Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture and Health Risks

Year 2007, Volume: 44 Issue: 3, 101 - 116, 01.09.2007

Yasemin S.kukul Ayben D. Ünal Çalışkan Süer Anaç

Abstract

Keywords

-

Arıtılmış Atık Suların Tarımda Kullanılması ve İnsan Sağlığı Yönünden Riskler

Abstract

Arıtılmış atık suların tarımsal veya diğer amaçlarla kullanımı, alternatif su kaynağı yaratması yanında, yeraltı ve yerüstü su kaynaklarında kirliğin önlenmesi ve gübre gereksinmesinin azaltılması gibi avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Ancak halk sağlığı ve çevre üzerine olumsuz etkilerin en aza indirilmesi için atık suların kullanımı ile ortaya çıkacak patojen ve kimyasallardan kaynaklanan risklerin iyi değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışmada, atık suların sulamada kullanılması sonucunda ortaya çıkma riski olan hastalık etmenleri, neden olduğu hastalıklar ve belirli gruplar için sağlık riskleri ele alınmış; sağlık risklerini yönetme stratejileri ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmiştir

Keywords

Atık su, tarımsal sulama, sağlık riski, yönetim stratejisi

References

• Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W. 1989. Water Quality for Agriculture. Irrıgation and Drainage Paper, No. 29, FAO, Rome. 174 p.
• Bryan, F.L. 1992. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Evaluations. World Health Organization, Geneva. 72 p.
• Blumenthal U.J., Peasey A., Ruiz-Palacios G. and Duncan Mara D. 2000a. Guidelines for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Recommended Revision Based on New Research Evidence. Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL) Study, Task No: 68 Part 1, Loughborough University, UK. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/ ; http://www.med-reunet.com/05ginfo/04_references.asp
• Blumenthal U.J., Duncan Mara D., Peasey, A., Ruiz-Palacios G. and Stott R. 2000b. Guidelines for the Microbiological Quality of Trated Wastewater Used in Agriculture: Recommendations for Revising WHO Guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (9): 1104-1116.
• Carr R.M., Blumenthal U.J. and Mara D.D. 2004a. Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: Developing Realistic Guidelines. Pages 41-58, in Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities. Scott C., Faruqui N. and Raschid-Sally L. (Eds.). CABI Publishing.
• Carr R.M., Blumenthal U.J. and Duncan Mara D. 2004b. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: Revisiting WHO Guidelines. Water Science and Technology Vol. 50 (2): 31-38.
• Ceylan, A., Ertem, M., Ilcın ve Ozekinci, T. 2003. A Special Risk Group for Hepatitis E Infection: Turkish Agricultural Workers Who Use Untreated Waste Water for Irrigation. Epidemiol. Infect. J., 131: 753-756.
• Deere D., Stevens M., Davison A., Helm G. and Dufour A. 2001. Management Strategies. Pages 259–288, in Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health; Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-related Infectious Disease. Fewtrell L. and Bartram J. (Eds). International Water Association (IWA) on behalf of the World Health Organization, London, UK.
• Kukul, Y.S., Anac, S., Salgot, M. and Molina, J. 2005. Developing Standards and Guidelines for Reuse of Treated Wastewater with Risk Assessment in Agriculture of Turkey. MED-REUNET II Workshop on Mediterranean Experiences on Water Reuse. Barcelona, Spain, 12 – 13 May, 2005.
• http://www.med-reunet.com/docs/AVKR7_technical.pdf
• Mara, D. and Cairncross, S. 1989. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 187 p.
• Pescod, M.B. 1992. Wastewater Treatment and Use in Agriculture. Irrıgation and Drainage Paper, No. 47, FAO, Rome. 125 p.
• Resmi Gazete. 1991. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Teknik Usuller Tebliği, 7 Ocak 1991 tarih ve 20748 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
• Resmi Gazete. 2004. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği, 14 Eylül 2004 tarih ve 25687 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
• Resmi Gazete. 2005. İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik, 17.02.2005 tarih ve 25730 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
• Salgot M., Verés C. and Angelakis A.N. 2003. Risk Assessment in Wastewater Recycling and Reuse. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 3 (4):301-309.
• Salgot M. 2001a. Hygienic Aspects of DESAR: Water Circuits. Pages 469-484, in Decentralized Sanitation and Reuse. Integrated Envir. Tech. Series, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
• Salgot M. and Angelakis A.N. 2001b. Guidelines and Regulations on Wastewater Reuse. Pages 446-465, in Decentralized Sanitation and Reuse. Integrated Envir. Tech. Series, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
• Toze, S. 2006. Reuse of Effluent Water-Benefits and Risks. J. of Agricultural Management, 80:147-159.
• US EPA. 2004. Guidelines for Water Reuse US EPA and US Agency for International Development. EPA/625/R-04/108.
• http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/625r04108/625r04108.pdf
• Westcot, D.W. 1997. Quality Control of Wastewater for Irrigated Crop Production, Water Reports, No. 10, FAO, Rome. 86 p.
• Westrell T., Schönning C., Stenström T.A. and Ashbolt N.J. 2004. QAMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) for Management of Pathogens in Wastewater and Swage Sludge Treatment and Reuse. Water Science and Technology, 50 (2): 23-30.
• York D.W. 2000. Code May Help Agencies Reuse Water Wisely. Water Environment and Technology, 12 (9): 8.
• York D.W. and Walker-Coleman L. 2000. Pathogen Standards for Reclaimed Water. Water Environment and Technology 12 (1): 58-61.