BELİREN YETİŞKİNLERDE YAŞ, CİNSİYET VE BAĞLANMA STİLLERİNİN KİMLİK STATÜLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ YORDAYICI ROLÜ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin kimlik statüleri üzerinde yaş, cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin yordayıcı rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırma 297 kadın, 109 erkek, toplam 406 üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama araçları olarak İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi (Sümer ve Güngör, 1999) ve Genişletilmiş Objektif Ego Kimlik Statüleri Ölçeği (Oskay, 1998) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson Momentler Çarpımı korelasyonu ve aşamalı regresyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçları güvenli bağlanma stilinin başarılı kimlik kazanımda, güvensiz bağlanma stillerinin ise kimlik arayışı ve kimlik kargaşası statüleri üzerinde olumlu katkısının olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

• bağlanma stilleri,kimlik statüleri,beliren yetişkinlik,aşamalı çoklu regresyon

The predictive Role of Age, Gender, and Attachment Styles on Identity Status among Emerging Adults

Abstract

This study examined the predictive role of gender, age, and attachment styles on identity status among emerging adults. A total of 406 undergraduate students (297 female, and 109 male) were administrated the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Sümer ve Güngör, 1999) and Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Oskay, 1998). In order to analyze the data Pearson’s product-moment correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were utilized. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses results showed that secure attachment style was a significant variable on identity achievement. Also results indicated that insecure attachment styles had meaningful contribution on moratorium and identity diffusion.

Keywords

• attachment styles,identity status,emerging adulthood,hierarchical multiple regression analysis

References

1. Abraham, K. G. (1983). The relation between identity status and locus of control among rural high school students. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 257-264.
2. Anderson, S., & Fleming, W. (1996). Late adolescents’ home-leaving strategies: predicting ego identity and college adjustment. Adolescence, 21, 453–459.
3. Archer, S. L. (1982). The lower age boundaries of identity development. Child Development, 53, 1551-1556.
4. Arnett J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
5. Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 235-254.
6. Arseth, A., Kroger, J., Martinussen, M., & Marcia, E. J. (2009). Meta-analytic studies of identity status and the relational issues of attachment and intimacy. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 9, 32–91.
7. Arslan, E. (2008). Bağlanma stilleri açısından ergenlerde Erikson’un psikososyal gelişim dönemleri ve ego kimlik süreçlerinin incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi.
8. Avila, M., Cabral, J., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Identity in university students: the role of parental and romantic attachment. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 133-142.

9. Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: an attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147–178.
10. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226–244.
11. Berman, A. M, Schwartz, S. J., Kurtines, W. M., & Berman, S. L. (2001). The process of exploration in identity formation: the role of style and competence. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 513–528.
12. Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., Rodriguez, E., T., & Zamora, I. J. (2006). The relation between identity status and romantic attachment style in middle and late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence 29, 737–748.
13. Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self-construction over the lifespan: a process perspective on identity formation. In G. J. Neimeyer & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Advances in personal construct theory (Vol. 1, pp. 155-186). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
14. Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 267-281.
15. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
17. Cohen. J. C., and Cohen, P. C. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd edition). Hillsdale. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
19. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton
20. Yunus, F. W., Kamal, A. A., Jusoff, K., & Zakaria, A. (2010). Gender differences on the identity status of the Malaysian preparatory students. Canadian Social Science. 6, 145-151.
21. Gonzales-Backen, M. A.,& Umana-Taylor, A. J. (2011). Examining the role of physical appearance in Latino adolescents' ethnic identity, Journal of Adolescence 34, 151- 162.
22. Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: the case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. P. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in Personal Relationships: Attachment Processes in Adult Relationships (Vol. 5). London: Jessica Kingsley.
23. İmamoğlu, E. O. (2003). Individuation and relatedness: not opposing but distinct complemantary. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 129, 367- 402.
24. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1998). Kültürel psikoloji: kültür bağlaminda insan ve aile (1. Baskı). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
25. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 403–422.
26. Kennedy, H. (1999). Romantic attachment style and ego identity, attributional style and family of origin in Şrst-year college students. College Student Journal, 33,171–180.
27. Kroger, J. (1997). Gender and identity: the intersection of structure, content, and context. Sex Roles, 36, 747–770.
28. Kroger, J., & Haslett, S. J. (1988). Separation-individuation and ego identity status in late adolescence: a two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 59–79.
29. Lewis, H. L. (2003). Differences in ego ıdentity among college students across age, ethnicity, and gender. Identity. An International Journal of Theory and Research, 3, 159–189.
30. Lucas, M. (1997). Identity development, career development, and psychological separation from par-ents: similarities and differences between men and women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 123–132.
31. MacKinnon, J. L., & Marcia, J. E. (2002). Concurring patterns of women's identity status, attachment styles, and understanding of children's development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 70-80.
32. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: a move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton &W.Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50 (1– 2, Serial No. 209), 66–104.
33. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551–558.
34. Marcia, J. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley.
35. Marcia, J. E. (1983). Some directions for the investigation of ego-development in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 3, 215–223.
36. Marcia, J. E. (1988). Common processes underlying ego-identity, cognitive/moral development and individuation. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Self, ego, and identity Integrative approaches (pp. 211–225). New York: Springer-Verlag.
37. Marcia, J. E. (1994). Ego identity and object relations. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Borstein (Eds.), Empirical perspectives on object relations theory (pp.83–90). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
38. Matos, P., Barbosa, S., De Almeida, H., & Costa, M. (1999). Parental attachment and identity in Portuguese late adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 805–818.
39. Meeus, W., Oosterwegel, A., & Vollebergh, W. (2002). Parental and peer attachment and identity development in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 93–106.
40. Meeus, W., Iedemab, J, Maassena, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Separation–individuation revisited: on the interplay of parent–adolescent relations,identity and emotional adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 89–106.
41. Morsünbül, Ü., & Tümen, B. (12008). Ergenlik döneminde kimlik ve bağlanma ilişkileri: kimlik statüleri ve bağlanma stilleri üzerinden bir inceleme. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 15, 25-31.
42. Oskay, G. (1997). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kimlik gelişim düzeylerinin bulundukları fakülte ve anabilim dallarına göre incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13, 63-73.
43. Özdikmenli-Demir, G. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kimlik gelişimi: kimlik statülerinin sosyal sermaye ve kimlik sermayesi ile olan ilişkisi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34, 1-10.
44. Quintana, S. M., & Lapsley, D. K. (1987). Approach to the continuity of adaptation adolescent attachment and ego identity: a structural equations. Journal of Adolescent Research 2, 393-409.
45. Reich, W. A., & Siegel, H. I. (2002). Attachment, ego-identity development and exploratory interest in university students. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 125–134.
46. Salahu-Din, S. N., & Bollman, S. R. (1994). Identity development and self-esteem of young adolescents in foster care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 11, 123-135.
47. Schiedel, D. G., & Marcia, J. E. (1985). Ego identity, intimacy, sex role orientation, and gender. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 149-160.
48. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1989). Being lonely, falling in love: perspectives from attachment theory. In M. Hojat & R. Crandall (Eds.), Loneliness: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 105–124). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Streitmatter, J. (1993). Gender differences in identity development: an examination of longitudinal data. Adolescence, 28, 55-66.
50. Sümer, N., & Güngör D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-106.
51. Waterman, A. S. (1990). Personal expressiveness: philosophical and psychological foundations. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11, 47-74.
52. Waterman, A. S. (1992). Identity as an aspect of optimal psychological functioning. In G. R. Adams, T. P.Gullotta,&R.Montemayor (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation: Advances in adolescent development (pp. 50-72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53. Whitbourne, S. K., & VanManen, K. J. W. (1996). Age differences in and correlates of identity status from college through middle adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 3, 59-70.
54. Zimmerman, P., & Becker-Stoll, F. (2002). Stability of attachment representations during adoles-cence: the influence of ego-identity status. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 107– 124.