Düşük Sıcaklık Zararının Asma Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2018, , 241 - 253, 29.06.2018

Özkan Kaya , Cafer Köse

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.405252

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Kültüre alındığı tarihten günümüze kadar tüm toplumlarda önemini koruyan
asma, dünya üzerinde yetiştiricilik bakımından çok geniş alanlarda kendine yer
bulmuş ılıman iklim meyve türleri arasında yer almaktadır. Ancak
yetiştiriciliğinin bu kadar geniş alanlarda yapılması, çevresel streslere daha
fazla maruz kalmasını beraberinde getirmektedir. Özellikle donma noktasının
altındaki düşük sıcaklıklar asmanın yeryüzündeki dağılımını, gelişimini ve
verimini etkileyen en önemli çevresel stres faktörlerinin başında gelmektedir.
Sonbahar, ilkbahar ve kış aylarında meydana gelebilen düşük sıcaklıklar,
yetiştiriciliğin yapıldığı birçok alanda asmanın kök, gövde, kol, dal ve göz
gibi organlarında telafisi olmayan hasarlar oluşturabilmektedir. Böylesi bir
durum asma yetiştiricilerini, üzüm üretimine dayalı işleme ve sanayi
kuruluşlarını önemli derecede kayıplara uğratmaktadır. Bu gibi alanlarda
dondurucu soğukları önlemek ya da tolere etmek için, asmanın aklimasyon,
dayanıklılık ve deaklimasyon evrelerindeki donma mekanizmasının iyi bilinmesi
gerekmektedir. Asmanın doku ve organlarının içinde bulunduğu bu evrelerdeki
donma mekanizmasının belirlenmesi ise uygun ölçüm tekniklerinin kullanılması
ile mümkün olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sıfırın altındaki sıcaklıklara maruz kalan
bazı asma tür ve çeşitlerinin doku ve organlarında meydana gelen düşük sıcaklık
hasarı ve uygun ölçüm teknikleri kullanılarak belirlenmiş olan don tolerans
seviyeleri hakkında bilgiler derlenmiştir.

Keywords

Asma, Düşük sıcaklık exotermi, Termal analiz, Vitis spp.

Effects of Cold Damage on Grapevine

Abstract

From the date of its cultivation to the
present day, grape preserves its importance in all societies as well as being
one of the temperate climate fruit species found in a wide range of cultivated
places in the world. Because of the large area cultivation and
their natural structure these are exposed more environmental stresses.
Especially low temperatures below freezing point affects the development and
yield of the distribution of grapes on
the earth. Low temperatures that can occur in autumn, spring and winter may
form irreversible damage in grape root, trunk, arm, and buds organs in many
areas where cultivation is done. Such a situation can result in reduced yield
and substantial economic losses to grape growers, subsequently impacting fruit
wholesalers, distributors, vineries and related industries. To prevent or
tolerate low temperature damage must be well known of the inherent freezing
tolerance of a grape cultivar at all stages of development and the interaction
of environment with the acclimation, hardening and deacclimation
characteristics of the grapevine in such areas. The determination of the
freezing mechanism in these phases, which are found in the tissues and organs
of grapevine, is made possible by the use of appropriate measurement techniques.
In this study, information about the low temperature damage occurring in
tissues and organs of some grape species and cultivars when exposed to
temperatures less than zero and the frost tolerance levels were determined by
using appropriate measurement techniques were compiled.

Keywords

Grapevine, Low temperature exotherm, Thermal analysis, Vitis spp.

References

• Ahmedullah, M. (1985). An analysis of winter injury to grapevines as a result of two severe winters in Washington. Fruit Var. J. 39:29-34.Ahmedullah, M., Kawakami, A., 1986. Evaluation of laboratory tests for determining the lethal temperature of Vitis labruscana Bailey Concord roots exposed to subzero temperatures. Vitis 25, 142_150.Alleweldt, G. and J.V. Possingham. (1988). Progress in grapevine breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75:669-673.Alleweldt, G., P. Spiegel-Roy and B. Reisch. (1990). Grapes (Vitis). Acta Hort. 290:291-327.Andrews, P.K., and Proebsting, E.L., 1987. Effect of temparature on the deep supercolling caracteristic of dormant and deaclimated sweet chery flower buds. J.Amer. Soc. Hort.Sci., 112(2), 334-340.Andrews, P.K., C.R. Sandidge III and T.K. Toyama. (1984). Deep supercooling of dormant and deacclimating Vitis buds. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 35:175-177.Barka, E.A. and J.C. Audran. (1997). Response of champenoise grapevine to low temperatures: Changes of shoot and bud proline concentrations in response to low tem- peratures and correlations with freezing tolerance. J. Hort. Sci. 72:577-582.Boone, D.A. and R.E. Durham. (1996). Photoperiod response of three Vitis rootstocks and Cabernet Sauvignon. Pp. 54-56. In Proc. 4th Intl. Symp. Cool Climate Viticul- ture and Enology, T. Henick-Kling, T.E. Wolf and E.M. Harkness, (eds.), New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York.Bordelon, B.P., D.C. Ferree and T.J. Zabadal. (1997). Grape bud survival in the Midwest following the winter of 1993-1994. Fruit Varieties Journal 51:53-59.Bradt, O.A., R. F. Crowther, G. Hostetter, A. Neff, J. Monroe, and R. Moyer. circa 1975. Grape cultivar descriptive catalog. The Ontario Grape Research Committee. Vineland, Ontario, Canada. pp. 22-23.Brooks, R.M., and H.P. Olmo. 1997. The Brooks and Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, USA.Burke, M. J., L.V. Gusta, H.A. Quamme, C.J. Weiser, and P.H. Li. 1976. Freezing and injury in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27:507-528. Buztepe, A. 2016. Üzümlü İlçesi (Erzincan) Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Karaerik Üzüm Çeşidinde Pozisyonlarına Bağlı Olarak Kış Gözlerinin Dona Toleranslarının Belirlenmesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum.Byers, P., Southwest Missouri State University. Personal communication (2008).Clark, J.R., and J.N. Moore. 2002. A grapevine plant named ‘Jupiter’. U.S. Plant Patent No. PP13,309.Clark, John R. 2002. Louise Swenson. In Register of new fruit and nut varieties, List 41. W.R. Okie, editor. HortScience 37(2):256.Clark, John R. 2004. Brianna. In Register of new fruit and nut varieties, List 42. W.R. Okie, editor. HortScience 39 (6):1510.Dami, I. E., Goffinet, M. C., Martinson, T. E., & Chien, M. L. (2007). Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection. Michigan State University Extension.Dami, I., B. Bordelon, D. Ferree, D. Brown, M. Ellis, R. Williams, D. Doohen. 2005. Midwest grape production guide. Ohio State University Extension Publication 919-05. On: http://ohioline.osu.edu/b919/0010.html.Domoto, P. 2008. Grape cultivars for consideration in Iowa. On: http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/pdf/ cultivars08.pdf. (Site no longer available).Einset, J., and W.B. Robinson. 1972. ‘Cayuga White’, the first of a Finger Lakes series of wine grapes for New York. New York’s Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. No. 22. August, 1972. Cornell University, New York.FAO, 2017. Erişim tarihi: 31.03.2017. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/Fennell, A. (2004). Freezing tolerance and injury in grapevines. In Adaptations and Responses of Woody Plants to Environmental Stresses. R. Arora (Ed.), pp. 201-235. Hawthorn Press, Binghamton, NY.Fennell, A. and E. Hoover. (1991). Photoperiod influences growth, bud dormancy and cold acclimation in Vitis labruscana and V. riparia. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116:270-273.Fiola, J.A., G.C. Pavlis and C. Tomasello. 1996. Lemberger and Rkatzitelli: high quality, cold hardy Vinifera for the East. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. Vol. 47. No. 2: 232.Fisher, K.H and O.A. Bradt. 1985. ‘Vanessa grape’. HortScience 20(1):147-148.Frıend, A. P., Trought, m. C. T. & Creasy, G. L. (2006) Impact of a spring frost event on the fruitfulness of Chardonnay Grapevines. (Poster). 6th International Cool Climate Symposium. Christchurch NZ.Fuller, M.P. and G. Telli. (1999). An investigation of the frost hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) during bud break. Ann. Appl. Biol. 135:589-595.Gao, Z., Li, J., Zhu, H., Sun, L., Du, Y., & Zhai, H. (2014). Using differential thermal analysis to analyze cold hardiness in the roots of grape varieties. Scientia Horticulturae, 174, 155-163.Gerard, P.D., Schucany, W.R., 1997. Locating exotherms in differential thermal anal- ysis with nonparametric regression. J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. 2, 255–268.Goffinet, M. C. (2004). Anatomy of grapevine winter injury and recovery.Departmental Research Paper, Department of Horticultural Services, Cornell University, Geneva.Grant, T. N., & Dami, I. E. (2015). Physiological and Biochemical Seasonal Changes in Vitis Genotypes with Contrasting Freezing Tolerance. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. Guo, X.W., Fu, W.H., Wang, G.J., (1989). Studies on cold hardiness of grape roots. Acta Hortic. Sin. 16, 17–22 (in Chinese).Guo, X.W., Fu, W.H., Wang, G.J., 1987. Studies on cold hardiness of grapevine roots. Vitis 26, 161_171.Hamed, F., M.P. Fuller and G. Telli. (2000). The pattern of freezing of grapevine shoots during early bud growth. CryoLetters 21:255-260.Hamman Jr., R.A., A.R. Renquist and H.G. Hughes. (1990). Pruning effects on cold hardiness and water content during deacclimation of Merlot bud and cane tissues. Am.. J. Enol. Vitic. 41:251-260.Hamman Jr., RA. (1993). Wine grape performance of 32 cultivars in western Colorado 1982-1986. Fruit Varieties Journal 47:59-63.Hart, M., (2008). Mount Ashwabay Vineyard and Orchard, Bayfield, WI. Personal communication. Hawkins, A.J. 2007. Super gigantic Y2K winegrape glossary. On: http://www.wineloverspage.com/wineguest/wgg. html. Hedrick, U.P., N.O. Booth, O.M. Taylor, R. Wellington and M.J. Dorsey. 1908. The Grapes of New York: report of the New York agricultural experiment station for the year 1907. J.B. Lyon Company, Albany, New York.Hemstad, P and J. Luby. 2005. “Marquette”, a new wine grape, named in Minnesota. Wine East. Vol. 33, No. 4:7Hemstead, P.R. and J.J. Luby. (2000). Utilization of Vitis riparia for the development of new wine varieties with resistance to disease and extreme cold. Acta Hort. 528:487-490.Hoover, E., and P. Hemstad. 2000. Growing grapes for home use. University of Minnesota Extension Publication F0- 1103.Howell, G.S. and N. Shaulis. (1980). Factors influencing within-vine variation in the cold resistance of cane and primary bud tissues. Amer. J. Enol. Vitic. 131:158-161.Jones, K.S., J. Paroschy, B.D. McKersie and S.R. Bowley. (1999). Carbohydrate composition and freezing tolerance of canes and buds in Vitis vinifera. J. Plant Physiol.155:101-106.Jones, V, G. and Schultz, H.R., 2016. Climate change and emerging cool climate wine regions. Wine & Viticulture Journal. Pp. 1-2Kaya, 2011. Üzümlü ilçesi (Erzincan) koşullarında yetiştirilen Karaerik üzüm çeşidinde koltuk sürgünü varlığının kış gözlerinin dona dayanımı üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum. Keller M. (2015). The science of grapevines-anatomy and physiology. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.Keller, M. 2015. The science of grapevines-anatomy and physiology. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.Keller, M., Mills, L.J., 2007. Effect of pruning on recovery and productivity of cold-injured Merlot grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 58, 351_357.Köse and Kaya, 2017. Determination Of Resistance To Low Temperatures Of Winter Buds According To Position In Karaerik (V. vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 7(4):4-5 Köse C, Güleryüz, M., 2009. Üzümlü İlçesi (Erzincan) Karaerik Üzüm Bağlarında 2007-2008 Kış Soğuklarının Kış Gözlerinde Yol Açtığı Zararlar. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Derg., 40(1): 55-60.La Crescent Wine (2017). University of Minnesota Cold Hardy Grapes. On: http://www.grapes.umn.edu/lac/enology.html (Prepared by Anna Katharine Mansfield).Lipe, W.N., L. Baumhardt, C.W. Wendt and D.J. Rayburn. (1992). Differential thermal analysis of deacclimating Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon grape buds as af- fected by evaporative cooling. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 43:355-361.Lockwood, D., W. 2015. Basic Considerations for Pruning Grapevines. , University of Tennessee/University ofGeorgiahttp://articles.extension.org/pages/70332/basic-considerations Luby J. and P. Hemstad. 2006. A grapevine named ‘Frontenac gris’. U.S. Plant Patent No. PP16,478Macgregor, D. 2007. Grapevine ‘DM 8313-1’. U. S. Plant Patent No. PP17,773.Marshall, J., (2008).Great River Vineyard and Nursery. Lake City, MN. Personal communication Meiering, A.G., J.H. Paroschy, R.L. Peterson, G. Hostetter and A. Neff. (1980). Mechanical freezing injury in grapevine trunks. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 31:81-89.Mills LJ, Ferguson JC, Keller M. (2006). Cold-hardiness evaluation of grapevine buds and cane tissues. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 57: 194 – 200.Moore, J.N. 1985. ‘Mars’ seedless grape. HortScience 20(2):313.Moore. J.N. 1984. A grapevine named ‘Reliance’. U.S. Plant Patent PP5,174.Moyer M, Mills L, Hoheisel G, and Keller M, (2011). Assessing and Managing Cold Damage in Washington Vineyards. WSU Extension at 1-800-723-1763 or http://pubs.wsu.edu.Mullins, C.A. (1986). Grape cultivar performance on the Tennessee Cumberland Plateau. Fruit Varieties J. 40:18-23.Mullins, C.A. (1986). Grape cultivar performance on the Tennessee Cumberland Plateau. Fruit Varieties J. 40:18-23.Mullins, M.G., A. Bouquet and L.E. Williams. (1992). Biology of the Grapevine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.National Grape Registry (NGR) website: http://ngr.ucdavis.edu/. Supported by University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Services, and the National Clonal Germplasm Repository of the USDA Agricultural Research Service.Nonnecke, G. 2002. Grape cultivars for Iowa. Presented at Iowa Grape Growers Conference, January 26, 2002. On: http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/pdf/grapecultivars.pdf. (Site no longer available).Nus, N. L., J.L. Weigle, and J.J. Schoradle. 1981. Superimposed amplified exothenn differential analysis system. Hort. Science 16:753–754.Okamoto, G., S. Wang and K. Hirano. (2000). Cold resistance in root and cane of own-root ‘Kyoho’ grapevines. Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Agriculture Okayama University 89:23-29.Pagter, M., Arora, R., 2013. Winter survival and deacclimation of perennials under warming climate: physiological perspectives. Physiol. Plant. 147, 75_87.Paroschy, J.H., A.G. Meiring, R.L. Peterson, G. Hostetter and A. Neff. (1980). Mechanical winter injury in grapevine trunks. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 31:227-232. Pierquet, P. and C. Stushnoff. (1980). Relationship of low temperature exotherms to cold injury in Vitis riparia Michx. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 31:1-6.Pierquet, P., C. Stushnoff and M.J. Burke. (1977). Low temperature exotherms in stem and bud tissues of Vitis riparia Michx. J. Amer. Hort. Sci. 102:54-55.Plocher, T., and B. Parke, authors of Northern Winework. Personal communication (2008).Plocher, T., and B. Parke. 2001. Northern Winework. Northern Winework, Inc. Hugo, MN. p. 156-157-158.Plocher, T., co-author of Northern Winework. Personal communication (2008). Plocher, T., co-author of Northern Winework. Personal communication (2007).Pool,R.T.(b)http://www.nyaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/Pool/trunkinjury/tihtml/ trninjbudsurv. html In: (2002).Dealing with Winter Cold Injury to Grapevine Canes and Trunks. Cornell Viticulture, http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/pool/trunkinjury/ tihtml/ trkinj table contents.html. Accessed May 15, Quamme, H.A. (1986). Use of thermal analysis to measure freezing resistance of grape buds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 66:945-952.Quamme, H.A. (1995). Deep supercooling in buds of woody plants. Pp. 183-200 In: R.E. Lee Jr., G.J. Warren and L.V. Gusta (eds.), Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications. APS St. Paul, MNRajashekar, C.B. and M.J. Burke. (1996). Freezing characteristics of rigid plant tissues. Development of cell tension during extracellular freezing. Plant Physiol. 111:597-603.Reisch, B.I. and C. Pratt. (1996). Grapes. Pp. 297-369. In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.), Fruit Breeding VolumeII: Vine and Small Fruit Crops. John Wiley and Sons. New York.Reisch, B.I. and S. Luce. The less risky varieties, old and new. Presented at the Finger Lakes Grape Grower’s Convention, Waterloo NY. 5 Mar. 2005. On http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/winehandout.html.Reisch, B.I. Grape varieties named at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station On: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort./faculty/reisch/nyreleases.html.Reisch, B.I. R.S. Luce, B. Bordelon, and T. Henick-Kling. 2006. ‘Corot noir’™ grape. New York’s Food & Life Sciences Bulletin. No.159. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.Reisch, B.I., (2008).Cornell University. Personal communication Reisch, B.I., D.V. Peterson, R.M. Pool and M.H. Martens. 1993. Table grape varieties for cool climates. Information Bulletin 234. Cornell Cooperative Extension. On: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tableindex2.htmReisch, B.I., R.M. Pool, and J. Einset. 1992. A grapevine named ‘Chardonel’. U. S. Plant Patent No. PP7.860.Reisch, B.I., R.M. Pool, D.V. Peterson, M.H. Martens, and T. Henick-Kling. 2000. Wine and juice grape varieties for cool climates. Information Bulletin 233. Cornell CooperativeExtension. On: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/ faculty/reisch/bulletin/wine/index2.html.Reisch, B.I., R.S. Luce, B. Bordelon, and T. Henick-Kling. 2006. ‘Valvin Muscat’™ Grape. New York’s food & life sciences bulletin. No.161. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. Cornell University, University, Ithaca, NY.Reisch, B.I., S. Luce and T. Henick-Kling. 2007. Recent releases and numbered selections from the Geneva grape breeding program. On: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/ faculty/reisch/cultivars.html.Schnabel, B.J. and R.L. Wample. (1987). Dormancy and cold hardiness in Vitis vinifera L. cv. White Riesling as influenced by photoperiod and temperature. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 38:265-272.Seyedbagheri, M.M. and E. Fallahi. (1994). Physiological and environmental factors and horticultural practices influencing cold hardiness of grapevines. J. Small Fruit Vitic. 2:3-38.Slater, J.V., M.R. Warmund, M.R. George and M.R. Ellersieck. (1991). Deacclimation of winter hardy ‘Seyval Blanc’ grape tissue after exposure to 16 C. Scientia Horticulturae 45:273-285.Smiley L.A., Domoto P., Nonnecke G., Miller W.W., (2008). Cold climate cultivars: A review of cold climate grape cultivars – ‘Baltica’. Iowa State University, Viticulture home page. http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/cultivars/cultivars.html (accessed: 02.04.2013)Stafne, E. 2012. Interspecific Hybrid (French-American) Wine Grapes. Mississippi State University. http://articles.extension.org/pages/58074/interspecific-hybrid-french-american-wine-grapesStriegler, R.K. and G.S. Howell. (1991). The influence of rootstock on the cold hardiness of Seyval grapevines. I. Primary and secondary effects on growth, canopy de- velopment, yield, fruit quality and cold hardiness. Vitis 30:1-10.Swenson, E. 1982. A grapevine named ‘St. Croix’. U.S. Plant Patent No. PP4,928. (assigned to Swenson-Smith Vines, Inc.).Swenson, E. 1986. A grapevine named ‘Esprit’. U.S. Plant Patent No. PP5,716 (assigned to Swenson-Smith Vines, Inc.).Swenson, E. 1990. Elmer Swenson’s grape selections. In 1990 Annual Report of the Minnesota Grape Growers Association.Swenson, E. 1990. Grape records: description of many of the seedlings used in breeding crosses 1980-1990 and from selections made prior to 1984. In Minnesota Grape Growers Association Annual Report: pp. 49-50.Swenson, E. 1991. The Minnesota #78 grape-lady of mystery. Fruit Varieties Journal Vol. 45 (1):6-8.Swenson, E., P. Pierquet and C. Stushnoff. 1980. ‘Edelweiss’ and ‘Swenson Red’ grapes. HortScience 15 (1):100.Swenson, E., P. Pierquet, and C. Stushnoff. 1977. ‘Edelweiss’ and ‘Swenson Red’: Two new Minnesota grape varieties. Minnesota Grape Growers Association Yearbook. P. 11.Swenson, E.P. 1985. Wild Vitis riparia from northern United States and Canada. A breeding source of winter hardiness in cultivated grapes. A background of the Swenson hybrids. Fruit Varieties Journal 39(1):28-31. E.P. Wagner, P. 1988. On the trail of St. Vincent. Wine East Vol. 15 (6):8-9.Wagner, P.M. 1955. The French hybrids. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 6(1):10.Warmund, M.R., C.J. Starbuck and L. Lockshin. (1986). Growth, cold hardiness and carbohydrate content of Vidal Blanc grapevines propagated by hardwood vs. soft- wood cuttings. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 37:215-219.Whealy, K. 1993. Fruit, Berry and Nut Inventory. Seed Saver Publications. Decorah, IA. p. 335-336.Wolf, T.K. and M.K. Warren. (2000). Crop yield, grape quality and winter injury of eight wine grape cultivars in Northern Virginia. J. Amer. Pomological Soc. 54:34-43. Wolf, T.K. and R.M. Pool. (1987). Factors affecting exotherm detection in the differential thermal analysis of grapevine dormant buds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112: 520-525.Wolpert, J.A. and G.S. Howell. (1986a). Cold acclimation of Concord grapevines. III. Relationship between cold hardiness, tissue water content, and maturation. Vitis 25:151-159.Wolpert, J.A. and G.S. Howell. (1986b). Effect of night interruption on cold acclima- tion of potted ‘Concord’ grapevines. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:16-20.Zabadal, T. J., Dami, I. E., Goffinet, M. C., Martinson, T. E., & Chien, M. L., 2007. Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection, Michigan State University Publications on Grape Production, Michigan, USA, p. 36-37Zhang J, Wu X, Niu R, Liu Y, Liu N, Xu W, Wang Y (2012) Cold resistance evaluation in 25 wild grape species. Vitis 51:153–160Zraly, K., 2016. Complete Wine Course 2012 Edition – Book Review. Wine-Grower-News#261. file:///C:/Users/DellPC/Desktop/WineGrowerNews261_13Jan 2014.