims to reveal how fear appeal is used in news content published during the Covid-19 pandemic and its effect on the cognitive evaluation process that drives behavior change in individuals. To achieve this goal, the research was conducted in two stages. The first stage involved a review of news published between March 11, 2020 (when the first Covid-19 case in Türkiye was announced) and September 11, 2020 to identify the types of fear elements used and how they were constructed. A content analysis of 60 news articles in health-related categories, which contained fear appeal selected from four national newspapers, was carried out. In the second stage, field research was conducted to find out the impact of the fear elements identified in the news content on readers. A survey was administered to 418 participants aged 18 and above, and the dataset was analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. The survey contained statements about the components of perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived effectiveness of response, and self-efficacy regarding the threat. Key results of the study indicate that news about the risks of not paying attention to hygiene and cleanliness has the greatest impact on participants’ perceptions of threat sensitivity, news about Covid-19 potentially leading to other diseases increases the perceived severity of the threat, and news about individuals experiencing the disease has the greatest impact on the perceived effectiveness of the response.

References

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022) The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
  • Ash, E., Galletta, S., Hangartner, D., Margalit, Y., & Pinna, M. (2020). The effect of Fox News on health behavior during COVID-19. SSRN, Preprint not peer reviewed, Posted: 28 Jun 2020 Last revised: 7 Aug 2020.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: Mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), 2369–2382.
  • Bulduklu, Y. (2010). Televizyonda yayınlanan sağlık programları ve izleyicileri üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Doktora tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
  • Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2005). Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Dijker, A., Koomen, W., & Kok, G. (1997). Interpersonal determinants of fear of people with AIDS: The moderating role of predictable behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 61–79.
  • Ertaş, H., Kıraç, R, & Ünal, S. N. (2019). Halkın sağlık haberleri algı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. M. Akbolat (Ed.), Değer temelli sağlık hizmetleri. 3. International & 13. National Congress on Health and Hospital Administration (s. 723–743), 10–13 Ekim 2019, Sakarya.
  • Fishbein, M., Cappella, J., Hornik, R., Sayeed, S., Yzer, M., & Ahern, R. K. (2002). The role of theory in developing effective antidrug public service announcements. In W. D. Crano, & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 89–117). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Furedi, F. (2017). Korku kültürü: Risk almanın riskleri (B. Yıldırım, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hogan, K. (2013). Başkalarını sizin gibi düşünmeye nasıl ikna edersiniz? (V. Karaca, Çev.). Yakamoz: İstanbul.
  • Jenkins, D. C. (2003). Building better health a handbook of behavioral change. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, Scientific and Technical Publication: 590.
  • Love, B., & Mackert, M. S. (2014). ‘You may have a cancer-causing virus and not even know it’: Fear appeals in online news. First Monday, 19(2–3), 1–18.
  • Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 469–479.
  • Melki, J., Tamim, H., Hadid, D., Farhat, S., Makki, M., Ghandour, L., & Hitti, E. (2020). Media exposure and health behavior during pandemics: The mediating effect of perceived knowledge and fear on compliance with COVID-19 prevention measures. Health Communication, 37(5), 586–596.
  • Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106–143.
  • Prochaska, J. O., & Prochasca, J. M. (2011). Behavior change. In D. B. Nash, A. Skoufalos, R. J. Fabius, & W. H. Oglesby (Eds.), Population health creating a culture of wellness (pp. 23–41). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114.
  • Sutton, S. R. (2001). Health behavior: Psychosocial theories. In N. J. Smelser, & B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (pp. 6499–6506). Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Sweeney, K., & Stephens, S. (2013), The use of fear appeals to communicate a public health message. Irish Business Journal, 8(1), 87–96.
  • Tarakcı, H. N. (2019). İkna edici mesaj stratejisi olarak çekicilik. Konya: Literatürk Akademia.
  • Utma, S. (2020). Medyada ‘sağlıklı’ sağlık haberciği: Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgını özelinde bir değerlendirme. Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 4(6), 99–121.
  • Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615.
  • Yılmaz, M. B. (2018). Doktorum medya: Medya sağlık davranışlarını nasıl yönlendirir? Konya: Literatürk Akademia.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Original Empirical Research
Authors

Gülşah Gönülşen 0000-0001-9927-4113

Yasin Bulduklu 0000-0001-9997-8663

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gönülşen, G., & Bulduklu, Y. (2022). Haberlerde Korku Ögelerinin Sağlık Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 12(3), 486-500. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.22.1205334

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