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Türkiye Ve Avrupa İş Piyasalarında Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar: Çifte Ayrımcılık Bağlamında Meydan Okumaları Tanımlamak

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 75, 43 - 67, 28.12.2018

Öz

Bu çalışma, mülteci kadınların, iş piyasaları başta olmak üzere, uyum süreçlerinin çeşitli aşamalarında, cinsiyet ve etnisite temelli çifte ayrımcılıkla karşılaştıkları argümanı ile, yakın zamanda Türkiye ve Avrupa’yı etkileyen Suriye Mülteci krizine odaklanmakta, ve karşılaştırmalı olarak, ilgili iş piyasalarında Suriyeli mülteci kadınının durumunu anlamaya ve incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Bu amaçla, öncelikle, mülteci çalışmalarında ve politika üretiminde, ‘kadın’ temasına dair meydan okumaları tanım tanımlamakta, daha sonra Suriyeli mülteci kadınların, bulundukları ülkelerin iş piyasalarına erişiminde karşılaştıkları, söz konusu çifte ayrımcılıktan kaynaklanan cinsiyet-temelli meydan okumalara ışık tutmayı hedeflemektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, (2014). ‘Syrian Women in Turkey.’ Available from: https://www.afad.gov.tr/ upload/Node/3904/xfiles/afad-suriye-kdn_eng.pdf. [11 February 2018].
  • Bach, A. (2009). ‘Immigration, Integration and Asylum Policies from a Gender Perspective’, European Social Watch Report, pp.14–6. Available from: http://www. socialwatch.org. [10 May 2018].
  • Callamard, A. (2002). ‘Refugee Women: a Gendered and Political Analysis of the Refugee Experience’, in Global Changes in Asylum Regimes: Migration, Minorities and Citizenship, ed Joly D, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Cengiz, F., Beveridge, F. (2015). ‘The EU Budget for Gender Equality’, Brussels, pp. 1–98. Available from: Europarl. [7 February 2018].
  • Council of the European Union, (2004), Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy in the EU, adopted by the Justice and Home Affairs Council. Available from: https:// www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/common-basic-principles_en.pdf. [25 May 2018].
  • Crépeau, F. (2014). ‘Human rights of migrants’, United Nations A/69/302 General Assembly Distr.: General, Sixty-ninth session Item 69 (b). Available from: http:// undocs.org/A/69/302. [26 October 2016].
  • De Geus, A., Fargues, F. (2016). From Refugees to Workers: Mapping Labour Market Integration Support Measures for Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in EU Member States: Volume I, Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/de/publikationen/ publikation/did/from-refugees-to-workers-mapping-labour-market-integrationsupport-measures-for-asylum-seekers-and-2/. [26 October 2016].
  • Desiderio, M. V. (2016). ‘Integrating Refugees into Host Country Labor Markets: Challenges and Policy Options’, MPI. Available from: http://www.migrationpolicy. org/research/integrating-refugees-host-country-labor-markets-challenges-and-policyoptions. [24 May 2017].
  • Diaz, P. C., Tordjman S. (2012). ‘Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence’ Available from: http://old.kvinnatillkvinna.se/sites/ default/files/ UNIFEM_handout_Women_in_peace_processes_Brief_April_20_2009. pdf. [16 May 2018].
  • Easton-Calabria E., Tong M., Topgul C. (2018). ‘International Refugee Congress 2018 Consultation Report’. Available from: http://www.refugeecongress2018.org/resourcesfiles/Consultation_Report_2018_March_03.05.2018.pdf. [11 May 2018].
  • Erdoğan, M., Ünver C. (2015). ‘Perspectives, Expectations and Suggestions of the Turkish Business Sector on Syrians in Turkey’, Turkish Confederation on Employer Associations, Ankara. Available from: https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress. com/2016/01/syrians-eng-mme.pdf. [15 November 2016].
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). ‘Executive Summary (Draft)’, Syrians-Barometer-2017, Available from: https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/syrians-barometer-executive-summary.pdf. [08 March 2018].
  • European Commission (2017). ‘Country Report Germany 2017: Including an In-Depth Review on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances’, Commission Staff Working Document no. 71 (final), Brussels. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/ sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-germany-en.pdf. [26 May 2018].
  • European Communities (2000). ‘Push and pull factors of international migration: a comparative report’, pp. 57–83. Available from: https://www.nidi.nl/shared/content/ output/2000/eurostat-2000-theme1-pushpull.pdf. [26 May 2018].
  • Eurostat (2018). ‘Asylum statistics’, Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics#Age_and_gender_of_first-time_applicants. [26 May 2018].
  • GCR (2018). “The Global Compact on Refugees, Draft 1. 9.03.2018, pp. 1-19. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/5aa2b3287/official-version-draft-1global-compact-refugees-9-march-2018.html. [16 May 2018].
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  • Freedman, J. (2009). ‘Female Asylum Seekers and Refugees in France’, UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research. Available from: http://www.refworld.org/ pdfid/4a535e112.pdf. [15 May 2018]
  • Herwig, R. (2017). ‘Strategies of Resistance of Syrian Female Refugees in Şanlıurfa’, in Movements, vol. 3, Issue 2/2017, pp. 179-194. Available from: www.movementsjournal.org. [15 May 2018].
  • Hoffmann, S., Samuk, S. (2016), ‘Working Paper No. 01” Research Division Global Issues, SWP,Berlin, pp. 1–30. Available from: https://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/ contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Working_paper_Hoffmann_Turkish_immigration_ policy.pdf. [27 May 2017].
  • ILO (2011). ‘Domestic Workers Convention, (No. 189)’, Available from: http://www.ilo. org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C189. [15 May 2018].
  • ILO (2013). ‘Extension of Social Protection of Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe’ pp.116. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/publication/wcms_232552.pdf. [15 May 2018].
  • ILO (2018). ‘UN Secretary-General’s report on the Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration Inputs of the International Labour Organization’ pp.1–4. Available from: https:// refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/unsg_gmc_report_rev.pdf. [19 May 2018].
  • IOM (2002). ‘Migration and International Legal Norms’, Migration Policy and Research Programme, Genava. Available form: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/ idm_3_en.pdf. [8 December 2016].
  • IOM (2015). Migration Initiatives 2016: Migration governance and sustainable development. International Organization for Migration. Available from: http://publications.iom.int/ system/files/migration_initiatives2016.pdf?language=en. [8 December 2016].
  • İçduygu A., Millet E. (2015). “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Insecure Lives in an Environment of Pseudo-Integration” Working Paper 13, August 2015, pp. 1–7. Koç University, Istanbul. Available from: http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_wp_13.pdf. [27 May 2017].
  • Jacobsen, K. (2002). ‘Livelihoods in conflict: the pursuit of livelihoods by refugees and the impact on the human security of host communities.’ International Migration Vol. 40 (5) Special Issue 2/2002. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1111/1468-2435.00213/pdf. [25 May 2017].
  • Kaya, A., Kıraç A. (2016). “Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Istanbul,” Support to Life Association, Available from: http://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/files/160621_ Ist_NA_Report.pdf. [19 May 2017].
  • Kilberg, R. (2014). ‘Turkey’s Evolving Migration Identity’, Available from: MPI. [15 November 2016].
  • Koenig M., Touzenis K., Cholewinski R. (2009). ‘The Human Rights of Migrants,’ International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), vol. 11, no.1. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001838/183859m.pdf. [26 October 2016].
  • Konle-Seidl, R., Bolits, G. (2016). ‘Labour Market Integration of Refugees: Strategies and good practices.’ Avaiable from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/. [25 May 2017].
  • Lerner, M., Menahem, G., Hisrich, R. D. (2006). ‘Does government matter? The impact of occupational retraining, gender and ethnicity on immigrants’ incorporation’, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 12, no. 2, pp.192–210. Available from: Emerald Insight. [25 October 2016].
  • Mallender, J., Gutheil, M. M., Heetman M. A. (2014). ‘Discrimination of migrant workers at the workplace’ European Union, pp.1-66. Available from: Europarl. [7 February 2018].
  • Martín, I., Arcarons, A., Aumüller J. (2016). ‘From Refugees to Workers: Mapping Labour Market Integration Support Measures for Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in EU Member States: Volume I: Comparative Analysis and Policy Findings’. Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/de/publikationen/publikation/did/fromrefugees-to-workers-mapping-labour-market-integration-support-measures-forasylum-seekers-and-2/. [26 October 2016].
  • OECD (2016). International Migration Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2016-en. [30 November 2016].
  • OECD (2017). ‘Finding their Way: Labour Market Integration of Refugees in Germany’. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Finding-their-Way-Germany.pdf. [15 May 2018].
  • OHCHR (2015). ‘Behind closed doors Protecting and promoting the human rights of migrant domestic workers in an irregular situation’, Available from: http://www. ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Behind_closed_doors_HR_PUB_15_4_EN.pdf.
  • Omelaniuk, I. (2005). ‘Gender, Poverty Reduction and Migration’ World Bank pp.1–18. http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/Gender.pdf. [18 May 2018].
  • Ostrand, N. (2015). ‘The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Comparison of Responses by Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States’, JMHS, 3(3), pp. 255–279. Available from: http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/51. [14 November 2016].
  • Papademetriou D.G., Fratzke S. (2016). ‘Beyond Care and Maintenance: Rebuilding Hope and Opportunity for Refugees (Transatlantic Council Statement)’, MPI REPORTS. Available from: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/beyond-care-and-maintenance-rebuildinghope-and-opportunity-refugees-transatlantic-council. [24 May 2017].
  • Platonova A., Urso G. (Eds.) (2012). ‘Labour Market Inclusion of the Less Skilled Migrants in the European Union’ Available from: https://publications.iom.int/books/ labour-market-inclusion-less-skilled-migrants-european-union. [10 December 2016].
  • Salikutluk, Z., Giesecke, J., Kroh, M. (2016). ‘Refugees Entered the Labor Market Later Than Other Migrants’, DIW Economic Bulletin, Berlin, pp. 407–14. Available from: https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.542012.de/diw_econ_ bull_2016-34-5.pdf. [25 October 2016].
  • Sansonetti, S. (2016). ‘Female refugees and asylum seekers: the issue of integration’. Available from:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/556929/ IPOL_STU(2016)556929_EN.pdf. [25 October 2016].
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Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 75, 43 - 67, 28.12.2018

Öz

This paper argues that, refugee women encounter dual discrimination based on both gender and ethnicity, in several aspects of their harmonisation processes, especially in the labour markets in their countries of destination. With this stand point, this paper concentrates on the Syrian refugee crisis which has recently affected both Europe and Turkey; and aims to understand the particular situation of Syrian refugee women, in the corresponding labour markets, in a comparative manner. To do so, this paper first sets to identify the challenges to assessing refugee women’s situation, by addressing the gaps in research and policy making; and consequently, attempts to shed light on the gender-specific challenges, stemming from the so-called dual discrimination that Syrian refugee women face in terms of their access to labour market in their respective countries of destination. 

Kaynakça

  • AFAD, (2014). ‘Syrian Women in Turkey.’ Available from: https://www.afad.gov.tr/ upload/Node/3904/xfiles/afad-suriye-kdn_eng.pdf. [11 February 2018].
  • Bach, A. (2009). ‘Immigration, Integration and Asylum Policies from a Gender Perspective’, European Social Watch Report, pp.14–6. Available from: http://www. socialwatch.org. [10 May 2018].
  • Callamard, A. (2002). ‘Refugee Women: a Gendered and Political Analysis of the Refugee Experience’, in Global Changes in Asylum Regimes: Migration, Minorities and Citizenship, ed Joly D, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Cengiz, F., Beveridge, F. (2015). ‘The EU Budget for Gender Equality’, Brussels, pp. 1–98. Available from: Europarl. [7 February 2018].
  • Council of the European Union, (2004), Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy in the EU, adopted by the Justice and Home Affairs Council. Available from: https:// www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/common-basic-principles_en.pdf. [25 May 2018].
  • Crépeau, F. (2014). ‘Human rights of migrants’, United Nations A/69/302 General Assembly Distr.: General, Sixty-ninth session Item 69 (b). Available from: http:// undocs.org/A/69/302. [26 October 2016].
  • De Geus, A., Fargues, F. (2016). From Refugees to Workers: Mapping Labour Market Integration Support Measures for Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in EU Member States: Volume I, Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/de/publikationen/ publikation/did/from-refugees-to-workers-mapping-labour-market-integrationsupport-measures-for-asylum-seekers-and-2/. [26 October 2016].
  • Desiderio, M. V. (2016). ‘Integrating Refugees into Host Country Labor Markets: Challenges and Policy Options’, MPI. Available from: http://www.migrationpolicy. org/research/integrating-refugees-host-country-labor-markets-challenges-and-policyoptions. [24 May 2017].
  • Diaz, P. C., Tordjman S. (2012). ‘Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence’ Available from: http://old.kvinnatillkvinna.se/sites/ default/files/ UNIFEM_handout_Women_in_peace_processes_Brief_April_20_2009. pdf. [16 May 2018].
  • Easton-Calabria E., Tong M., Topgul C. (2018). ‘International Refugee Congress 2018 Consultation Report’. Available from: http://www.refugeecongress2018.org/resourcesfiles/Consultation_Report_2018_March_03.05.2018.pdf. [11 May 2018].
  • Erdoğan, M., Ünver C. (2015). ‘Perspectives, Expectations and Suggestions of the Turkish Business Sector on Syrians in Turkey’, Turkish Confederation on Employer Associations, Ankara. Available from: https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress. com/2016/01/syrians-eng-mme.pdf. [15 November 2016].
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). ‘Executive Summary (Draft)’, Syrians-Barometer-2017, Available from: https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/syrians-barometer-executive-summary.pdf. [08 March 2018].
  • European Commission (2017). ‘Country Report Germany 2017: Including an In-Depth Review on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances’, Commission Staff Working Document no. 71 (final), Brussels. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/ sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-germany-en.pdf. [26 May 2018].
  • European Communities (2000). ‘Push and pull factors of international migration: a comparative report’, pp. 57–83. Available from: https://www.nidi.nl/shared/content/ output/2000/eurostat-2000-theme1-pushpull.pdf. [26 May 2018].
  • Eurostat (2018). ‘Asylum statistics’, Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics#Age_and_gender_of_first-time_applicants. [26 May 2018].
  • GCR (2018). “The Global Compact on Refugees, Draft 1. 9.03.2018, pp. 1-19. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/5aa2b3287/official-version-draft-1global-compact-refugees-9-march-2018.html. [16 May 2018].
  • GENDERNET (2011). ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment’. Available from: https:// www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/47561694.pdf. [15 May 2018].
  • Freedman, J. (2009). ‘Female Asylum Seekers and Refugees in France’, UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research. Available from: http://www.refworld.org/ pdfid/4a535e112.pdf. [15 May 2018]
  • Herwig, R. (2017). ‘Strategies of Resistance of Syrian Female Refugees in Şanlıurfa’, in Movements, vol. 3, Issue 2/2017, pp. 179-194. Available from: www.movementsjournal.org. [15 May 2018].
  • Hoffmann, S., Samuk, S. (2016), ‘Working Paper No. 01” Research Division Global Issues, SWP,Berlin, pp. 1–30. Available from: https://www.swpberlin.org/fileadmin/ contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Working_paper_Hoffmann_Turkish_immigration_ policy.pdf. [27 May 2017].
  • ILO (2011). ‘Domestic Workers Convention, (No. 189)’, Available from: http://www.ilo. org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C189. [15 May 2018].
  • ILO (2013). ‘Extension of Social Protection of Migrant Domestic Workers in Europe’ pp.116. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/documents/publication/wcms_232552.pdf. [15 May 2018].
  • ILO (2018). ‘UN Secretary-General’s report on the Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration Inputs of the International Labour Organization’ pp.1–4. Available from: https:// refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/unsg_gmc_report_rev.pdf. [19 May 2018].
  • IOM (2002). ‘Migration and International Legal Norms’, Migration Policy and Research Programme, Genava. Available form: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/ idm_3_en.pdf. [8 December 2016].
  • IOM (2015). Migration Initiatives 2016: Migration governance and sustainable development. International Organization for Migration. Available from: http://publications.iom.int/ system/files/migration_initiatives2016.pdf?language=en. [8 December 2016].
  • İçduygu A., Millet E. (2015). “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Insecure Lives in an Environment of Pseudo-Integration” Working Paper 13, August 2015, pp. 1–7. Koç University, Istanbul. Available from: http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_wp_13.pdf. [27 May 2017].
  • Jacobsen, K. (2002). ‘Livelihoods in conflict: the pursuit of livelihoods by refugees and the impact on the human security of host communities.’ International Migration Vol. 40 (5) Special Issue 2/2002. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1111/1468-2435.00213/pdf. [25 May 2017].
  • Kaya, A., Kıraç A. (2016). “Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Istanbul,” Support to Life Association, Available from: http://eu.bilgi.edu.tr/media/files/160621_ Ist_NA_Report.pdf. [19 May 2017].
  • Kilberg, R. (2014). ‘Turkey’s Evolving Migration Identity’, Available from: MPI. [15 November 2016].
  • Koenig M., Touzenis K., Cholewinski R. (2009). ‘The Human Rights of Migrants,’ International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), vol. 11, no.1. Available from: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001838/183859m.pdf. [26 October 2016].
  • Konle-Seidl, R., Bolits, G. (2016). ‘Labour Market Integration of Refugees: Strategies and good practices.’ Avaiable from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/. [25 May 2017].
  • Lerner, M., Menahem, G., Hisrich, R. D. (2006). ‘Does government matter? The impact of occupational retraining, gender and ethnicity on immigrants’ incorporation’, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 12, no. 2, pp.192–210. Available from: Emerald Insight. [25 October 2016].
  • Mallender, J., Gutheil, M. M., Heetman M. A. (2014). ‘Discrimination of migrant workers at the workplace’ European Union, pp.1-66. Available from: Europarl. [7 February 2018].
  • Martín, I., Arcarons, A., Aumüller J. (2016). ‘From Refugees to Workers: Mapping Labour Market Integration Support Measures for Asylum-Seekers and Refugees in EU Member States: Volume I: Comparative Analysis and Policy Findings’. Available from: https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/de/publikationen/publikation/did/fromrefugees-to-workers-mapping-labour-market-integration-support-measures-forasylum-seekers-and-2/. [26 October 2016].
  • OECD (2016). International Migration Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2016-en. [30 November 2016].
  • OECD (2017). ‘Finding their Way: Labour Market Integration of Refugees in Germany’. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Finding-their-Way-Germany.pdf. [15 May 2018].
  • OHCHR (2015). ‘Behind closed doors Protecting and promoting the human rights of migrant domestic workers in an irregular situation’, Available from: http://www. ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Behind_closed_doors_HR_PUB_15_4_EN.pdf.
  • Omelaniuk, I. (2005). ‘Gender, Poverty Reduction and Migration’ World Bank pp.1–18. http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/Gender.pdf. [18 May 2018].
  • Ostrand, N. (2015). ‘The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Comparison of Responses by Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States’, JMHS, 3(3), pp. 255–279. Available from: http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/51. [14 November 2016].
  • Papademetriou D.G., Fratzke S. (2016). ‘Beyond Care and Maintenance: Rebuilding Hope and Opportunity for Refugees (Transatlantic Council Statement)’, MPI REPORTS. Available from: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/beyond-care-and-maintenance-rebuildinghope-and-opportunity-refugees-transatlantic-council. [24 May 2017].
  • Platonova A., Urso G. (Eds.) (2012). ‘Labour Market Inclusion of the Less Skilled Migrants in the European Union’ Available from: https://publications.iom.int/books/ labour-market-inclusion-less-skilled-migrants-european-union. [10 December 2016].
  • Salikutluk, Z., Giesecke, J., Kroh, M. (2016). ‘Refugees Entered the Labor Market Later Than Other Migrants’, DIW Economic Bulletin, Berlin, pp. 407–14. Available from: https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.542012.de/diw_econ_ bull_2016-34-5.pdf. [25 October 2016].
  • Sansonetti, S. (2016). ‘Female refugees and asylum seekers: the issue of integration’. Available from:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/556929/ IPOL_STU(2016)556929_EN.pdf. [25 October 2016].
  • Schmidt, A. S., Liebig T. (2016). ‘Making Integration Work: Refugees and Others In Need of Protection’, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available from: http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/9789264251236-en. [26 October 2016].
  • Taran, P. (2012). ‘Crisis, Migration and Precarious Work: impacts and responses Focus on European Union member countries’, New York and Geneva, 2015. Available from: http://www.globalmigrationpolicy.org/articles/activities/Europe-%20Crisis%20 and%20Migration%20Taran%20Final%2021-2-12.pdf. [19 May 2018].
  • Thyssen, M. (2016). ‘Executive Summary’ and ‘CHAPTER 3: Labour market integration of Refugees’ Employment and Social Development in Europe 2016 - Annual Review 2016 http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738andlangId=enandpubId=7952andfurtherPubs=yes. [19 May 2018].
  • Turkstat (2016). ‘Women in Statistics, 2017’ No: 27594. Available from: http://www. turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594. [06 March 2018].
  • UNDP, ILO, WFP (2017). Jobs Make the Difference: Expanding Economic Opportunities for Syrian Refugees and Host Communities Egypt - Iraq - Jordan - Lebanon - Syria – Turkey, pp. 1–135. Available from: https://www.jobsmakethedifference.org/fullreport. [5 March 2018].
  • United Nations (2015). “The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs” http:// ec.europa.eu/environment/sustainable-development/SDGs/index_en.htm. [14 May 2018].
  • United Nations (2016). ‘In safety and dignity: addressing large movements of refugees and migrants: Report of the Secretary-General’, UN A/70/59 pp. 1–27. Available from: http://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/in_safety_and_dignity_addressing_large_movements_of_refugees_and_migrants.pdf. [14 May 2018].
  • United Nations (2017). ‘S/PV.7888 Security Council Seventy-second year 7888th meeting’ Available from: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D274E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_pv_7888.pdf. [14 May 2018].
  • UNFPA (2004). ‘Meeting the Challenges of Migration: Progress since the ICPD’, The Integrational Migration Policy Programme (IMP). Available from: http://www.unfpa. org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/migration_icpd.pdf. [5 February 2018].
  • UNFPA, IOM (2013). ‘International Migration and Development: Contributions and Recommendations of the International System’ Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/ sites/default/files/pub-pdf/CEB%20Pub.%20International%20Migration%20and%20 Development.pdf.[5 March 2018].
  • UNFPA (2016). ‘More than Numbers: Regional Overview Responding to gender-based violence in the Syria crisis’, Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arabrepublic/more-numbers-regional-overview-responding-gender-based-violence-syrian. [7 February 2018].
  • UNHCR (2014). ‘Woman Alone: The fight for Survival by Syria’s Sefugee Women’, pp. 1–74. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/ar/53bb8d006.pdf. [7 February 2018] UNHCR (2017). Turkey 3RP Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan 2017-2018. Available from: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/53539. [3 February 2018].
  • UNHCR (2018). ‘‘We are part of the solution’, say young refugees’, Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2018/5/5af314524/part-solution-say-youngrefugees.html. [14 May 2018].
  • Urso, G., Schuster, A. (Ed.) (2013). ‘Migration, Employment and Labour Market Integration Policies in the EU – 2011’ Available from: https://publications.iom.int/ books/migration-employment-and-labour-market-integration-policies-europeanunion-2010. [10 December 2016].
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nihan DURAN Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8853-727X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 75

Kaynak Göster

APA DURAN, N. (2018). Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(75), 43-67.
AMA DURAN N. Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Aralık 2018;(75):43-67.
Chicago DURAN, Nihan. “Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75 (Aralık 2018): 43-67.
EndNote DURAN N (01 Aralık 2018) Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 75 43–67.
IEEE N. DURAN, “Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75, ss. 43–67, Aralık 2018.
ISNAD DURAN, Nihan. “Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 75 (Aralık 2018), 43-67.
JAMA DURAN N. Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2018;:43–67.
MLA DURAN, Nihan. “Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75, 2018, ss. 43-67.
Vancouver DURAN N. Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2018(75):43-67.