Araştırma Makalesi
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VEKİLLİKTEN ÇATIŞMAYA, ÇATIŞMADAN ORTAKLIĞA: PKK-SURİYE İLİŞKİLERİNİN DEĞİŞEN KARAKTERİSTİĞİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 107 - 132, 13.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.562981

Öz



PKK-Suriye
ilişkileri 1980 yılında terör örgütü mensuplarının Suriye’de ağırlanmasıyla
başlamıştır. 1980’den Ekim 1998’e kadar PKK-Suriye ilişkileri Suriye rejiminin
izni ve denetimde sürmüştür. Bu dönemde terör örgütü rejimin Türkiye’ye karşı
yürüttüğü vekâlet savaşı dâhilinde faaliyet göstermiştir. Bu doğrultuda Suriye
sahası daha kuruluş yıllarından itibaren PKK’nın örgütsel yapılanma, eleman,
lojistik ve finans temini ve operasyonel kabiliyeti açısından kilit bir role
sahip olmuştur. Ekim 1998’de Türkiye’nin askerî müdahale tehdidinin ardından
Suriye rejimi ülkesinde PKK’nın faaliyetlerini yasaklamış ve terör örgütüne
karşı harekete geçmiştir. Takiben Suriye rejimi, ülkesinde PYD yapılanması adı
altında faaliyetlerine devam eden PKK mensuplarına karşı tutuklamalar
gerçekleştirmiştir. Bunun sonucunda terör örgütünün Suriye’deki liderleri Kuzey
Irak’a kaçarak Kandil bölgesine sığınmışlardır. Böylece PKK-Suriye
ilişkilerinde çatışma dönemi başlamıştır. Bu dönem 2011 Suriye iç savaşına
kadar devam etmiştir. 2011 iç savaşıyla birlikte ise PKK-Suriye ilişkilerinde
yeni bir aşamaya girilmiştir. Ülkede kontrolü kaybeden rejim PKK’yla bu kez
ortaklık ilişkisi kurarak ülkenin kuzey bölgelerini terör örgütüne bırakmıştır.
Böylece terör örgütü Suriye’de faaliyet gösteren kolu PYD marifetiyle önemli
hâkimiyet alanlarına sahip olmuştur. Böyle bir ortamda PKK Suriye’de 1998
öncesi gibi rejimin çizdiği sınırlar içerisinde ve direktifleriyle hareket eden
vekil aktör konumundan, rejimin ortağı konumuna gelmiştir. Buradan hareketle,
eldeki çalışma PKK-Suriye rejimi arasındaki ilişkiyi vekillikten çatışmaya,
çatışmadan ortaklığa bir süreç olarak tasvir ederek, ikili arasındaki
ilişkilerin değişen karakteristiğini irdelemektedir.



Kaynakça

  • Afrin: Azadî member shot and killed following torture. (2013a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid= 2942&z=en&cure=109.
  • Afrin: YPG kidnaps leading Azadî member. (2013b). KurdWatch, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2938&z=en&cure= 1009.
  • Allsopp, H. (2014). The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East, Londra ve New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Al-Qamishli: PYD attacks civic institutions and el-Partî offices. (2013c). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://kurdwatch.org/index.php? aid=2875&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Al-Qamishli: PYD is accused of brutal torture. (2013d). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2992&z=en&cure= 109.
  • Amudah: Hunger strike against PYD attacks. (2013e). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2866&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Amudah: PYD kidnaps activist. (2014a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.com/?aid=3019&z=en&.
  • Amudah: Sitation escalates following YPG attack on demonstration. (2013f). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018,.http://kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid= 2873&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Amudah: YPG kidnaps activists. (2013g). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2859&z=en.
  • Assad’s brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb. (2012). The Telegraph, Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads-brother-in-law-and-top-Syrian-officials-killed-in-Damascus-suicide-bomb.html.
  • Ayn al-Arab: Activist arrested by PYD. (2013h). KurdWatch, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2979&z=en&cure= 109.
  • Barfi, B. (2016). Ascent of the PYD and the SDF. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Research Notes 32, 1-22.
  • Birand, M. A. (1992). Apo ve PKK. İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Bullock, J. ve Darwish, A. (1993). Water Wars. London: Rowland.
  • Chabkoun, M. (2014). Pro-Regime Militias in Syria: SAA Unit or Ad-Hoc Apparatus?. Aljazeera Center For Studies Report, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2019, http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2014/8/4/20148472120878734Syria’s%20Pro-Regime%20Militias%20Legitimate%20Army%20Unit%20or %20Ad-Hoc%20Apparatus.pdf.
  • Criss, N. B. (1995). The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 18, 17-37.
  • Damascus: Decree 43 makes it easier to transfer land in border regions. (2011a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/ ?aid=1475&z=en.
  • Damascus: Registered stateless Kurds to be naturalized. (2011b). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=1401&z=en.
  • Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria. (2014). International Crisis Group, Middle East Report No 151, Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2018, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf.
  • Gunter, M. M. (2014). Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. Londra: Hurst & Company.
  • Group Denial: Repression of Kurdish Political and Cultural Rights in Syria. (2009). Human Rights Watch, Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2018, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109webwcover_0.pdf.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2002). The Foreign Policy of Syria. R. Hinnebusch ve A. Ehteshami (Ed.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • HPG Online, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018, https://www.hpg-sehit.com/sehitler_albumu/2004/89.html
  • Kıvrıkoğlu Sert. (1998). Hürriyet, Erişim tarihi 23.03.2009, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kivrikoglu-sert-39042708.
  • Loveman, C. (2002). Assessing the Phenomenon of Proxy Intervention. Conflict, Security and Development, 2(3), 29-48.
  • Marcus, A. (2007). Blood and Belief. New York ve Londra: New York University Press.
  • McDowall, D. (1998). The Kurds of Syria. Londra: Kurdish Human Rights Project.
  • McDowall, D. (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. Londra ve New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Montgomery, H. (2007). Suriye Kürtleri: İnkâr Edilen Halk. çev. Ümit Aydoğmuş. İstanbul: Avesta.
  • No Alternative to Return Home: Violations Committed by Kurdish-Self-Management Forces in Al Hassaka Governorate. (2015). The Syrian Network for Human Rights, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Violations_of_Kurdish_forces_in_Hasaka_en.pdf.
  • Olson R. (1997). Turkey-Syria Relations Since the Gulf War: Kurds and Water. Middle East Policy. 5(2), 168-193.
  • Orton, K. (2017). The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria. Londra: The Henry Jackson Society.
  • Özcan, A. K. (2006). Turkey’s Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Özcan, N. A. (2000). PKK Tarihi, İdeolojisi ve Yöntemi. Ankara: ASAM Yayınları.
  • Philips, D. L. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Pipes, D. (1994) Hafiz al-Asad Should Be Careful. Turkish Times, Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2018, http://www.danielpipes.org/262/hafiz-al-asad-should-be-careful.
  • PKK/KCK Terör Örgütünün Suriye Kolu: PYD-YPG. (2017). T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/uploads/Temp UserFiles/haber%2F2017%2F05%2FPKK_KCK_Terrorist_Organisation_s_Extensi.pdf.
  • PYD Tüzüğü.
  • Sarı, B. Ve Tınas, M. (2018). İnsanlığa ve Demokrasiye Terör Tehdidi: PKK Örneği. Polis Akademisi, Rapor No 16, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2019, https://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/PKK_Ornegi_Raporu_TR.pdf
  • Savelsberg, E. (2014). The Syrian-Kurdish Movements: Obstacles Rather than Driving Forces for Democratization. D. Romano ve M. Gürses. (Ed.), Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Savelsberg, Eva ve Tejel, J. (2013) The Syrian Kurds in “Transition to Somewhere. M. M. A. Ahmed ve M. Gunter. (Ed.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds. Kaliforniya: Mazda Publishers.
  • Serxwebûn (Mayıs 2002).
  • Serxwebûn (Kasım 2006).
  • Suriye Ceza Kanunu.
  • Syria’s Assad grants nationality to Hasaka Kurds. (2011). BBC, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12995174.
  • Syria’s Assad Provides Citizenship to Kurds Amid Persisting Protests. (2011). Haaretz, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, https://www.haaretz.com/1.5148543.
  • Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle. (2013). International Crisis Group, Middle East Report No 136, Erişim tarihi: 04.08.2018, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/syrias-kurds-a-struggle-within-a-struggle.pdf.
  • Syria: Kurds, Honour-Killings and Illegal Departure: Report from a Fact Finding Mission to Damascus. (2007). Danish Refugee Council, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2018, https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1014680/1064_1176888293_ rapportsyria2007.pdf.
  • Tejel, J. (2009). Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Under Kurdish Rule: Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria. (2014). Human Rights Watch, Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2018, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ reports/syria0614_kurds_ForUpload.pdf.
  • Van Bruinessen, M. (1988). Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: the PKK. MERIP, 153, 40-46.
  • Vanly, I. C. (1992). The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon. P. G. Kreyenbroek. (Ed.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • We Had Nowhere Else to Go: Forced Displacement and Demolitions in Northern Syria. (2015). Amnesty International, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2018, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.PDF.
  • White, P. (2000). Primitive Rebels or Revolutionary Modernisers? The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. Londra: Zed Books.
  • Wilgenburg, W. V. (2013). The Kurdish PUK’s Syria Policy. Carnegie Middle East Center, Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2018, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/53884.
  • Zeytin Dalı Harekâtı. (2018). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Erişim tarihi: 23.03.2019, https://www.tsk.tr/Home/Detay/596.
  • Zisser, E. (2014). The Kurds in Syria: Caught between the Struggle for Civil Equality and the Search for National Identity. O. Bengio. (Ed.), Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4,000 Residents from al Salhabiya al Sharqiya Village in Western Suburbs of Raqqa have been Forcibly Displaced: Syrian Democratic Forces Bar Residents from Going Back Home. (2017). The Syrian Network for Human Rights, Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2018, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/4000_Residents_from_alSalhabiya_Village_Forcibly_Displaced_en.pdf.

FROM PROXY TO CONFLICT, CONFLICT TO PARTNERSHİP: THE CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PKK-SYRIA RELATİONS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 107 - 132, 13.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.562981

Öz



Hosting of PKK militants in 1980 by the Syrian
regime marked the beginning of the relationship between the terrorist
organization and Syria. The relationship between the two had continued from
1980 to October 1998 under the supervision of the Syrian regime,
who used the PKK as a proxy against Turkey. In return, the Syrian
connection provided the PKK with a safe haven in which it was able to establish
its organizational structure, recruit militants and obtain financial and
logistical support. However, the PKK’s safe haven within Syrian borders came to
an end in October 1998 when Turkey militarily threatened the regime for its
support for the terrorist organization. As a result, ceasing its support for
the terrorist organization, the regime banned the PKK’s activities within
Syrian region and arrested its militants. Hence,
the conflict era which had lasted until 2011 emerged
within the PKK-Syria relationship
when the civil war broke out in
Syria.
Due to the Syrian civil war in
2011, the PKK-Syria relationship has embarked on a new phase.
Losing control on the country, the regime got engaged in partnership with
the terrorist organization and left vast areas in the northern part of Syria to
the PKK. The terrorist organization is currently controlling a considerable part
of Syrian territory and population. In such an environment, the PKK
repositioned itself as a partner of the Syrian regime rather than its proxy
which was under the command the regime officials as it was before 1998. In this
respect, with the aim of portraying it as a process from proxy to conflict and
conflict to partnership, this study aims to examine the changing
characteristics of the relationship between the PKK and the Syrian regime. 




Kaynakça

  • Afrin: Azadî member shot and killed following torture. (2013a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid= 2942&z=en&cure=109.
  • Afrin: YPG kidnaps leading Azadî member. (2013b). KurdWatch, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2938&z=en&cure= 1009.
  • Allsopp, H. (2014). The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East, Londra ve New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Al-Qamishli: PYD attacks civic institutions and el-Partî offices. (2013c). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://kurdwatch.org/index.php? aid=2875&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Al-Qamishli: PYD is accused of brutal torture. (2013d). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2992&z=en&cure= 109.
  • Amudah: Hunger strike against PYD attacks. (2013e). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2866&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Amudah: PYD kidnaps activist. (2014a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.com/?aid=3019&z=en&.
  • Amudah: Sitation escalates following YPG attack on demonstration. (2013f). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018,.http://kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid= 2873&z=en&cure=1009.
  • Amudah: YPG kidnaps activists. (2013g). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=2859&z=en.
  • Assad’s brother-in-law and top Syrian officials killed in Damascus suicide bomb. (2012). The Telegraph, Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2019, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9408321/Assads-brother-in-law-and-top-Syrian-officials-killed-in-Damascus-suicide-bomb.html.
  • Ayn al-Arab: Activist arrested by PYD. (2013h). KurdWatch, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/index.php?aid=2979&z=en&cure= 109.
  • Barfi, B. (2016). Ascent of the PYD and the SDF. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Research Notes 32, 1-22.
  • Birand, M. A. (1992). Apo ve PKK. İstanbul: Milliyet Yayınları.
  • Bullock, J. ve Darwish, A. (1993). Water Wars. London: Rowland.
  • Chabkoun, M. (2014). Pro-Regime Militias in Syria: SAA Unit or Ad-Hoc Apparatus?. Aljazeera Center For Studies Report, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2019, http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2014/8/4/20148472120878734Syria’s%20Pro-Regime%20Militias%20Legitimate%20Army%20Unit%20or %20Ad-Hoc%20Apparatus.pdf.
  • Criss, N. B. (1995). The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 18, 17-37.
  • Damascus: Decree 43 makes it easier to transfer land in border regions. (2011a). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 13.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/ ?aid=1475&z=en.
  • Damascus: Registered stateless Kurds to be naturalized. (2011b). KurdWatch, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, http://www.kurdwatch.org/?aid=1401&z=en.
  • Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria. (2014). International Crisis Group, Middle East Report No 151, Erişim tarihi: 05.08.2018, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf.
  • Gunter, M. M. (2014). Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War. Londra: Hurst & Company.
  • Group Denial: Repression of Kurdish Political and Cultural Rights in Syria. (2009). Human Rights Watch, Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2018, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1109webwcover_0.pdf.
  • Hinnebusch, R. (2002). The Foreign Policy of Syria. R. Hinnebusch ve A. Ehteshami (Ed.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Boulder: Westview Press.
  • HPG Online, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018, https://www.hpg-sehit.com/sehitler_albumu/2004/89.html
  • Kıvrıkoğlu Sert. (1998). Hürriyet, Erişim tarihi 23.03.2009, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kivrikoglu-sert-39042708.
  • Loveman, C. (2002). Assessing the Phenomenon of Proxy Intervention. Conflict, Security and Development, 2(3), 29-48.
  • Marcus, A. (2007). Blood and Belief. New York ve Londra: New York University Press.
  • McDowall, D. (1998). The Kurds of Syria. Londra: Kurdish Human Rights Project.
  • McDowall, D. (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. Londra ve New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Montgomery, H. (2007). Suriye Kürtleri: İnkâr Edilen Halk. çev. Ümit Aydoğmuş. İstanbul: Avesta.
  • No Alternative to Return Home: Violations Committed by Kurdish-Self-Management Forces in Al Hassaka Governorate. (2015). The Syrian Network for Human Rights, Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/Violations_of_Kurdish_forces_in_Hasaka_en.pdf.
  • Olson R. (1997). Turkey-Syria Relations Since the Gulf War: Kurds and Water. Middle East Policy. 5(2), 168-193.
  • Orton, K. (2017). The Forgotten Foreign Fighters: The PKK in Syria. Londra: The Henry Jackson Society.
  • Özcan, A. K. (2006). Turkey’s Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Özcan, N. A. (2000). PKK Tarihi, İdeolojisi ve Yöntemi. Ankara: ASAM Yayınları.
  • Philips, D. L. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Pipes, D. (1994) Hafiz al-Asad Should Be Careful. Turkish Times, Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2018, http://www.danielpipes.org/262/hafiz-al-asad-should-be-careful.
  • PKK/KCK Terör Örgütünün Suriye Kolu: PYD-YPG. (2017). T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Erişim tarihi: 21.03.2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/uploads/Temp UserFiles/haber%2F2017%2F05%2FPKK_KCK_Terrorist_Organisation_s_Extensi.pdf.
  • PYD Tüzüğü.
  • Sarı, B. Ve Tınas, M. (2018). İnsanlığa ve Demokrasiye Terör Tehdidi: PKK Örneği. Polis Akademisi, Rapor No 16, Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2019, https://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/PKK_Ornegi_Raporu_TR.pdf
  • Savelsberg, E. (2014). The Syrian-Kurdish Movements: Obstacles Rather than Driving Forces for Democratization. D. Romano ve M. Gürses. (Ed.), Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Savelsberg, Eva ve Tejel, J. (2013) The Syrian Kurds in “Transition to Somewhere. M. M. A. Ahmed ve M. Gunter. (Ed.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds. Kaliforniya: Mazda Publishers.
  • Serxwebûn (Mayıs 2002).
  • Serxwebûn (Kasım 2006).
  • Suriye Ceza Kanunu.
  • Syria’s Assad grants nationality to Hasaka Kurds. (2011). BBC, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12995174.
  • Syria’s Assad Provides Citizenship to Kurds Amid Persisting Protests. (2011). Haaretz, Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2018, https://www.haaretz.com/1.5148543.
  • Syria’s Kurds: A Struggle Within a Struggle. (2013). International Crisis Group, Middle East Report No 136, Erişim tarihi: 04.08.2018, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/syrias-kurds-a-struggle-within-a-struggle.pdf.
  • Syria: Kurds, Honour-Killings and Illegal Departure: Report from a Fact Finding Mission to Damascus. (2007). Danish Refugee Council, Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2018, https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1014680/1064_1176888293_ rapportsyria2007.pdf.
  • Tejel, J. (2009). Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Under Kurdish Rule: Abuses in PYD-run Enclaves of Syria. (2014). Human Rights Watch, Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2018, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/ reports/syria0614_kurds_ForUpload.pdf.
  • Van Bruinessen, M. (1988). Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: the PKK. MERIP, 153, 40-46.
  • Vanly, I. C. (1992). The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon. P. G. Kreyenbroek. (Ed.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Londra ve New York: Routledge.
  • We Had Nowhere Else to Go: Forced Displacement and Demolitions in Northern Syria. (2015). Amnesty International, Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2018, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2425032015ENGLISH.PDF.
  • White, P. (2000). Primitive Rebels or Revolutionary Modernisers? The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. Londra: Zed Books.
  • Wilgenburg, W. V. (2013). The Kurdish PUK’s Syria Policy. Carnegie Middle East Center, Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2018, http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/53884.
  • Zeytin Dalı Harekâtı. (2018). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Erişim tarihi: 23.03.2019, https://www.tsk.tr/Home/Detay/596.
  • Zisser, E. (2014). The Kurds in Syria: Caught between the Struggle for Civil Equality and the Search for National Identity. O. Bengio. (Ed.), Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4,000 Residents from al Salhabiya al Sharqiya Village in Western Suburbs of Raqqa have been Forcibly Displaced: Syrian Democratic Forces Bar Residents from Going Back Home. (2017). The Syrian Network for Human Rights, Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2018, http://sn4hr.org/wp-content/pdf/english/4000_Residents_from_alSalhabiya_Village_Forcibly_Displaced_en.pdf.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Buğra Sarı 0000-0001-6428-1292

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, B. (2019). VEKİLLİKTEN ÇATIŞMAYA, ÇATIŞMADAN ORTAKLIĞA: PKK-SURİYE İLİŞKİLERİNİN DEĞİŞEN KARAKTERİSTİĞİ. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 107-132. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.562981

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