Toprak İşlemesiz Koşullar Altında Agrochernozyemlerin Temel Fiziksel Özelliklerindeki Değişimler

Abstract

Tarım, Başkurdistan Cumhuriyeti'nde (Rusya) ekonominin önde gelen dallarından biridir. Toprağın uzun süreli tarımsal kullanımı, toprağın humus birikimi horizon kalınlığının azalmasına, organik madde ve besin maddelerinin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Ayrıca su-fiziksel özelliklerinde bir bozulma, su ve rüzgar erozyonunun artması ve verimlilikte bir azalma söz konusu olmaktadır. Son zamanlarda, toprak işlemesiz sistem kullanımı da dahil olmak üzere, toprak korumalı tarım sistemlerinin kullanımı başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada agrokernozemlerin fiziksel özelliklerinin toprak işlemesiz sistem kullanımı koşulları altında değerlendirilmesinin sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Toprağın kütle yoğunluğu, nem, sıcaklık, yapısal ve agrega bileşimi gibi fiziksel özellikleri, toprak biliminde kabul edilen yöntemler ve araçlar kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Üst toprak tabakasında (0-20 cm) toprak nemi birikiminin olduğu, kılcal ve toplam nem kapasitesi değerlerinin yanı sıra kütle yoğunluğunun doğadaki toprağının değerlerine yaklaştığı ve tarımsal ürünlerin büyümesi ve gelişmesi için en uygun olduğu gösterilmiştir. Yapısal ve agrega bileşimi, suyun zararlı etkilerine aşırı derecede yüksek dirençleri ile mükemmel agrega hali ile karakterize edilir. Ancak tek bir durumda toprak yoğunluğu 45 cm derinliğe kadar çıkmaktadır. Bu gerçek, ağır tarım makinelerinin etkisinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Toprak yoğunluğunun azalması, özel bir biyoorganik ajan ile muamele edilerek ve çok yıllık otlar yetiştirilerek sağlanabilir.

Keywords

• Agrochernozyem
• İşlemesiz Toprak
• Fiziksel Toprak Özellikleri

Changes in Basic Soil Physical Properties of Agrochernozyems Under No-till Conditions

Abstract

Agriculture is one of the leading branches of the economy in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia). Long-term agricultural use of land with the use of plowing led to a decrease in the thickness of humus-accumulation horizon of soils, reduction of organic matter and nutrients. There is also deterioration of water-physical properties, development of water and wind erosion, and decrease in yield. Recently, the use of soil-saving farming systems has started, including the use of No-Till soil tillage system. The paper presents the results of assessment of physical properties of agrochernozems in conditions of No-Till use. Such physical properties as bulk density, humidity, temperature, structural and aggregate composition were studied using methods and instruments adopted in soil science. It is shown that in the top layer of soil (0-20 cm) is the accumulation of soil moisture, but the capillary and total water capacity is lower than that in nature soil. At the same time, in cultivated soils faced to the No-Till system the values of bulk density were increased as well as ranges of resistance to penetration. This fact, porbalby was caused the impact of activity of heavy agricultural machinery. The declining of soil density can be reached by cultivation of sideral cultures and perennial grasses.

Keywords

• Agrochernozem
• No-Till
• Soil physical properties

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