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Phytochemical Content of the Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Leaves and Seasonal Variation of Antioxidant Activity

Year 2018, Volume: 55 Issue: 2, 119 - 127, 27.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408509

Abstract

Kale (Brassica
oleracea
L. var. acephala), with
its antioxidant and phytochemical properties, helps reduce the risk of many
cancers and heart disease. In this study, the natural (intact) glucosinolate,
total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and fat content of
leaf extracts of kale leaves, which is known to be unique to the Black Sea
while is a Mediterranian plant, were investigated. Kale was grown in the
conditions of Kahramanmaras and Kale leaves collected at two weeks intervals
from November 28, 2014 until March 24, 2015. The leaves were dried on a
lyophilizer and extracted with methanol. As a result of HPLC analysis, six
different natural glucosinolates were determined in different amounts, namely
sinigrin, progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, gluconapine, glucoerusin and
glucocorticin. As a result of GC-MS analysis of the oil obtained from the Kale
extracts, 33 different fatty acids were identified. The highest contents of
these fatty acids were trichosanoic acid (28.25%), cis-11-eicosanoic acid
(24.01%), linoleic acid (10.13%), palmitic acid (9.35%) and butyric acid
(7.76%). The antioxidant capacity of Kale leaves increased until the end of January
and then decreased. Temperature on these dates has fallen until January, after
January temperature has begun to rise. Total phenolics value of plant leaves
collected between these dates was 7.32-11.63 mg g-1, total flavonoid
amount 2.01-3.96 μg g-1, FRAP value 13.43-29-77 μg g-1
and DPPH value 1.31-1.91 mg g-1.

References

  • Aberoumand, A., and S.S. Deokule. 2009. Studies on nutritional values of some wild edible plants from Iran and India. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(1): 26-31.
  • Adachi, K., Tamai, H. and M. Sadai. 1989. U.S. Patent No. 4,874,791. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Agarwal, A., Raj, N. and N. Chaturvedi. 2017. A Comparative Study on Proximate and Antioxidant Activity of Brassica oleracea (Kale) and Spinacea oleracea (Spinach) Leaves. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 4(4): 22-29.
  • Akdaş, Z. Z. and E. Bakkalbaşı. 2017. Influence of different cooking methods on color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of kale. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(4): 877-887.
  • Alibas, I. 2009. Microwave, vacuum, and air drying characteristics of collard leaves. Drying Technology, 27(11): 1266-1273.
  • Asif, M. 2011. Health effects of omega-3, 6, 9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Oriental Pharmacy & Experimental Medicine, 11(1): 51-59.
  • Ayaz, F. A., Glew, R. H., Millson, M., Huang, H. S., Chuang, L. T., Sanz, C. and S. Hayırlıoglu-Ayaz. 2006. Nutrient contents of kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC.). Food Chemistry, 96(4): 572-579.
  • Balkaya, A., Yanmaz, R., Okumuş, A., Demir, E. and A. Ergün. 2004. Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Yaprak Lahana Gen Kaynaklarının Toplanması, Karakterizasyonu ve Değerlendirilmesi. Tübitak Projesi Sonuç Raporu, Proje No: TOGTAG-2826.
  • Balkaya, A. and R.Yanmaz. 2005. Promising kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) populations from Black Sea region, Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 33(1): 1-7.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. and C.L.W.T. Berset. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science Technology, 28(1): 25-30.
  • Benzie, I.F. and J.J. Strain. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1): 70-76.
  • Carvalho, I.S.D., Miranda, I. and H. Pereira. 2006. Evaluation of oil composition of some crops suitable for human nutrition. Industrial Crops and Products, 24(1): 75-78.
  • Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and J.C. Chern.2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3): 178-182.
  • Charron, C.S., Saxton, A.M. and C.E. Sams. 2005. Relationship of climate and genotype to seasonal variation in the glucosinolate–myrosinase system. I. Glucosinolate content in ten cultivars of Brassica oleracea grown in fall and spring seasons. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,85: 671–681.
  • Comlekcioglu, N. 2011. Kahramanmaraş’ta yayılış gösteren bazı Isatis spp. (çivitotu) türlerinde farklı ekim zamanlarının verim unsurlarına etkisi ile boyama özellikleri ve boyarmadde miktarının saptanması. Doktora Tezi. K.S.U. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kahramanmaraş.
  • Çakmakçi, S. and D.T. Kahyaoğlu. 2012. Yağ Asitlerinin Sağlık ve Beslenme Üzerine Etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Bölümü, Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 5(2): 133-137.
  • De Caterina, R. 2011. n–3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(25): 2439-2450.
  • Elmastas, M., Isildak, O., Turkekul, I. and N. Temur. 2007. Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(3): 337-345.
  • Ferioli, F., Giambanelli, E., D'Antuono, L.F., Costa, H.S., Albuquerque, T.G., Silva, A.S., Hayran, O. and B. Koçaoglu. 2013. Comparison of leafy kale populations from Italy, Portugal, and Turkey for their bioactive compound content: phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophylls. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(14): 3478-3489.
  • Ferreres, F., Fernandes, F., Sousa, C., Valentão, P., Pereira, J.A. and P.B. Andrade. 2009. Metabolic and bioactivity insights into Brassica oleracea var. acephala. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19): 8884-8892.
  • Freitas-Silva, L., de Araújo, T.O., da Silva, L.C., de Oliveira, J.A. and J.M. de Araujo. 2016. Arsenic accumulation in Brassicaceae seedlings and its effects on growth and plant anatomy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 124: 1-9.
  • Gratacós-Cubarsí, M., Ribas-Agustí, A., García-Regueiro, J. A. and M. Castellari. 2010. Simultaneous evaluation of intact glucosinolates and phenolic compounds by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis. Food chemistry, 121(1): 257-263.
  • Hagen, S. F., Borge, G. I. A., Solhaug, K. A. and G.B. Bengtsson. 2009. Effect of cold storage and harvest date on bioactive compounds in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). Postharvest Biology and Technology, 51(1): 36-42.
  • Hijova, E. and A. Chmelarova. 2007. Short chain fatty acids and colonic health. Bratislavské lekárske listy, 108(8): 354.
  • Kırıcı, S., İbrikçi, H., Gür, M.A., Özel, A., Karaaslan, D., Kırpık, M., Akıncı, C., Gül, İ. and M. İnan 2004. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi' nde kolza (Brassica napus L.) çeşitlerinde azot miktarı ve bitki yoğunluğunun tohum verimi ve yağ oranına etkisi. TÜBİTAK TOGTAG TARP Proje No. 1778, 2001: 1-54. Proje sonuç Raporu.
  • Lamien-Meda, A., Lamien, C. E., Compaoré, M. M., Meda, R. N., Kiendrebeogo, M., Zeba, B., Millogo, J.F. and O.G. Nacoulma. 2008. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso. Molecules, 13(3): 581-594.
  • Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P. R. and T.A. Van Beek. 2004. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food chemistry, 85(2): 231-237.
  • Mohanty, B.P., Bhattacharjee, S., Paria, P., Mahanty, A. and A.P. Sharma. 2013. Lipid biomarkers of lens aging. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169(1): 192-200.
  • Mohn, T., Cutting, B., Ernst, B.and M. Hamburger. 2007. Extraction and analysis of intact glucosinolates—A validated pressurized liquid extraction/liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry protocol for Isatis tinctoria, and qualitative analysis of other cruciferous plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1166(1): 142-151.
  • Murtaza, I., Beigh, G.M., Shah, T.A., Hussain, A., Khan, A.A. and C. Kaur. 2005. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of kale genotypes grown in Kashmir valley. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 14: 215–217.
  • Neslihan, T.E.K. 2006. Chromatographic determination of glycoalkaloids in eggplant. Doctoral dissertation, İzmir Institute of Technology.
  • Obanda, M., Owuor, P. O. and S.J. Taylor. 1997. Flavanol composition and caffeine content of green leaf as quality potential indicators of Kenyan black teas. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 74(2): 209-215.
  • Park, Y.J., Lee, H.M., Shin, M., Arasu, M.V., Chung, D.Y., Al-Dhabi, N. A. and S.J. Kim. 2017. Effect of different proportion of sulphur treatments on the contents of glucosinolate in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) commonly consumed in Republic of Korea. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. Basımda.
  • Romojaro, A., Botella, M. Á., Obón, C. and M.T. Pretel. 2013. Nutritional and antioxidant properties of wild edible plants and their use as potential ingredients in the modern diet. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 64(8): 944-952.
  • Rosa, E.A.S., Heaney, R.K., Portas, C.A.M. and G.R. Fenwick. 1996. Changes in glucosinolate concentrations in Brassica crops (B. oleracea and B. napus) throughout growing seasons. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 71: 237–244.
  • Samancioglu, A., Sat, I.G., Yildirim, E., Ercişli, S., Juríková, T. and J. Mlček. 2016. Total phenolic and vitamin C content and antiradical activity evaluation of traditionally consumed wild edible vegetables from Turkey. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15(2): 208-213.
  • Sarıkamış, G., Yanmaz, R. and A. Balkaya. 2008. Ülkemize Özgü Bazı Beyaz Baş Lahana (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) ve Yaprak Lahana (B.oleracea var. acephala) Genotiplerinin Glukozinolat İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi. Tübitak Proje Sonuç Raporu. Proje No: 106O318.
  • Sarikurkcu, C., Targan, S., Ozer, M. S. and B. Tepe. 2017. Fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetables in the Aegean region of Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(3): 560-572.
  • Tian, Q., Rosselot, R. A. and S.J. Schwartz. 2005. Quantitative determination of intact glucosinolates in broccoli, broccoli sprouts, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry, 343(1): 93-99.
  • Tosun, İ., Tekgüler, B. and M. Evren. 2002. Kara lahana (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)’nın Kuru Tuzlamayla Muhafazası. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, (1):32-35.
  • Unien 14775, 2010. Solid biofuels, determining the ash content.
  • Warwick, S.I., Francis, A. and R.K. Gugel. 2009. Guide to wild germplasm of Brassica and allied crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae). Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1-6.
  • Wen, L.R., Guo, X.B., Liu, R.H., You, L.J., Abbasi, A.M. and X. Fu. 2015. Phenolic Contents and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Hawthorn Crataegus pinnatifida. Food Chemistry, 186: 54–62.

Yaprak lahana (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Yapraklarının Fitokimyasal İçeriği ve Antioksidan Aktivitenin Mevsimsel Değişimi

Year 2018, Volume: 55 Issue: 2, 119 - 127, 27.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408509

Abstract

Yaprak lahana (Brassica
oleracea
L. var. acephala),
antioksidan ve fitokimyasal özellikleri ile birçok kanser türünün ve kalp
hastalığı riskinin azaltılmasına yardımcı olmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada,
bir
Akdeniz bitkisi olmasına rağmen Karadeniz bölgesine has olarak bilinen yaprak
lahananın yapraklarındaki doğal glukozinolat, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid
içerik, antioksidan aktivite ve yaprak ekstraktlarının yağ içeriği
incelenmiştir. Kahramanmaraş koşullarında yetiştirilen yaprak lahana yaprakları
28 Kasım 2014’den başlayarak 24 Mart 2015’e kadar iki hafta aralıklarla
toplanmış, liyofilizatörde kurutulmuş ve metanol ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. HPLC
analizleri sonucunda bitkide doğal glukozinolatlardan sinigrin, progoitrin,
epiprogoitrin, glukonapin, glukoerusin, glukobrassisin olmak üzere altı farklı
glukozinolat farklı miktarlarda belirlenmiştir. Yaprak lahana yapraklarından
elde edilen yağda yapılan GC-MS analizi sonucunda 33 farklı yağ asidi
belirlenmiş, bu yağ asitleri içinden en yüksek oranda bulunanları sırasıyla
trikosanoik asit (%28.25), cis-11-eikosanoik asit (%24.01), linoleik asit
(%10.13), palmitik asit (%9.35) ve bütirik asit (%7.76) olmuştur. Yaprak lahana
yapraklarının antioksidan kapasitesi Ocak ayının sonuna kadar artmış, daha
sonra düşüşe geçmiştir. Bu tarihlerdeki sıcaklıklar ise Ocak ayına kadar
düşmüş, bu aydan sonra yükselmeye başlamıştır. Bu tarihler arasında toplanan
kurutulmuş bitki yapraklarının toplam fenolik madde değeri 7.32-11.63 mg GAE g-1,
toplam flavonoid miktarı 2.01-3.96 µg QE g-1, FRAP değeri
13.43-29-77 µg AAE g-1 ve DPPH %’ın IC50 değeri 1.31-1.91 mg dw g-1
arasında bulunmuştur.

References

  • Aberoumand, A., and S.S. Deokule. 2009. Studies on nutritional values of some wild edible plants from Iran and India. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(1): 26-31.
  • Adachi, K., Tamai, H. and M. Sadai. 1989. U.S. Patent No. 4,874,791. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Agarwal, A., Raj, N. and N. Chaturvedi. 2017. A Comparative Study on Proximate and Antioxidant Activity of Brassica oleracea (Kale) and Spinacea oleracea (Spinach) Leaves. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 4(4): 22-29.
  • Akdaş, Z. Z. and E. Bakkalbaşı. 2017. Influence of different cooking methods on color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of kale. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(4): 877-887.
  • Alibas, I. 2009. Microwave, vacuum, and air drying characteristics of collard leaves. Drying Technology, 27(11): 1266-1273.
  • Asif, M. 2011. Health effects of omega-3, 6, 9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Oriental Pharmacy & Experimental Medicine, 11(1): 51-59.
  • Ayaz, F. A., Glew, R. H., Millson, M., Huang, H. S., Chuang, L. T., Sanz, C. and S. Hayırlıoglu-Ayaz. 2006. Nutrient contents of kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala DC.). Food Chemistry, 96(4): 572-579.
  • Balkaya, A., Yanmaz, R., Okumuş, A., Demir, E. and A. Ergün. 2004. Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Yaprak Lahana Gen Kaynaklarının Toplanması, Karakterizasyonu ve Değerlendirilmesi. Tübitak Projesi Sonuç Raporu, Proje No: TOGTAG-2826.
  • Balkaya, A. and R.Yanmaz. 2005. Promising kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) populations from Black Sea region, Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 33(1): 1-7.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. and C.L.W.T. Berset. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science Technology, 28(1): 25-30.
  • Benzie, I.F. and J.J. Strain. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1): 70-76.
  • Carvalho, I.S.D., Miranda, I. and H. Pereira. 2006. Evaluation of oil composition of some crops suitable for human nutrition. Industrial Crops and Products, 24(1): 75-78.
  • Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and J.C. Chern.2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3): 178-182.
  • Charron, C.S., Saxton, A.M. and C.E. Sams. 2005. Relationship of climate and genotype to seasonal variation in the glucosinolate–myrosinase system. I. Glucosinolate content in ten cultivars of Brassica oleracea grown in fall and spring seasons. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,85: 671–681.
  • Comlekcioglu, N. 2011. Kahramanmaraş’ta yayılış gösteren bazı Isatis spp. (çivitotu) türlerinde farklı ekim zamanlarının verim unsurlarına etkisi ile boyama özellikleri ve boyarmadde miktarının saptanması. Doktora Tezi. K.S.U. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kahramanmaraş.
  • Çakmakçi, S. and D.T. Kahyaoğlu. 2012. Yağ Asitlerinin Sağlık ve Beslenme Üzerine Etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Bölümü, Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 5(2): 133-137.
  • De Caterina, R. 2011. n–3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(25): 2439-2450.
  • Elmastas, M., Isildak, O., Turkekul, I. and N. Temur. 2007. Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20(3): 337-345.
  • Ferioli, F., Giambanelli, E., D'Antuono, L.F., Costa, H.S., Albuquerque, T.G., Silva, A.S., Hayran, O. and B. Koçaoglu. 2013. Comparison of leafy kale populations from Italy, Portugal, and Turkey for their bioactive compound content: phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophylls. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(14): 3478-3489.
  • Ferreres, F., Fernandes, F., Sousa, C., Valentão, P., Pereira, J.A. and P.B. Andrade. 2009. Metabolic and bioactivity insights into Brassica oleracea var. acephala. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(19): 8884-8892.
  • Freitas-Silva, L., de Araújo, T.O., da Silva, L.C., de Oliveira, J.A. and J.M. de Araujo. 2016. Arsenic accumulation in Brassicaceae seedlings and its effects on growth and plant anatomy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 124: 1-9.
  • Gratacós-Cubarsí, M., Ribas-Agustí, A., García-Regueiro, J. A. and M. Castellari. 2010. Simultaneous evaluation of intact glucosinolates and phenolic compounds by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS in Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis. Food chemistry, 121(1): 257-263.
  • Hagen, S. F., Borge, G. I. A., Solhaug, K. A. and G.B. Bengtsson. 2009. Effect of cold storage and harvest date on bioactive compounds in curly kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). Postharvest Biology and Technology, 51(1): 36-42.
  • Hijova, E. and A. Chmelarova. 2007. Short chain fatty acids and colonic health. Bratislavské lekárske listy, 108(8): 354.
  • Kırıcı, S., İbrikçi, H., Gür, M.A., Özel, A., Karaaslan, D., Kırpık, M., Akıncı, C., Gül, İ. and M. İnan 2004. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi' nde kolza (Brassica napus L.) çeşitlerinde azot miktarı ve bitki yoğunluğunun tohum verimi ve yağ oranına etkisi. TÜBİTAK TOGTAG TARP Proje No. 1778, 2001: 1-54. Proje sonuç Raporu.
  • Lamien-Meda, A., Lamien, C. E., Compaoré, M. M., Meda, R. N., Kiendrebeogo, M., Zeba, B., Millogo, J.F. and O.G. Nacoulma. 2008. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso. Molecules, 13(3): 581-594.
  • Miliauskas, G., Venskutonis, P. R. and T.A. Van Beek. 2004. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food chemistry, 85(2): 231-237.
  • Mohanty, B.P., Bhattacharjee, S., Paria, P., Mahanty, A. and A.P. Sharma. 2013. Lipid biomarkers of lens aging. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 169(1): 192-200.
  • Mohn, T., Cutting, B., Ernst, B.and M. Hamburger. 2007. Extraction and analysis of intact glucosinolates—A validated pressurized liquid extraction/liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry protocol for Isatis tinctoria, and qualitative analysis of other cruciferous plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1166(1): 142-151.
  • Murtaza, I., Beigh, G.M., Shah, T.A., Hussain, A., Khan, A.A. and C. Kaur. 2005. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of kale genotypes grown in Kashmir valley. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 14: 215–217.
  • Neslihan, T.E.K. 2006. Chromatographic determination of glycoalkaloids in eggplant. Doctoral dissertation, İzmir Institute of Technology.
  • Obanda, M., Owuor, P. O. and S.J. Taylor. 1997. Flavanol composition and caffeine content of green leaf as quality potential indicators of Kenyan black teas. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 74(2): 209-215.
  • Park, Y.J., Lee, H.M., Shin, M., Arasu, M.V., Chung, D.Y., Al-Dhabi, N. A. and S.J. Kim. 2017. Effect of different proportion of sulphur treatments on the contents of glucosinolate in kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) commonly consumed in Republic of Korea. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. Basımda.
  • Romojaro, A., Botella, M. Á., Obón, C. and M.T. Pretel. 2013. Nutritional and antioxidant properties of wild edible plants and their use as potential ingredients in the modern diet. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 64(8): 944-952.
  • Rosa, E.A.S., Heaney, R.K., Portas, C.A.M. and G.R. Fenwick. 1996. Changes in glucosinolate concentrations in Brassica crops (B. oleracea and B. napus) throughout growing seasons. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 71: 237–244.
  • Samancioglu, A., Sat, I.G., Yildirim, E., Ercişli, S., Juríková, T. and J. Mlček. 2016. Total phenolic and vitamin C content and antiradical activity evaluation of traditionally consumed wild edible vegetables from Turkey. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15(2): 208-213.
  • Sarıkamış, G., Yanmaz, R. and A. Balkaya. 2008. Ülkemize Özgü Bazı Beyaz Baş Lahana (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) ve Yaprak Lahana (B.oleracea var. acephala) Genotiplerinin Glukozinolat İçeriklerinin İncelenmesi. Tübitak Proje Sonuç Raporu. Proje No: 106O318.
  • Sarikurkcu, C., Targan, S., Ozer, M. S. and B. Tepe. 2017. Fatty acid composition, enzyme inhibitory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts of selected wild edible plants consumed as vegetables in the Aegean region of Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 20(3): 560-572.
  • Tian, Q., Rosselot, R. A. and S.J. Schwartz. 2005. Quantitative determination of intact glucosinolates in broccoli, broccoli sprouts, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical Biochemistry, 343(1): 93-99.
  • Tosun, İ., Tekgüler, B. and M. Evren. 2002. Kara lahana (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)’nın Kuru Tuzlamayla Muhafazası. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, (1):32-35.
  • Unien 14775, 2010. Solid biofuels, determining the ash content.
  • Warwick, S.I., Francis, A. and R.K. Gugel. 2009. Guide to wild germplasm of Brassica and allied crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae). Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1-6.
  • Wen, L.R., Guo, X.B., Liu, R.H., You, L.J., Abbasi, A.M. and X. Fu. 2015. Phenolic Contents and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Hawthorn Crataegus pinnatifida. Food Chemistry, 186: 54–62.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nazan Çömlekçioğlu This is me

Mehtap Kutlu This is me

Publication Date June 27, 2018
Submission Date August 7, 2017
Acceptance Date November 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 55 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çömlekçioğlu, N., & Kutlu, M. (2018). Yaprak lahana (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) Yapraklarının Fitokimyasal İçeriği ve Antioksidan Aktivitenin Mevsimsel Değişimi. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 55(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.408509

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