Understanding Farmer Perception and Impact of Seasonal Climate Event on Rice Farming in Indonesia: Implication for Adaptation Policy in Local Level

Year 2022, , 462 - 476, 30.09.2022

Pebra Heriansyah , Pajri Anwar , Ari Prima

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1084525

Cited By: 1

Abstract

The study aimed to understand how farmers perceive seasonal climate events (SCE) and assess the impact on farming and how farmers’ attitudes and efforts to adapt in dealing with SCE. This study was conducted in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, in August - December 2020. Total of 297 farmers was selected purposively to be interviewed. Descriptive statistics analysis was used to analyze socio-demographics, farm characteristics, the impact of SCE on rice production, and farmers’ responses in adapting to SCE as an effect of climate change. Friedman’s test was used to analyzed the importance of climate over other non-climate-related stressors. Ordinal regression analysis was performed for the determination of possible association of farmers’ socio-demographics and farm characteristics to the perceived extent of SCE impact. Flood was the climatic factor that most often caused rice production failure. Farming experience, education, gender, farm size, cultivation period, rice varieties, land management, fertilization, rice field type, and farming purpose have a significant effect on farmers' perceptions of SCE impact. Adjusting the planting season, the use of chemical fertilizers, and controlling pests and diseases were the most dominant responses by farmers in dealing with SCE. Implications: The availability of weather information must be done massively, induction of flood-tolerant varieties needs to be carried out, female farmers with higher education and long experience in farming can be used as cadres as extension officers to farmer groups, planting twice a year was an option to increase rice production, the number of farmers get assistance from extension officers could be increased.

Keywords

Climate change, Farmer, Perception, Rice farming, Adaptation

Thanks

The authors want to acknowledge the students of the agrotechnology study program at the Islamic University of Kuantan Singing who were have helped in collecting data.

References

• Afsar, N., & Idrees, M. (2019). Farmers perception of agricultural extension services in disseminating climate change knowledge. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 35(3), 942–947. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.3.942.947
• Ahmed, Z., Guha, G. S., Shew, A. M., & Alam, G. M. M. (2021). Climate change risk perceptions and agricultural adaptation strategies in vulnerable riverine char islands of Bangladesh. Land Use Policy, 103, 105295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105295
• Akhtar, R., Masud, M. M., & Afroz, R. (2019). Perception of Climate Change and the Adaptation Strategies and Capacities of the Rice Farmers in Kedah, Malaysia. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 10(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425318822338
• Aliyar, Q., Zulfiqar, F., Datta, A., Kuwornu, J. K. M., & Shrestha, S. (2022). Drought perception and field-level adaptation strategies of farming households in drought-prone areas of Afghanistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 102862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102862
• Amare, A., & Simane, B. (2017). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt adaptation options to climate change and variability in the Muger Sub basin of the Upper Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Food Security, 6(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0144-2
• Anik, A. R., Rahman, S., Sarker, J. R., & Al Hasan, M. (2021). Farmers’ adaptation strategies to combat climate change in drought prone areas in Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65(September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102562
• Appiah, D. O., & Guodaar, L. (2021). Smallholder farmers’ perceptions and knowledge on climate variability and perceived effects in vulnerable rural communities in the Offinso Municipality, Ghana. Environmental Development, xxxx, 100691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2021.100691
• Apraku, A., Morton, J. F., & Apraku Gyampoh, B. (2021). Climate change and small-scale agriculture in Africa: Does indigenous knowledge matter? Insights from Kenya and South Africa. Scientific African, 12, e00821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00821
• Arunrat, N., Sereenonchai, S., & Wang, C. (2021). Carbon footprint and predicting the impact of climate change on carbon sequestration ecosystem services of organic rice farming and conventional rice farming: A case study in Phichit province, Thailand. Journal of Environmental Management, 289(March), 112458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112458
• Asseng, S., Foster, I., & Turner, N. C. (2011). The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology, 17(2), 997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02262.x
• BPS-Statistics Indonesia, (2019). The number of farm household, cultivation area, and average cultivation area for food crops (in Indonesian: Jumlah Rumah Tangga, Luas Tanam, dan Rata-rata Luas Tanam Usaha Tanaman Padi dan Palawija menurut Jenis Tanaman). Available online: https://st2013.bps.go.id/dev2/index.php/site/ tabel?tid=66&wid=0 accessed on 26 November 2021.
• BPS-Statistics Indonesia, (2021). Harvested Area, Productivity, and Production of Paddy by Province 2019-2021 (in Indonesian: Luas Panen, Produksi, dan Produktivitas Padi Menurut Provinsi 2019-2021). Available online: h https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/53/1498/1/luas-panen-produksi-dan-produktivitas-padi-menurut-provinsi.html accessed on 5 December 2021.
• BPS-Stastics Riau, (2019). The number of Natural Disaster Events 2019 (in Indonesia: Jumlah Kejadian Bencana Alam 2019) Avalaible online: https://riau.bps.go.id/indicator/27/125/1/jumlah-kejadian-bencana-alam.html accessed on 28 November 2021.
• Carlton, J. S., Mase, A. S., Knutson, C. L., Lemos, M. C., Haigh, T., Todey, D. P., & Prokopy, L. S. (2016). The effects of extreme drought on climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and adaptation attitudes. Climatic Change, 135(2), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1561-5
• FAO, (2015). The impacts of disasters on agriculture and food security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome http://www.fao.org/resilience/ resources/resources-detail/en/c/346258/.
• Fierros-González, I., & López-Feldman, A. (2021). Farmers’ Perception of Climate Change: A Review of the Literature for Latin America. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9(June), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.672399
• Granco, G., Caldas, M., Bergtold, J., Heier Stamm, J. L., Mather, M., Sanderson, M., Daniels, M., Sheshukov, A., Haukos, D., & Ramsey, S. (2022). Local environment and individuals’ beliefs: The dynamics shaping public support for sustainability policy in an agricultural landscape. In Journal of Environmental Management (Vol. 301). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113776
• Grunblatt, J., & Alessa, L. (2017). Erratum to: Role of perception in determining adaptive capacity: communities adapting to environmental change (Sustainability Science, (2017), 12, 1, (3-13), 10.1007/s11625-016-0394-0). Sustainability Science, 12(3), 503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0425-5
• Hein, Y., Vijitsrikamol, K., Attavanich, W., & Janekarnkij, P. (2019). Do farmers perceive the trends of local climate variability accurately? An analysis of farmers’ perceptions and meteorological data in Myanmar. Climate, 7(5), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7050064
• Hendrawan, V. S. A., & Komori, D. (2021). Developing flood vulnerability curve for rice crop using remote sensing and hydrodynamic modeling. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 54(August 2020), 102058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102058
• IPCC. (2001). Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., White, K.S. (Eds.). Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, UK, and New York, U.S.A.
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In: Contribution of the Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Islam, M. A., Warwick, N., Koech, R., Amin, M. N., & Lobry de Bruyn, L. (2020). The importance of farmers’ perceptions of salinity and adaptation strategies for ensuring food security: Evidence from the coastal rice growing areas of Bangladesh. Science of the Total Environment, 727, 138674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138674
• Jamal, A. M., Antwi-Agyei, P., Baffour-Ata, F., Nkiaka, E., Antwi, K., & Gbordzor, A. (2021). Gendered perceptions and adaptation practices of smallholder cocoa farmers to climate variability in the Central Region of Ghana. Environmental Challenges, 5(September), 100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100293
• Jha, C. K., & Gupta, V. (2021). Farmer’s perception and factors determining the adaptation decisions to cope with climate change: An evidence from rural India. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 10(March), 100112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100112
• Jost, C., Kyazze, F., Naab, J., Neelormi, S., Kinyangi, J., Zougmore, R., Aggarwal, P., Bhatta, G., Chaudhury, M., Tapio-Bistrom, M. L., Nelson, S., & Kristjanson, P. (2016). Understanding gender dimensions of agriculture and climate change in smallholder farming communities. Climate and Development, 8(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2015.1050978
• Karki, S., Burton, P., & Mackey, B. (2020). The experiences and perceptions of farmers about the impacts of climate change and variability on crop production: a review. Climate and Development, 12(1), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1603096
• Khan, N. A., Qiao, J., Abid, M., & Gao, Q. (2021). Understanding farm-level cognition of and autonomous adaptation to climate variability and associated factors: Evidence from the rice-growing zone of Pakistan. Land Use Policy, 105(March), 105427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105427
• Kirby, A. (2021). Analyzing climate change adaptation policies in the context of the local state. Environmental Science and Policy, 123(May), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.05.013
• Koirala, P., Kotani, K., & Managi, S. (2022). How do farm size and perceptions matter for farmers’ adaptation responses to climate change in a developing country? Evidence from Nepal. Economic Analysis and Policy, 74, 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.01.014
• Li, T., Angeles, O., Radanielson, A., Marcaida, M., & Manalo, E. (2015). Drought stress impacts of climate change on rainfed rice in South Asia. Climatic Change, 133(4), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1487-y
• Mahfoud, C., & Adjizian-Gerard, J. (2021). Local adaptive capacity to climate change in mountainous agricultural areas in the eastern Mediterranean (Lebanon). Climate Risk Management, 33(July), 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100345
• Manzanilla, D. O., Paris, T. R., Vergara, G. V., Ismail, A. M., Pandey, S., Labios, R. V., Tatlonghari, G. T., Acda, R. D., Chi, T. T. N., Duoangsila, K., Siliphouthone, I., Manikmas, M. O. A., & Mackill, D. J. (2011). Submergence risks and farmers’ preferences: Implications for breeding Sub1 rice in Southeast Asia. Agricultural Systems, 104(4), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2010.12.005
• Martey, E., & Kuwornu, J. K. M. (2021). Perceptions of Climate Variability and Soil Fertility Management Choices Among Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana. Ecological Economics, 180(October 2020), 106870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106870
• Mekonnen, A., Tessema, A., Ganewo, Z., & Haile, A. (2021). Climate change impacts on household food security and farmers adaptation strategies. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 6, 100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100197
• Ministry of Agriculture. (2018). Agricultural Statistics; Susanti, A.A., Waryanto, B., Eds.; Center for Agricultural Data and Information System (Ministry of Agriculture): Jakarta, Indonesia.
• Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS). (2019). Climate Resilience Development Policy 2020-2045. Jakarta, Indonesia,
• Mishra, A. K., Pede, V. O., & Barboza, G. A. (2018). Perception of Climate Change and Impact on Land Allocation and Income: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam’s Delta Region. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 47(2), 272–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.11
• Muehe, E. M., Wang, T., Kerl, C. F., Planer-Friedrich, B., & Fendorf, S. (2019). Rice production threatened by coupled stresses of climate and soil arsenic. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12946-4
• Mukamuhirwa, A., Hovmalm, H. P., Bolinsson, H., Ortiz, R., Nyamangyoku, O., & Johansson, E. (2019). Concurrent drought and temperature stress in rice—a possible result of the predicted climate change: Effects on yield attributes, eating characteristics, and health promoting compounds. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061043
• Ojo, T. O., Adetoro, A. A., Ogundeji, A. A., & Belle, J. A. (2021). Quantifying the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies and farmers’ access to credit in South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 792, 148499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148499
• Ojo, T. O., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2021). Climate change perception and its impact on net farm income of smallholder rice farmers in South-West, Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310(May), 127373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127373
• Panda, D., & Barik, J. (2021). Flooding Tolerance in Rice: Focus on Mechanisms and Approaches. Rice Science, 28(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsci.2020.11.006
• Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L., Steg, L., Böhm, G., & Fisher, S. (2019). Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Global Environmental Change, 55(May 2018), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007
• Rondhi, M., Khasan, A. F., Mori, Y., & Kondo, T. (2019). Assessing the role of the perceived impact of climate change on national adaptation policy: The case of rice farming in Indonesia. Land, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/land8050081
• Sainz de Murieta, E., Galarraga, I., & Olazabal, M. (2021). How well do climate adaptation policies align with risk-based approaches? An assessment framework for cities. Cities, 109, 103018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103018
• Salam, M. A., Sarker, M. N. I., & Sharmin, S. (2021). Do organic fertilizer impact on yield and efficiency of rice farms? Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(8), e07731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07731
• Singh, S. (2020). Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation decisions: A micro-level evidence from Bundelkhand Region, India. Ecological Indicators, 116(April), 106475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106475
• Sullivan, A., & White, D. D. (2019). An assessment of public perceptions of climate change risk in three western U.S. Cities. Weather, Climate, and Society, 11(2), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0068.1
• Thoai, T. Q., Rañola, R. F., Camacho, L. D., & Simelton, E. (2018). Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in agricultural production in the central region of Vietnam. Land Use Policy, 70(June 2017), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.023
• Wang, J., Vanga, S. K., Saxena, R., Orsat, V., & Raghavan, V. (2018). Effect of climate change on the yield of cereal crops: A review. Climate, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020041
• Wang, X., Folberth, C., Skalsky, R., Wang, S., Chen, B., Liu, Y., Chen, J., & Balkovic, J. (2022). Crop calendar optimization for climate change adaptation in rice-based multiple cropping systems of India and Bangladesh. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 315(September 2021), 108830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108830
• Wolf, J., & Moser, S. C. (2011). Individual understandings, perceptions, and engagement with climate change: Insights from in-depth studies across the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(4), 547–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.120
• Xie, B., Brewer, M. B., Hayes, B. K., McDonald, R. I., & Newell, B. R. (2019). Predicting climate change risk perception and willingness to act. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65(January), 101331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101331
• Yuliawan, T., & Handoko, I. (2016). The Effect of Temperature Rise to Rice Crop Yield in Indonesia uses Shierary Rice Model with Geographical Information System (GIS) Feature. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.072
• Zakaria, A., Azumah, S. B., Appiah-Twumasi, M., & Dagunga, G. (2020). Adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices among farm households in Ghana: The role of farmer participation in training programmes. Technology in Society, 63(August), 101338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101338
• Zama, N. I., Lan, F., & Zama, E. F. (2021). Drivers of adaptation to climate change in vulnerable farming communities: A micro analysis of rice farmers in ndop, Cameroon. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 122(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.17170/kobra-202110274961