Araştırma Makalesi

The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse

Cilt: 25 Sayı: 63 15 Aralık 2022
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The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse

Öz

This paper analyses the complexity of problems American Muslims face with Islamophobia by examining (i) how Islamophobic discourse has become an integral part of the American politics; (ii) how the American political discourse on Islam and Muslims has affected the increase of Islamophobia, especially after the 9/11 terrorist attacks; and (iii) how Islamophobia is wielded as a political tool to garner the support of Americans and justify American imperial ambitions including the U.S. invasions and military occupations. Although the 9/11 gave a fresh impetus to Islamophobia, and since then, it has been on the rise, its history is as old as the history of Orientalism in America. Thus, the paper investigates the continuities between received Orientalism and American political rhetoric on Muslims and Islam. After the 9/11, not only did American political discourse manifest Islamophobia but also regulations and laws signed by the presidents targeted Muslims; both are indications of the continuity of accepted Orientalism. Remarkably, the major tenets of Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism parallel the Islamophobic political discourse that emerged after the 9/11. Thus, The paper, thereby draws on Said's discourse analysis of Orientalism to indicate how the rise of Islamophobia among Americans and American political discourse (power) about Muslims and Islam post 9/11 are interconnected and inextricably linked. More specifically, political discourse, while reframing the discourse as “us” versus “them,” hasmoreover, have been categorized on the one hand as “good” Muslims (the exceptions that prove the rule) who serve American interests and imperial policies and “bad” Muslims who are reluctant to serve imperial interests. As this study analytically explains the relationship between Orientalism, an essential tool of the Western colonial mentality, and the American political discourse, which became harsher with anti-Islamic expressions after the 9/11, it shows how American political discourse of Muslims promotes Islamophobia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Abbas, Tahir. “After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State”. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 23/3 (Summer 2004), 26-38.
  2. Abbas, Tahir. “Islamophobia in the United Kingdom: Historical and Contemporary Political and Media Discourses in the Framing of a 21st-Centruy Anti-Islam Racism”. The Challenge of Pluralism in 21st Century: Islamophobia, ed. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 63-76. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  3. Allen, Christopher. “Justifying Islamophobia: A Post-9/11 Consideration of the European Union and British Contexts”. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 21/3 (Summer 2004), 1-25.
  4. Cesari, Jocelyne. “Islamophobia in the West: A Comparison between Europe and the United States” The Challenge of Pluralism in 21st Century: Islamophobia, edit by John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 21-46. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  5. Cole, Juan. “Islamophobia and American Foreign Policy Rhetoric: The Bush Years and After ” The Challenge of Pluralism in 21st Century: Islamophobia, ed. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 127-142. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  6. Gottschalk, Peter and Gabriel Greenberg. “From Muhammed to Obama : Caricatures, Cartoons, and Stereotypes of Muslims” The Challenge of Pluralism in 21st Century: Islamophobia, ed. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 191-210. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  7. Hall, Stuart. “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power.” Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies, ed. Stuart Hall, David Held, Don Hubert, and Kenneth Thompson, 184-227. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
  8. Kalin, Ibrahim. “Islamophobia and the Limits of Multiculturalism,” in The Challenge of Pluralism in 21st Century: Islamophobia, Edit by John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, 3-20. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Aralık 2022

Gönderilme Tarihi

2 Eylül 2022

Kabul Tarihi

6 Aralık 2022

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2022 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 63

Kaynak Göster

APA
Altundal Erkmen, H. (2022). The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse. Dini Araştırmalar, 25(63), 423-446. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1170036
AMA
1.Altundal Erkmen H. The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse. Dini Araştırmalar. 2022;25(63):423-446. doi:10.15745/da.1170036
Chicago
Altundal Erkmen, Hatice. 2022. “The New ‘Other’ the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse”. Dini Araştırmalar 25 (63): 423-46. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1170036.
EndNote
Altundal Erkmen H (01 Aralık 2022) The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse. Dini Araştırmalar 25 63 423–446.
IEEE
[1]H. Altundal Erkmen, “The New ‘Other’ the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse”, Dini Araştırmalar, c. 25, sy 63, ss. 423–446, Ara. 2022, doi: 10.15745/da.1170036.
ISNAD
Altundal Erkmen, Hatice. “The New ‘Other’ the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse”. Dini Araştırmalar 25/63 (01 Aralık 2022): 423-446. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1170036.
JAMA
1.Altundal Erkmen H. The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse. Dini Araştırmalar. 2022;25:423–446.
MLA
Altundal Erkmen, Hatice. “The New ‘Other’ the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse”. Dini Araştırmalar, c. 25, sy 63, Aralık 2022, ss. 423-46, doi:10.15745/da.1170036.
Vancouver
1.Hatice Altundal Erkmen. The New “Other” the Endorsement of Islamophobia in American Political Discourse. Dini Araştırmalar. 01 Aralık 2022;25(63):423-46. doi:10.15745/da.1170036