Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Determination of Chemical Properties of Cold Pressed Oils Sold in Istanbul Market

Year 2021, , 644 - 654, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.780205

Abstract

Vegetable oils are important in human nutrition with their nutritional properties. Today the demand for cold pressed oils, especially black cumin, is increasing day by day. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the quality and characteristics of the oils consumed and sold by highlighted as cold pressed as food supplements in terms of food safety. In the study, % free fatty acidity (FFA), peroxide values (PV), fatty acid compositions and iodine numbers of samples (six brands and four varieties; black cumin, wheat germ, grape seed and apricot kernel) sold in the Istanbul market were investigated. According to results, average FFA values were 8.1% in black cumin, 1.43% in germ, 1.90% in grape seed, 4.31% in the apricot kernel. Average PVs (meq O2 kg-1 oil) were 24.30 in black cumin, 21.42 in germ, 12.39 in grape seed, 26.23 in the apricot kernel. Total(Σ) SFA, MUFA, PUFA values were determined between 7.14-11.42%, 16.43-42.78%, 29.09-48.81% in black cumin; 6.83-11.35%, 22.64-51.87%, 22.27-54.87% in germ; 6.89-11.86%, 22.68-41.82%, 30.76-44.27% in grape seed; 5.62-10.29%, 22.58-59.24%, 21.15-43.93% in apricot kernel, respectively. Also, average iodine numbers (g I2 / 100 g oil) were calculated 95.17 in black cumin, 97.58 in germ, 99 in grape seed, 92.62 in the apricot kernel. Since only grape seed oil is included in the Turkish Food Codex, evaluation of the other samples couldn’t be made according to the Codex. It was determined that the PV value of 2 grape seed oil samples and the FFA value of 3 samples were not suitable according to the communiqué. The differences in the analysis results are thought to be caused by raw material quality and storage, process and final product storage conditions.

References

  • Aftab, A. K., Mahesa, S. A., Khaskheli, A. R., Sherazi, S. T. H., Sofia, Q. & Zakia, K. (2014). Gas chromatographic coupled mass spectroscopic study of fatty acids composition of Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) oil commercially available in Pakistan, International Food Research Journal, 21(4), 1535-1537. http://www.myjurnal.my/public/issue-view.php?id=4526&journal_id=116
  • Akoh, C.C., & Min, D.B. (2008). Food lipids: Chemistry, nutrition, biotechnology. Baco Raton, USA: CRC Press.
  • Arshad, M.U., Zakir, S., Anjum, F.M., Zahoor, T. & Nawaz, H. (2008). Nutritive value of cookies containing wheat germ oil. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 6(2), 127-134. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/164a/2a23e6a6ba5943a2e43a61ab4d3740177071.pdf
  • Arıcı, M., Sağdıç, O. & Geçgel, Ü. (2005). Antibacterial effect of Turkish black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) oils, Interntional Journal of Fats and Oils, 56, 259-262 doi: 10.3989/gya.2005.v56.i4.90
  • AOAC. (2017a). Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids, Official Method Ce 2-66 (7 th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • AOAC. (2017b). Calculated Iodine Value, Official Method Cd 1c-85 (7 th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • Aydemir, T. (2003). Kayısı çekirdeği yağının değişik sıcaklıklarda oksidasyonunun incelenmesi. Gıda, 28(2), 183-187. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/79199 Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.19.
  • Baydar, N. G., Özkan, G.& Çetin, E.S. (2007). Characterization of grape seed and pomace oil exctracts. Grasas y 1 Aceites, 58(1), 29-31, doi: 10.3989/gya.2007.v58.i1.5 Doktora Tezi, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
  • Çakmakçı, S. & Çakır Y. (2011, Kasım). Çörek otu (Nigella Sativa L.): Bileşimi, gıda sanayinde kullanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri 7.Gıda Mühendisliği Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Çetinyürek, F. (2012). Buğday rüşeymi ve buğday rüşeymi yağının antioksidan parametrelerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Aydın, Türkiye.
  • CAC. (1999). Codex standard for named vegetable oils, Codex stan 210. Rome, Italy: Codex Alimentarius.
  • Chander, A. K. (2010). Characterisation and oxidative stability of speciality plant seed oil. (PhD)
  • Demirci, M. (2012). Lipidler. Gıda kimyası (sy. 61-73). TR: Gıda Teknolojsi Derneği Yayın No: 40.
  • Durmaz, G. (2008). Kayısı çekirdeği yağının oksidatif stabilitesi ve antioksidan özelliklerinin araştırılması. (PhD) Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya, Türkiye.
  • Eisenmenger, M.J., (2005). Supercritical fluid extraction, fractionation and characterization of wheat germ oil. (MSc) Yüksek lisans tezi, Oklahoma Stare University, USA.
  • El-Shami, S. M., El-Mallah, M. H. & Mohammed, S.S. (1992). Studies on the lipid costituents of grape seeds recovered from pomace resulting from white grape processing. Grasas y Aceites 43(3), 15, doi: 10.3989/gya.1992.v43.i3.1168
  • Gurgenova, K. & Wawrzyniak P. (2012). Supercritical extraction and fractionation of raw black cumin oil, Lodz 16 University of Technology, 51, 322-323, doi: 10.7243/2052-9341-1-1
  • Hussain, I., Gulzar, S. & Shakir, I. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of bitter and sweet apricot kernel flour and oil from North of Pakistan. Internet Journal of Food Safety, 13: 11-15. http://www.internetjfs.org/articles/Physio%20Chemical%20Properties%20of%20Bitter%20and%20Sweet%20Apricot%20Kernel%20Flour%20and%20Oil%20from%20North%20of%20Pakistan.pdf
  • Kiralan, M., Özkan, G., Bayrak, A. & Ramadan, M.F. (2014). Physicochemical properties and stability of black 8 cumin(Nigella sativa) seed oil as affected by different extraction method, Industrial Crops and Products, 57, 52-58, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.026
  • Mahmoud, A.A., Mohdaly, A.A. & Elneairy, N.A., (2015). Wheat germ: An overview on nutritional value, antioxidant 24 potential an antibacterial characteristics. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 265-277, doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.62027
  • Manzoor, M., Anwer, F., Ashraf, M. & Alkharfy, K.M. (2012). Physico-chemical characteristics of seed oils extracted from different apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties from Pakistan. Grasas y Aceites, 63(2), 192-201, doi: 10.3989/gya.095011
  • Megahed, M.G. (2011). Study on stability of wheat germ oil and lipase activity of wheat germ during periodical storage. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(1), 163-168, doi: 10.5251/abjna.2011.2.1.163.168
  • Mohammed, N.K., Abd Manap, M.Y., Tan, C.P., Muhialdin, B.J., Alhelli, A.M. & Meor Hussin, A.S.(2016). The Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties, Chemical Composition, and Thermal Behavior of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Oil, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2016/6273817
  • Özcan, M.M., Rosa, A., Dessi, M.A., Marongiu, B., Piras, A. & Al-Juhaimi, F.Y. (2013). Quality of wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 31(3), 236-29 240, doi: 10.17221/172/2012-cjfs
  • Panfilis, F., D., Toschi, T., G. & Lercker, G. (1998). Quality control for cold-pressed oils. Inform, 9, 212-221.
  • Pavlovic, N., Vidovic, S., Vladic, J., Popovic, L., Moslavac, T., Jakobovic, S. & Jokic, S. (2018). Recovery of tocopherols, amygdalin, and fatty acids from apricot kernel oil: Cold pressing versus supercritical carbon dioxide, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120(11), 1800043, doi: 10.1002/ejlt.201800043
  • Petursson, S. (2002). Clarification and expansion of formulas in AOCS recommended practice Cd 1c-85 for the calculation of iodine value from FA composition, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 79(7), 737-738, doi:10.1007/s11746-002-0551-1
  • Ramadan, M.F. & Mörsel, J.T. (2004). Oxidative stability of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), coriander (Coriandrum 12 sativum L.) and niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) crude seed oils upon stripping, Eur. J. Lipid Sci.Technol., 106, 35-43, doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200300895
  • Sultan, M.T., Butt, M.S., Anjum, F.M., Jamir, A., Akhtar, S. & Nasır, M. (2009). Nutritional profile of indigenous cultıar 10 of black cumin seeds and antioxidant potential of its fixed and essential oil, Pak. J.Bot. 41(3), 1321-1326. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c40/c04204a1f252b9c833c9dddf8310b153610a.pdf
  • TGK. (2020). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bitki Adı İle Anılan Yağlar Tebliği, Ek-3. Ankara, TR: Türk Gıda Kodeksi.
  • TSE. (2015). Hayvansal ve bitkisel katı ve sıvı yağlar- Asit sayısı ve asitlik tayini (titrimetrik metot), TS EN ISO 660. Bakanlıklar, Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. TSE. (2017). Hayvansal ve bitkisel katı ve sıvı yağlar- Peroksit değeri analizi (iyodometrik (görsel) son nokta tayini), TS EN ISO 3960. Bakanlıklar, Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
  • Üstün, G., Türkay, S. & Karaali, A. (1998). Nigella sativa seeds: A potential source for oil and Oleochemicals, In Advances in Oils and Fats, Antioxidants and Oilseed By-Products, Volume 2 in the Proceedings of the World Conference on Oilseed and Edible Oils Prosessing, AOCS PRESS, USA.
  • Wang, T. & Johnson, L.A., (2001). Refining high-free fatty acid wheat-germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 78(1), 71-76, doi: 0.1007/s11746-001-0222-2
  • Yousefi, M., Nateghi, L. & Gholamian, M. (2013). Physicochemical properties of two type of shahrodi grape seed oil (lal and khalili). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(5), 115-118. http://www.imedpub.com/articles/physicochemical-properties-of-two-type-of-shahrodi-grape-seed-oillal-and-khalili.pdf
  • Zou, Y., Gao, Y., He, H. & Yang, T. (2018). Effect of roasting on physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stability of wheat germ oil, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 90, 246-253, doi : 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.038

İstanbul Piyasasında Satılan Soğuk Pres Yağların Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2021, , 644 - 654, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.780205

Abstract

Bitkisel yağlar, yüksek besleyici özellikleri ile insan beslenmesinde büyük öneme sahiptir. Günümüzde başta çörek otu olmak üzere soğuk pres yağlara talep, her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada gıda takviyesi olarak tüketilen ve soğuk pres özelliği vurgulanarak satılan yağların, bazı kalite ve karakteristik özelliklerinin gıda güvenliği açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada İstanbul piyasasında satışa sunulan altı marka ve dört çeşit (çörek otu, rüşeym, üzüm çekirdeği ve kayısı çekirdeği) numunenin, % serbest yağ asitliği (FFA), peroksit değerleri (PV), yağ asitleri kompozisyonları ve iyot sayıları incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre yağların ortalama FFA değerleri, çörek otunda % 8.1, rüşeymde % 1.43, üzüm çekirdeğinde % 1.90 ve kayısı çekirdeğinde % 4.31; ortalama PV (meq O2/kg yağ) değerleri ise, çörek otunda 24.30, rüşeymde 21.42, üzüm çekirdeğinde 12.39, kayısı çekirdeğinde 26.23 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Numunelerin toplam (Σ) SFA, MUFA, PUFA değerleri sırasıyla, çörek otunda % 7.14-11.42, % 16.43-42.78, % 29.09-48.81; rüşeymde % 6.83-11.35, % 22.64-51.87, % 22.27-54.87; üzüm çekirdeğinde % 6.89-11.86, % 22.68-41.82, % 30.76-44.27; kayısı çekirdeğinde % 5.62-10.29, % 22.58-59.24, % 21.15-43.93 aralıklarında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ortalama iyot sayıları (g I2/100 g yağ) ise, çörek otunda 95.17, rüşeymde 97.58, üzüm çekirdeğinde 99.00 ve kayısı çekirdeğinde 92.62 olarak hesaplanmıştır. İncelenen numunelerden sadece üzüm çekirdeği yağı, Türk Gıda Kodeksi’nde yer aldığından, diğer numunelerin değerlendirilmesi Kodeks’e göre yapılamamıştır. Üzüm çekirdeği yağı numunelerinden 2 adedinin PV değerinin, 3 adedinin ise FFA değerinin tebliğe göre uygun olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Numune analizlerinden elde edilen sonuç farklılıklarının hammadde kalitesi ve depolama koşulları, proses şartları ve son ürün muhafaza koşullarından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Aftab, A. K., Mahesa, S. A., Khaskheli, A. R., Sherazi, S. T. H., Sofia, Q. & Zakia, K. (2014). Gas chromatographic coupled mass spectroscopic study of fatty acids composition of Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) oil commercially available in Pakistan, International Food Research Journal, 21(4), 1535-1537. http://www.myjurnal.my/public/issue-view.php?id=4526&journal_id=116
  • Akoh, C.C., & Min, D.B. (2008). Food lipids: Chemistry, nutrition, biotechnology. Baco Raton, USA: CRC Press.
  • Arshad, M.U., Zakir, S., Anjum, F.M., Zahoor, T. & Nawaz, H. (2008). Nutritive value of cookies containing wheat germ oil. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 6(2), 127-134. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/164a/2a23e6a6ba5943a2e43a61ab4d3740177071.pdf
  • Arıcı, M., Sağdıç, O. & Geçgel, Ü. (2005). Antibacterial effect of Turkish black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.) oils, Interntional Journal of Fats and Oils, 56, 259-262 doi: 10.3989/gya.2005.v56.i4.90
  • AOAC. (2017a). Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids, Official Method Ce 2-66 (7 th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • AOAC. (2017b). Calculated Iodine Value, Official Method Cd 1c-85 (7 th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • Aydemir, T. (2003). Kayısı çekirdeği yağının değişik sıcaklıklarda oksidasyonunun incelenmesi. Gıda, 28(2), 183-187. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/79199 Erişim Tarihi: 29.09.19.
  • Baydar, N. G., Özkan, G.& Çetin, E.S. (2007). Characterization of grape seed and pomace oil exctracts. Grasas y 1 Aceites, 58(1), 29-31, doi: 10.3989/gya.2007.v58.i1.5 Doktora Tezi, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
  • Çakmakçı, S. & Çakır Y. (2011, Kasım). Çörek otu (Nigella Sativa L.): Bileşimi, gıda sanayinde kullanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri 7.Gıda Mühendisliği Kongresi, Ankara.
  • Çetinyürek, F. (2012). Buğday rüşeymi ve buğday rüşeymi yağının antioksidan parametrelerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Aydın, Türkiye.
  • CAC. (1999). Codex standard for named vegetable oils, Codex stan 210. Rome, Italy: Codex Alimentarius.
  • Chander, A. K. (2010). Characterisation and oxidative stability of speciality plant seed oil. (PhD)
  • Demirci, M. (2012). Lipidler. Gıda kimyası (sy. 61-73). TR: Gıda Teknolojsi Derneği Yayın No: 40.
  • Durmaz, G. (2008). Kayısı çekirdeği yağının oksidatif stabilitesi ve antioksidan özelliklerinin araştırılması. (PhD) Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Malatya, Türkiye.
  • Eisenmenger, M.J., (2005). Supercritical fluid extraction, fractionation and characterization of wheat germ oil. (MSc) Yüksek lisans tezi, Oklahoma Stare University, USA.
  • El-Shami, S. M., El-Mallah, M. H. & Mohammed, S.S. (1992). Studies on the lipid costituents of grape seeds recovered from pomace resulting from white grape processing. Grasas y Aceites 43(3), 15, doi: 10.3989/gya.1992.v43.i3.1168
  • Gurgenova, K. & Wawrzyniak P. (2012). Supercritical extraction and fractionation of raw black cumin oil, Lodz 16 University of Technology, 51, 322-323, doi: 10.7243/2052-9341-1-1
  • Hussain, I., Gulzar, S. & Shakir, I. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of bitter and sweet apricot kernel flour and oil from North of Pakistan. Internet Journal of Food Safety, 13: 11-15. http://www.internetjfs.org/articles/Physio%20Chemical%20Properties%20of%20Bitter%20and%20Sweet%20Apricot%20Kernel%20Flour%20and%20Oil%20from%20North%20of%20Pakistan.pdf
  • Kiralan, M., Özkan, G., Bayrak, A. & Ramadan, M.F. (2014). Physicochemical properties and stability of black 8 cumin(Nigella sativa) seed oil as affected by different extraction method, Industrial Crops and Products, 57, 52-58, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.026
  • Mahmoud, A.A., Mohdaly, A.A. & Elneairy, N.A., (2015). Wheat germ: An overview on nutritional value, antioxidant 24 potential an antibacterial characteristics. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 265-277, doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.62027
  • Manzoor, M., Anwer, F., Ashraf, M. & Alkharfy, K.M. (2012). Physico-chemical characteristics of seed oils extracted from different apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) varieties from Pakistan. Grasas y Aceites, 63(2), 192-201, doi: 10.3989/gya.095011
  • Megahed, M.G. (2011). Study on stability of wheat germ oil and lipase activity of wheat germ during periodical storage. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 2(1), 163-168, doi: 10.5251/abjna.2011.2.1.163.168
  • Mohammed, N.K., Abd Manap, M.Y., Tan, C.P., Muhialdin, B.J., Alhelli, A.M. & Meor Hussin, A.S.(2016). The Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties, Chemical Composition, and Thermal Behavior of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Oil, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2016/6273817
  • Özcan, M.M., Rosa, A., Dessi, M.A., Marongiu, B., Piras, A. & Al-Juhaimi, F.Y. (2013). Quality of wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 31(3), 236-29 240, doi: 10.17221/172/2012-cjfs
  • Panfilis, F., D., Toschi, T., G. & Lercker, G. (1998). Quality control for cold-pressed oils. Inform, 9, 212-221.
  • Pavlovic, N., Vidovic, S., Vladic, J., Popovic, L., Moslavac, T., Jakobovic, S. & Jokic, S. (2018). Recovery of tocopherols, amygdalin, and fatty acids from apricot kernel oil: Cold pressing versus supercritical carbon dioxide, European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120(11), 1800043, doi: 10.1002/ejlt.201800043
  • Petursson, S. (2002). Clarification and expansion of formulas in AOCS recommended practice Cd 1c-85 for the calculation of iodine value from FA composition, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 79(7), 737-738, doi:10.1007/s11746-002-0551-1
  • Ramadan, M.F. & Mörsel, J.T. (2004). Oxidative stability of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), coriander (Coriandrum 12 sativum L.) and niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) crude seed oils upon stripping, Eur. J. Lipid Sci.Technol., 106, 35-43, doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200300895
  • Sultan, M.T., Butt, M.S., Anjum, F.M., Jamir, A., Akhtar, S. & Nasır, M. (2009). Nutritional profile of indigenous cultıar 10 of black cumin seeds and antioxidant potential of its fixed and essential oil, Pak. J.Bot. 41(3), 1321-1326. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9c40/c04204a1f252b9c833c9dddf8310b153610a.pdf
  • TGK. (2020). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bitki Adı İle Anılan Yağlar Tebliği, Ek-3. Ankara, TR: Türk Gıda Kodeksi.
  • TSE. (2015). Hayvansal ve bitkisel katı ve sıvı yağlar- Asit sayısı ve asitlik tayini (titrimetrik metot), TS EN ISO 660. Bakanlıklar, Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. TSE. (2017). Hayvansal ve bitkisel katı ve sıvı yağlar- Peroksit değeri analizi (iyodometrik (görsel) son nokta tayini), TS EN ISO 3960. Bakanlıklar, Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü.
  • Üstün, G., Türkay, S. & Karaali, A. (1998). Nigella sativa seeds: A potential source for oil and Oleochemicals, In Advances in Oils and Fats, Antioxidants and Oilseed By-Products, Volume 2 in the Proceedings of the World Conference on Oilseed and Edible Oils Prosessing, AOCS PRESS, USA.
  • Wang, T. & Johnson, L.A., (2001). Refining high-free fatty acid wheat-germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 78(1), 71-76, doi: 0.1007/s11746-001-0222-2
  • Yousefi, M., Nateghi, L. & Gholamian, M. (2013). Physicochemical properties of two type of shahrodi grape seed oil (lal and khalili). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(5), 115-118. http://www.imedpub.com/articles/physicochemical-properties-of-two-type-of-shahrodi-grape-seed-oillal-and-khalili.pdf
  • Zou, Y., Gao, Y., He, H. & Yang, T. (2018). Effect of roasting on physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stability of wheat germ oil, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 90, 246-253, doi : 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.038
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halime Pehlivanoğlu 0000-0002-3548-9665

Esma Önder 0000-0002-1869-6160

Hatice Ebrar Kırtıl 0000-0003-0784-4452

Publication Date September 15, 2021
Acceptance Date May 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Pehlivanoğlu, H., Önder, E., & Kırtıl, H. E. (2021). İstanbul Piyasasında Satılan Soğuk Pres Yağların Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31(3), 644-654. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.780205

Creative Commons License
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi CC BY 4.0 lisanslıdır.