Research Article
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Estimation of some Nutrient Values of Quinoa, Chia, Teff, Mung Bean and Buckwheat Seeds for Ruminants by In Vitro Methods

Year 2020, Volume: 57 Issue: 4, 519 - 527, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.670262

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the availability of quinoa, chia, teff, mung bean, and buckwheat as an alternative feed in ruminant nutrition.
Material and Methods: The materials were composed of quinoa (white, black, red), chia (white, black), teff, mung beans and buckwheat, which have passed their shelf life due to tear or damage in their package. Fatty acid components as well as enzyme soluble organic matter (ESOM) under in vitro conditions were also determined in addition to crude nutrient contents. Metabolic energy (ME), using the obtained data, was also calculated.
Results: It was found out that the crude protein (CP) contents were 14.04-15.38% in quinoa, 19.90-21.73% in chia, 11.98% in teff, 25.20% in mung bean, and 13.72% in buckwheat. Ether extract (EE) contents; however, were found out to be 7.13-7.97%, 30.84-35.75%, 2.46, % 3.48%, and 5.25%. The highest amount of linoleic acid was found in chia (60.71-66.17%). ESOM contents was determined at high level in white quinoa, mung bean, and buckwheat. However, in vitro ME contents were found at the highest level in chia.
Conclusion: Quinoa has the potential to be an alternative to traditional cereals during early lactation period in ruminant animals, in which energy need is at its highest level, or as a source of energy in fattening period. Chia has a high potential to be effective in preventing heat stress, especially in dairy cattle. The high linolenic acid content of chia oil may allow the milk fat to be enriched by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been determined that teff and buckwheat can be alternatives to other cereals, whereas mung bean, due to its crude protein being high and being rich in minerals is a significant alternative for feed producers who have been in search of new sources of protein recently.

Supporting Institution

University of Namık Kemal Scientific Research Project

Project Number

NKÜBAP.03.YL.18.142

Thanks

This study was funded by NKUBAP (University of Namık Kemal Scientific Research Project) within the framework of NKÜBAP.03.YL.18.142. It was taken form MSc Thesis. We thank Research Assistant Göksel Tırpancı Sivri for oil component analysis.

References

  • Abaş İ, Özpınar H, Kutay HC, Kahraman R, Eseceli H.2005. Determination of the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) contents of some feeds in the marmara region by in vitro gas technique. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29:751-757.
  • Açıkgöz Z, Soycan-Önenç S. 2006. Fonksiyonel Yumurta Üretimi. Hayvansal Üretim 47(1): 36-46.
  • Anonymous, 1991. Animal feeds-determination of metabolizable energy (chemical method). Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). Publ. no. 9610, pp.1-3.
  • Anonymous, 2000. Doğal Nişasta-Nişasta Muhtevası Tayini. TS EN ISO 10520, Kasım 2000, Ankara.
  • Anonymous, 2017. Chia Çekirdeği. http://www.chiatohumu.org/chia-cekirdegi.html Erişim Tarihi:07.11.2017.
  • Anonymous, 1992. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 4th Ed., American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL. Method.ce 2-66.
  • Baran MS, Demirel R, Şentürk-Demirel D, Şahin T, Yeşilbağ D. 2008. Determination of the Feding Values of Feedstuffs and Mixed Feeds used in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 32:449-455.
  • Baye K. 2014. Teff: Nutritient composition and health benefits ethiopian development research institute. Working paper:67.
  • Bulgurlu Ş, Ergül M. 1978. Yemlerin fiziksel kimyasal ve biyolojik analiz metotları. E.Ü. basımevi, Yayın No. 127, İzmir.
  • Close W, Menke KH.1986. Selected topics in animal nutrition university. p.170+85 Hohenheim.
  • Dalkılıç M. 2010. Konya ekolojik şartlarında farklı zamanlarda ekilen maş fasulyesi [vigna radiata (l.) wilczek] genotiplerinin verim ve bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Denek N, Deniz S. 2004.Ruminant beslenmesinde kullanılan bazı dane yemlerin enerji düzeylerinin in vivo ve in vitro metotlarla belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal Of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 28:185-193.
  • Dumanoğlu Z, Işık Z, Geren H. 2016. Kinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.)’da farklı tuz (nacl) yoğunluklarının tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53 (2):153-159.
  • EFSA.2016. Erucic acid in feed and food. EFSA Journal 14(11):4593-doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4593.
  • Geren H, Kavut YT, Demiroğlu-Topçu G, Ekren S, İştipliler D. 2014. Akdeniz iklimi koşullarında yetiştirilen kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)’da farklı ekim zamanlarının tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 51 (3): 297-305.
  • Geren H, Kavut YT, Kır B. (2019). Söke ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen tef (eragrostis teff (zucc) trotter) bitkisinde farklı sıra arası uzaklarının verim ve bazı verim ozellikleri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 56 (2): 231-239.
  • Gulpınar AR, Orhan IE, Kan A, Senol FS, Celik SA, Kartal M. 2012. Estimation of in vitro neuroprotective properties and quantification of rutin and fatty acids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivated in Turkey. Food Research International 46: 536–543.
  • Jeroch H, Drochner W, Simon O. 1999. Nutrition on farm livestock. Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 525 p.
  • Kaplan M, Üke Ö, Kale H, Yavuz S, Kurt Ö, Atalay Aİ. 2016. Olgunlaşma döneminin teff otunun potansiyel besleme değeri, gaz ve metan üretimine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6(4):181-186. Kır AE, Temel S. 2016. Iğdır ovası kuru koşullarında farklı kinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) çeşit ve populasyonlarının tohum verimi ile bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6(4):145-154.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ. 1981. Estimation of the energetic feed value of green and forage feed through the cellulas method. Landwirtschschaftliche Forschung 34:276-281.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ, Roth FX, Ranfft K. 1977. For estimating the feed value using crude fiber and the cell wall fractions of the detergent analysis. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30:245-250.
  • Miranda M, Vega-Gálvez A, Quispe-Fuentes I, Rodríguez MJ, Maureira H, Martínez EA. 2012. Nutritional aspects of six quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) ecotypes from three geographical areas of chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72(2):175-181.
  • Naumann C, Bassler R. 1993. Method book. B III. The chemical analysis of feeds. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt
  • Nicholson JWG, Mcqueen R, Grantea, P. L. Burgess PL. 1976. The Feedıng Value of Tartary Buckwheat for Rumınants. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 56:803-808.
  • Nitrayová S, Brestenský M, Heger J, Patráš P, Rafay J, Sirotkin A. 2014. Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (salvia hıspanıca l.) and flax (linum usitatissimum l.) seed. Potravinarstvo 8(1):72-76.
  • Ogungbenle HN. 2003. Nutritional evaluation and functional properties of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) flour. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 54 (2):153-8.
  • Oplinger ES, Hardman LL, Kaminski AR, Combs SM, Doll JD.1990. Mungbean. Alternative field crops manual. Wisconsin University Cooperative Ext. Service, Madison.
  • Peiretti PG, Gai F, Tassone S. 2013. Fatty acid profile and nutritive value of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) seeds and plants at different growth stages. Animal Feed Science Technology 183:56–61.
  • Pellegrini M, Lucas-Gonzales R, Ricci A, Fontecha J, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez- Alverez JA, Viuda-Martos M. 2018. Chemical, fatty acid, polyphenolic profile, techno-functional and antioxidant properties of flours obtained from quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) seeds. Industrial Crops & Products 111:38-46.
  • Peng L, Zou L, Tan M, Deng Y, Yan J, Yan Z, Zhao G.2017. Free amino acids, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds in tartary buckwheat of different hull colour. Czech Journal of Food Science 35(3): 214–222.
  • Silva C, Garcia VAS, Zanette CM.2016a. Chia (salvia hispanica l.) oil extraction using different organic solvents: oil yield, fatty acids profile and technological analysis of defatted meal. International Food Research Journal 23(3): 998-1004.
  • Silva LG, Bunkers J, Paula EM, Shenkoru T, Yeh Y, Amorati B, Holcombe D, Faciola AP. 2016b. Effects of flaxseed and chia seed on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and long-chain fatty acid flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system. J. Anim. Sci. 2016.94:1600–1609.
  • SPSS. 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
  • Tang Y, Li X, Chen PX, Zhang B. 2015. Characterisation of fatty acid, carotenoid, tocopherol/tocotrienol compositions and antioxidant activities in seeds of three chenopodium quinoa willd genotypes. Food Chemistry 174:502–508.
  • Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd Ed.).p. 528. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, N. Y.
  • Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nostarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Scienc 74:3583-3597.
  • Vera EP, Alca JJ, Saravia GR, Campioni NC, Alpuy IJ. 2019. Comparison of the lipid profile and tocopherol content of four peruvian quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) cultivars (‘amarilla de maranganí’, ‘blanca de juli’, INIA 415 ‘roja pasankalla’, INIA 420 ‘negra collana’) during germination. Journal of Cereals Science 88:132-137.
  • Yavuz M. 2005. Bazı ruminant yemlerinin nispi yem değeri ve in vitro sindirim değerlerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (1): 97-101.
  • Zia-Ul-Haq M, Ahmad M, Iqbal S (2008). Characteristics of oil from seeds of 4 mungbean [vigna radiata (l.) wilczek] cultivars grown in Pakistan. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 85(9):851-856.
  • Ziemlanski S, Okolska G, Cieslakowa D, Cieslakowa D, Kucharczyk B, 1973. Studies of absorption of rapeseed oil in the digestive tract. II. Fecal excretion of erucic acid, its absorption coefficients and re-excretion of erucic acid into the lumen of the digestive tract. Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin, 15, 453–460.

Kinoa, Chia, Teff, Maş Fasulyesi ve Karabuğday Danelerinin Ruminantlar için bazı Besin Madde Değerlerinin İn Vitro Yöntemlerle Tahmini

Year 2020, Volume: 57 Issue: 4, 519 - 527, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.670262

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, kinoa, chia, teff, maş fasulyesi ve karabuğdayın alternatif yem ham maddesi olarak ruminant beslemede kullanılabilirliğini araştırmaktır.
Materyal ve Metot: Araştırma materyalini, ambalajın yırtılması, hasar görmesi vb. nedenlerle raf ömrü dolan kinoa (beyaz, siyah, kırmızı), chia (beyaz, siyah), teff, maş fasulyesi ve karabuğday oluşturmuştur. Ham besin madde içeriklerinin yanı sıra yağ asiti bileşenleri ve in vitro koşullarda enzimde çözünen organik madde miktarları (EÇOM) belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerden yararlanılarak metabolik enerji (ME) içerikleri hesaplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Ham protein (HP) içeriklerinin kinoada %14.04-15.38, chiada %19.90-21.73, teffde %11.98, maş fasulyesinde %25.20 ve karabuğdayda %13.72 olduğu bulunmuştur. Ham yağ (HY) içerikleri ise sırasıyla %7.13-7.97, %30.84-35.75, %2.46, % 3.48 ve %5.25 olarak belirlenmiştir. En yüksek linolenik asit chiada (%60.71-66.17) belirlenmiştir. EÇOM içeriği beyaz kinoa, maş fasulyesi ve karabuğdayda yüksek bulunmuştur. Oysa in vitro ME içerikleri en yüksek chiada belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Kinoa, ruminantların enerji gereksiniminin yüksek olduğu erken laktasyon döneminde ya da beside enerji kaynağı olarak geleneksel tahıllara alternatif olma potansiyeli vardır. Chianın özellikle süt sığırlarında sıcaklık stresini önlemede etkili olabilme potansiyeli yüksektir. Chia yağının linolenik asit içeriğinin yüksek olması, süt yağının çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinden biri olan konjuge linolenik asitçe zenginleşmesine olanak sağlayabilir. Teff ve karabuğday tahıllara, maş fasulyesi ise mineralce zengin olmasının yanısıra HP içeriğinin yüksek olmasından dolayı, özellikle son yıllarda yeni protein kaynakları arayışına giren üreticilere önemli bir alternatif oluşturacağı ortaya konulmuştur.

Project Number

NKÜBAP.03.YL.18.142

References

  • Abaş İ, Özpınar H, Kutay HC, Kahraman R, Eseceli H.2005. Determination of the metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy lactation (NEL) contents of some feeds in the marmara region by in vitro gas technique. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29:751-757.
  • Açıkgöz Z, Soycan-Önenç S. 2006. Fonksiyonel Yumurta Üretimi. Hayvansal Üretim 47(1): 36-46.
  • Anonymous, 1991. Animal feeds-determination of metabolizable energy (chemical method). Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). Publ. no. 9610, pp.1-3.
  • Anonymous, 2000. Doğal Nişasta-Nişasta Muhtevası Tayini. TS EN ISO 10520, Kasım 2000, Ankara.
  • Anonymous, 2017. Chia Çekirdeği. http://www.chiatohumu.org/chia-cekirdegi.html Erişim Tarihi:07.11.2017.
  • Anonymous, 1992. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 4th Ed., American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, IL. Method.ce 2-66.
  • Baran MS, Demirel R, Şentürk-Demirel D, Şahin T, Yeşilbağ D. 2008. Determination of the Feding Values of Feedstuffs and Mixed Feeds used in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 32:449-455.
  • Baye K. 2014. Teff: Nutritient composition and health benefits ethiopian development research institute. Working paper:67.
  • Bulgurlu Ş, Ergül M. 1978. Yemlerin fiziksel kimyasal ve biyolojik analiz metotları. E.Ü. basımevi, Yayın No. 127, İzmir.
  • Close W, Menke KH.1986. Selected topics in animal nutrition university. p.170+85 Hohenheim.
  • Dalkılıç M. 2010. Konya ekolojik şartlarında farklı zamanlarda ekilen maş fasulyesi [vigna radiata (l.) wilczek] genotiplerinin verim ve bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Denek N, Deniz S. 2004.Ruminant beslenmesinde kullanılan bazı dane yemlerin enerji düzeylerinin in vivo ve in vitro metotlarla belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal Of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 28:185-193.
  • Dumanoğlu Z, Işık Z, Geren H. 2016. Kinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.)’da farklı tuz (nacl) yoğunluklarının tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 53 (2):153-159.
  • EFSA.2016. Erucic acid in feed and food. EFSA Journal 14(11):4593-doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4593.
  • Geren H, Kavut YT, Demiroğlu-Topçu G, Ekren S, İştipliler D. 2014. Akdeniz iklimi koşullarında yetiştirilen kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)’da farklı ekim zamanlarının tane verimi ve bazı verim unsurlarına etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 51 (3): 297-305.
  • Geren H, Kavut YT, Kır B. (2019). Söke ekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen tef (eragrostis teff (zucc) trotter) bitkisinde farklı sıra arası uzaklarının verim ve bazı verim ozellikleri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 56 (2): 231-239.
  • Gulpınar AR, Orhan IE, Kan A, Senol FS, Celik SA, Kartal M. 2012. Estimation of in vitro neuroprotective properties and quantification of rutin and fatty acids in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivated in Turkey. Food Research International 46: 536–543.
  • Jeroch H, Drochner W, Simon O. 1999. Nutrition on farm livestock. Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 525 p.
  • Kaplan M, Üke Ö, Kale H, Yavuz S, Kurt Ö, Atalay Aİ. 2016. Olgunlaşma döneminin teff otunun potansiyel besleme değeri, gaz ve metan üretimine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6(4):181-186. Kır AE, Temel S. 2016. Iğdır ovası kuru koşullarında farklı kinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) çeşit ve populasyonlarının tohum verimi ile bazı tarımsal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 6(4):145-154.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ. 1981. Estimation of the energetic feed value of green and forage feed through the cellulas method. Landwirtschschaftliche Forschung 34:276-281.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ, Roth FX, Ranfft K. 1977. For estimating the feed value using crude fiber and the cell wall fractions of the detergent analysis. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30:245-250.
  • Miranda M, Vega-Gálvez A, Quispe-Fuentes I, Rodríguez MJ, Maureira H, Martínez EA. 2012. Nutritional aspects of six quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) ecotypes from three geographical areas of chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72(2):175-181.
  • Naumann C, Bassler R. 1993. Method book. B III. The chemical analysis of feeds. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt
  • Nicholson JWG, Mcqueen R, Grantea, P. L. Burgess PL. 1976. The Feedıng Value of Tartary Buckwheat for Rumınants. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 56:803-808.
  • Nitrayová S, Brestenský M, Heger J, Patráš P, Rafay J, Sirotkin A. 2014. Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (salvia hıspanıca l.) and flax (linum usitatissimum l.) seed. Potravinarstvo 8(1):72-76.
  • Ogungbenle HN. 2003. Nutritional evaluation and functional properties of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) flour. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 54 (2):153-8.
  • Oplinger ES, Hardman LL, Kaminski AR, Combs SM, Doll JD.1990. Mungbean. Alternative field crops manual. Wisconsin University Cooperative Ext. Service, Madison.
  • Peiretti PG, Gai F, Tassone S. 2013. Fatty acid profile and nutritive value of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) seeds and plants at different growth stages. Animal Feed Science Technology 183:56–61.
  • Pellegrini M, Lucas-Gonzales R, Ricci A, Fontecha J, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez- Alverez JA, Viuda-Martos M. 2018. Chemical, fatty acid, polyphenolic profile, techno-functional and antioxidant properties of flours obtained from quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) seeds. Industrial Crops & Products 111:38-46.
  • Peng L, Zou L, Tan M, Deng Y, Yan J, Yan Z, Zhao G.2017. Free amino acids, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds in tartary buckwheat of different hull colour. Czech Journal of Food Science 35(3): 214–222.
  • Silva C, Garcia VAS, Zanette CM.2016a. Chia (salvia hispanica l.) oil extraction using different organic solvents: oil yield, fatty acids profile and technological analysis of defatted meal. International Food Research Journal 23(3): 998-1004.
  • Silva LG, Bunkers J, Paula EM, Shenkoru T, Yeh Y, Amorati B, Holcombe D, Faciola AP. 2016b. Effects of flaxseed and chia seed on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and long-chain fatty acid flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system. J. Anim. Sci. 2016.94:1600–1609.
  • SPSS. 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
  • Tang Y, Li X, Chen PX, Zhang B. 2015. Characterisation of fatty acid, carotenoid, tocopherol/tocotrienol compositions and antioxidant activities in seeds of three chenopodium quinoa willd genotypes. Food Chemistry 174:502–508.
  • Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd Ed.).p. 528. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, N. Y.
  • Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nostarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Scienc 74:3583-3597.
  • Vera EP, Alca JJ, Saravia GR, Campioni NC, Alpuy IJ. 2019. Comparison of the lipid profile and tocopherol content of four peruvian quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) cultivars (‘amarilla de maranganí’, ‘blanca de juli’, INIA 415 ‘roja pasankalla’, INIA 420 ‘negra collana’) during germination. Journal of Cereals Science 88:132-137.
  • Yavuz M. 2005. Bazı ruminant yemlerinin nispi yem değeri ve in vitro sindirim değerlerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (1): 97-101.
  • Zia-Ul-Haq M, Ahmad M, Iqbal S (2008). Characteristics of oil from seeds of 4 mungbean [vigna radiata (l.) wilczek] cultivars grown in Pakistan. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 85(9):851-856.
  • Ziemlanski S, Okolska G, Cieslakowa D, Cieslakowa D, Kucharczyk B, 1973. Studies of absorption of rapeseed oil in the digestive tract. II. Fecal excretion of erucic acid, its absorption coefficients and re-excretion of erucic acid into the lumen of the digestive tract. Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin, 15, 453–460.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Engin İkizoğlu 0000-0002-3343-234X

Sibel Soycan Önenç 0000-0001-9452-4435

Project Number NKÜBAP.03.YL.18.142
Publication Date December 30, 2020
Submission Date January 4, 2020
Acceptance Date April 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 57 Issue: 4

Cite

APA İkizoğlu, E., & Soycan Önenç, S. (2020). Estimation of some Nutrient Values of Quinoa, Chia, Teff, Mung Bean and Buckwheat Seeds for Ruminants by In Vitro Methods. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 57(4), 519-527. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.670262

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