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Olimpik Değer Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özellikleri ve Toplumun Olimpik Değer Algılarının İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Issue: 57, 104 - 122, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1173268

Abstract

Araştırmada, Olimpik Değer Ölçeği’nin (Olympic Value Scale) Türkçe literatüre kazandırılması ve bu ölçme aracı kapsamında bireylerin değer algılarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlk aşamada Olimpik Değer Ölçeği’nin psikometrik özellikleri değerlendirilerek, Türk kültüründe ölçeğin geçerliği ve güvenirliği 354 kişilik bir çalışma grubu ile test edilmiştir. 3 faktör, 12 maddeden oluşan ve 7’li likert tipinde derecelendirilen orijinal ölçek için öncelikle çeviri, sentez, geri çeviri, ön test ve uzman değerlendirmesi aşamaları uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin Türk kültüründeki yapı geçerliği açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ile test edilmiş sonrasında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik analizleri için Cronbach alfa katsayısı referans alınmış, maddelerin toplam test korelasyonları incelenmiştir. Olimpik Değer Ölçeği’nin orijinal ölçekle tutarlı bir yapıya işaret ettiği anlaşılmış ve Türk kültüründe de ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir bir yapı sağladığına kanaat getirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında, 1255 bireyin bazı sosyo-demografik özellikler kapsamında olimpiyatlara yönelik değer algıları incelenmiştir. “Başkaları ile Dostça İlişkiler” ve “Farklılıkların Takdiri’’ alt boyutlarında lisanslı sporculuk tecrübesi bulunan grubun lehine anlamlı düzeyde farklılık belirlenmiştir. Eğitim durumu değişkeni ele alındığında ise “Başkaları ile Dostça İlişkiler” ve “Rekabette Başarı” alt boyutlarında, lise ve altı eğitim seviyesine sahip katılımcıları lehine anlamlı düzeyde farklılık tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bohus J. (1986). Sportgeschichte: Gesellschaft und Sport von Mykene bis heute. München, Wien, Zürich: BLV.
  • Borsa, J.C., Damasio, B.F., Bandeira, D.R., (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: some considerations. Paide´ia (Ribeira˜o Preto) 22(53), 423-432.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Carpita, M., & Manisera, M. (2011). On the imputation of missing data in surveys with Likert-type scales. Journal of Classification, 28(1), 93-112.
  • Chatziefstathiou, D. (2012). Olympic education and beyond: Olympism and value legacies from the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Educational Review, 64(3), 385-400.
  • Clement, N. (2009). Perspective from research and practice in values education. T. Lovat & R. Toomey. (Editors). Values education and quality teaching. Springer, p. 13-26.
  • Coakley, J. (2017). Sport and society: Issues and controversies. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Connor, P. E., & Becker, B. W. (1994). Personal values and management: What do we know and why don’t we know more? Academy of Management Journal, 18(3), 550–561.
  • Coubertin, P. (1931). Olympic Memoirs. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Coubertin, P. (1935). Religio Athletae, Berlin.
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(3), 199-210.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Downey, R. G., & King, C. V. (1998). Missing data in Likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. The Journal of general psychology, 125(2), 175-191.
  • Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Li, F. (1998). A comparison of model‐and multiple imputation‐based approaches to longitudinal analyses with partial missingness. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(1), 1-21.
  • Farrell, L., & Shields, M. A. (2002). Investigating the economic and demographic determinants of sporting participation in England. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 165(2), 335-348.
  • Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The sport psychologist, 13(4), 371-394.
  • Görkemli, H. N., Matır, L., Çelik, C. & Seki, Ö. (2014). Kent imajı açısından Olimpiyatlar-Selçuk Üniversitesi öğrencilerine yönelik bir uygulama. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 2(3). 178-196.
  • Guala, A. C., & Turco, D. M. (2009). Resident Perceptions of the 2006 Torino Olympic Games, 2002-2007. Choregia, 5(2), 21-42.
  • Halstead, J. M. (1996). Values and values education in schools. J. M. Halstead & M. J. Taylor. (Editors). Values in education and education in values. The Falmer Press, p. 3-13.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. London: Sage.
  • Homer, P.M., & Kahle, L.R. (1988). A structural equation test of the value attitude behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 638– 646.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Inglehart, R. F., Basanez, M., & Moreno, A. (1998). Human values and beliefs: A cross cultural sourcebook. Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • IOC. (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020 – 20 + 20 Recommendations. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2017). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2018). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2020). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Kılıç, H., Yılmaz, S., & Şahin, İ. (2009). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin Olimpiyatlar hakkındaki farkındalığı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 51-58.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Koenigstorfer, J., & Preuss, H. (2018). Perceived Values in relation to the Olympic Games: development and use of the Olympic Value Scale. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(5), 607-632.
  • Könecke, T., Schubert, M., & Preuß, H. (2016). (N) Olympia in Germany? An analysis of the referendum against Munich 2022. Sportwissenschaft, 46(1), 15-24.
  • Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American statistical Association, 83(404), 1198-1202.
  • Mallon, B, & Heijmans J. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
  • McFee, G. (2004). Sport, rules and values: Philosophical investigations into the nature of sport. London: Routledge.
  • Muller, N. (2000). Pierre de Coubertin Olympism: Selected Writings. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGrawHill.
  • Olympic Values (n.d). International Olympic Committee official website. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-values. (Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2022).
  • Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., & Alders, T. (2013). London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect of overall attitude. Tourism Management, 36, 629-640.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: The Free.
  • Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding human values. New York: The Free.
  • Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63(3), 581-592.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 550-562.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tarakçıoğlu, S., & Elmas, S. (2019). Türkiye’nin Olimpiyat adaylıkları üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3), 304-318.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The counseling psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.
  • Yıldıran, İ. (2014). Antikiteden moderniteye olimpiyat oyunları: İdealler ve gerçekler, Hece (Batı medeniyeti Özel Sayısı), 18 (210-212): 555-570.
  • Young, D. A (2004). Brief History of the Olympic Games. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

The Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Olympic Value Scale and Investigation of the Society's Perceptions of Olympic Value

Year 2022, Issue: 57, 104 - 122, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1173268

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed to bring the Olympic Value Scale to Turkish literature and to examine the value perceptions of individuals within the scope of this scale. In the first stage, the psychometric properties of the Olympic Value Scale were evaluated and the validity and reliability of the scale in Turkish culture was tested with a study group of 354 participants. For the original scale consisting of 3 factors, 12 items and graded in a 7-point Likert type, first of all, the stages of translation, synthesis, back translation, pre-test and expert evaluation were applied. The construct validity of the scale in Turkish culture was tested with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and then confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was taken as a reference for the reliability analyzes of the scale, and the total test correlations of the items were examined. It has been understood that the Olympic Value Scale indicates a structure consistent with the original scale and it has been concluded that the scale provides a valid and reliable structure in Turkish culture. In the second stage of the research, the value perceptions of 1255 participants living in Turkish culture towards the Olympics were examined within the scope of some socio-demographic characteristics by using the Olympic Value Scale. A significant difference was determined in favor of the group with licensed sportsperson experience in the sub-dimensions of "Friendly Relations with Others" and "Appreciation of Diversity". In the educational status variable, a significant difference was found in the sub-dimensions of "Friendly Relations with Others" and "Achievement in Competition" in favor of the participants with a high school or lower education level.

References

  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191.
  • Bohus J. (1986). Sportgeschichte: Gesellschaft und Sport von Mykene bis heute. München, Wien, Zürich: BLV.
  • Borsa, J.C., Damasio, B.F., Bandeira, D.R., (2012). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of psychological instruments: some considerations. Paide´ia (Ribeira˜o Preto) 22(53), 423-432.
  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Carpita, M., & Manisera, M. (2011). On the imputation of missing data in surveys with Likert-type scales. Journal of Classification, 28(1), 93-112.
  • Chatziefstathiou, D. (2012). Olympic education and beyond: Olympism and value legacies from the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Educational Review, 64(3), 385-400.
  • Clement, N. (2009). Perspective from research and practice in values education. T. Lovat & R. Toomey. (Editors). Values education and quality teaching. Springer, p. 13-26.
  • Coakley, J. (2017). Sport and society: Issues and controversies. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Connor, P. E., & Becker, B. W. (1994). Personal values and management: What do we know and why don’t we know more? Academy of Management Journal, 18(3), 550–561.
  • Coubertin, P. (1931). Olympic Memoirs. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Coubertin, P. (1935). Religio Athletae, Berlin.
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 26(3), 199-210.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Downey, R. G., & King, C. V. (1998). Missing data in Likert ratings: A comparison of replacement methods. The Journal of general psychology, 125(2), 175-191.
  • Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Li, F. (1998). A comparison of model‐and multiple imputation‐based approaches to longitudinal analyses with partial missingness. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(1), 1-21.
  • Farrell, L., & Shields, M. A. (2002). Investigating the economic and demographic determinants of sporting participation in England. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 165(2), 335-348.
  • Gould, D., Guinan, D., Greenleaf, C., Medbery, R., & Peterson, K. (1999). Factors affecting Olympic performance: Perceptions of athletes and coaches from more and less successful teams. The sport psychologist, 13(4), 371-394.
  • Görkemli, H. N., Matır, L., Çelik, C. & Seki, Ö. (2014). Kent imajı açısından Olimpiyatlar-Selçuk Üniversitesi öğrencilerine yönelik bir uygulama. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 2(3). 178-196.
  • Guala, A. C., & Turco, D. M. (2009). Resident Perceptions of the 2006 Torino Olympic Games, 2002-2007. Choregia, 5(2), 21-42.
  • Halstead, J. M. (1996). Values and values education in schools. J. M. Halstead & M. J. Taylor. (Editors). Values in education and education in values. The Falmer Press, p. 3-13.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. London: Sage.
  • Homer, P.M., & Kahle, L.R. (1988). A structural equation test of the value attitude behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 638– 646.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Inglehart, R. F., Basanez, M., & Moreno, A. (1998). Human values and beliefs: A cross cultural sourcebook. Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • IOC. (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020 – 20 + 20 Recommendations. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2017). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2018). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • IOC. (2020). Olympic Charter. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Kılıç, H., Yılmaz, S., & Şahin, İ. (2009). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin Olimpiyatlar hakkındaki farkındalığı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(2), 51-58.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Koenigstorfer, J., & Preuss, H. (2018). Perceived Values in relation to the Olympic Games: development and use of the Olympic Value Scale. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(5), 607-632.
  • Könecke, T., Schubert, M., & Preuß, H. (2016). (N) Olympia in Germany? An analysis of the referendum against Munich 2022. Sportwissenschaft, 46(1), 15-24.
  • Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American statistical Association, 83(404), 1198-1202.
  • Mallon, B, & Heijmans J. (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
  • McFee, G. (2004). Sport, rules and values: Philosophical investigations into the nature of sport. London: Routledge.
  • Muller, N. (2000). Pierre de Coubertin Olympism: Selected Writings. Lausanne: IOC.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGrawHill.
  • Olympic Values (n.d). International Olympic Committee official website. https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-values. (Erişim tarihi: 07.06.2022).
  • Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., & Alders, T. (2013). London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect of overall attitude. Tourism Management, 36, 629-640.
  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: The Free.
  • Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding human values. New York: The Free.
  • Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63(3), 581-592.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(3), 550-562.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
  • Tarakçıoğlu, S., & Elmas, S. (2019). Türkiye’nin Olimpiyat adaylıkları üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(3), 304-318.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The counseling psychologist, 34(6), 806-838.
  • Yıldıran, İ. (2014). Antikiteden moderniteye olimpiyat oyunları: İdealler ve gerçekler, Hece (Batı medeniyeti Özel Sayısı), 18 (210-212): 555-570.
  • Young, D. A (2004). Brief History of the Olympic Games. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Issue
Authors

İsmail Aktaş 0000-0002-5471-5787

Can Çavin Ötkan 0000-0003-3800-4923

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date September 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 57

Cite

APA Aktaş, İ., & Ötkan, C. Ç. (2022). Olimpik Değer Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özellikleri ve Toplumun Olimpik Değer Algılarının İncelenmesi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(57), 104-122. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1173268

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