Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30, 239 - 287, 16.09.2019
Öz
With increased and diversified
mixed migration flows across the world, international human trafficking has become
one of the most critical global challenges of the 21st century. The growing interest
in the “global fight against human trafficking” rhetoric at times overshadows academic
debates that provide an understanding of the concept based on factual/theoretical
evidence. Main objective of this study is to overview the main conceptual and theoretical
debates within the scope of international relations and international migration
in an attempt to emphasise their significance in developing effective anti-trafficking
strategies. Among other issues, the first part of the paper examines the conceptual
relationship between human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and irregular migration.
The second part addresses theoretical debates on human trafficking with reference
to migration and security phenomena. The final part of the paper assesses the contribution
of Turkey’s newly reformed migration institutional and legal framework on the development
of a victim-oriented anti-trafficking policy in line with international standards.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Human Trafficking (Trafficking in Persons) Migrant Smuggling International Migration Turkey Human Security
Kaynakça
- ATASÜ-TOPÇUOĞLU, Reyhan, Ideology and the Fight Against Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2014.
- BETTS, Alexander (ed.), Global Migration Governance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011.
- BRYSK, Alison ve Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, Austin, From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Reframing Contemporary Slavery, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2012.
- BUZAN, Barry, Waever, Ole, ve Wilde de, Jaap, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1998.
- CRAWFORD, Mary, Sex Trafficking in South Asia: Telling Maya’s Story, Routledge, New York, 2010.
- DAİGLE, Leah E. ve Muftic, Lisa R., Victimology, Sage Publications, United States of America, 2016.
- DALLA, Rochelle L. Lynda M. Barker, John DeFrain, ve Cella Williamson (ed.), Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking, Lexington Books, Maryland, 2013.
- DERKS, Annuska, Combating Trafficking in South East Asia, A Review of Policy and Programme Responses, International Organization for Migration, 2000.
- KYLE, David. and Rey Koslowski (ed.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001.
- LOCHER, Birgit, Trafficking in Women in the European Union, Springer Publications, Wiesbaden, 2007.
- OKUBO, Shiro ve Shelley, Louise, Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking: Asian and Western Perspectives, Routledge, New York, 2011.
- SHELLEY, Louise, Human Trafficking, A Global Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
- TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Anna, Irregular Migration in Europe: Myths and Realities, Taylor and Francis, London, 2010.
- BEARE, Margaret E., “Illegal Migration: Personal Tragedies, Social Problems, or National Security Threats?”, P. Williams (ed.), Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade, Frank Cass, London, 1999, ss. 11-41.
- Dİ NİCOLA, Andrea, “Researching int Human Trafficking: Issues and Problems”, M. Lee (ed.), Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 63-86.
- JOHNSSON, Ann, “Introduction: Human Trafficking and Human Security in the Baltic Sea Region”, Ann Johnsson (ed.), Human Trafficking and Human Security, Routledge, New York, 2009, ss. 15- 23.
- KELLY, Liz, “You Can Find Anything You Want: A Critical Reflection on Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe”, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey, International Organization for Migration, 2005, ss. 235-265.
- KOSER, Khalid, “The smuggling of Refugees”, D. Kyle ve R. Koslowski (ed.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001, ss. 256-272.
- LEE, Maggy, “Introduction: Understanding Human Trafficking” M. Lee (ed.), Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 15- 39.
- PİCARELLİ, John T., “Historical Approaches to the Trade in Human Beings”, M. Lee der., Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 40-62.
- WONG, Diana, “The rumor of trafficking: border controls, illegal migration, and the sovereignty of the nation-state”, W. van Schendel ve I. Abraham der., Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2005, ss. 69-100.
- JACQUİ True, “Feminism”, Scott Burchill (ed.), Theories of International Relations, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, ss. 231-76.
- BALES, Kevin, “What Predicts Human Trafficking?”, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 2007, Cilt 31, No 2, ss. 269-79.
- DE HEREDİA, Marta Iniguez, “People Trafficking: Conceptual issues with the United Nations Trafficking Protocol 2000”, Human Rights Review, 2008, Cilt 9, No 3, ss. 299-316.
- EMMERS, Ralf, “Globalization and Non- Traditional Security Issues: A Study of Human and Drug Trafficking in East Asia”, RSIS Working Paper, 2004, No. 62, ss.1-26.
- FRİESENDORF, Cornelius, “Pathologies of Security Governance: Efforts Against Human Trafficking in Europe”, Security Dialogue, 2007, Cilt 38, No 3, ss. 379-402.
- GEORGİS, Mariam and Nicole V.T. Lugosi, “(Re)inserting race and indigeneity in international relations theory: a post-colonial approach”, Global Change, Peace & Security, 2013, Cilt 26, No 1, ss.71-83.
- LACZKO, Frank, “Introduction, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey”, International Migration, 2005, Cilt 43, No 1/2, ss. 5-16.
- LOBASZ, Jennifer K., “Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking”, Security Studies, 2013, Cilt 18, No 2, ss. 319-344.
- MAKEİ, Vladimir, “Human Trafficking in the Post-Cold War Period: Towards a More Comprehensive Approach”, Columbia University Journal of International Affairs, 2013, http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/ online-articles/human-trafficking-post-cold-war/, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- MCDONALD, Matt, “Human Security and the construction of security”, Global Society, 2002, Cilt 16, No 3, ss. 277-295.
- MEMİŞOĞLU, Fulya, “Between the Legacy of Nation-State and Forces of Globalisation: Turkey’s Management of Mixed Migration Flows”, EUI RSCAS Working Paper Series, 2014, No 122, http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/ 1814/33862/RSCAS_2014_122.pdf?sequence=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2019).
- NADİG, Aninia, “Human Smuggling, National Security, and Refugee Protection”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 2002, Cilt 15, No 1, ss. 1-25.
- OBOKATA, Tom, “Trafficking of Human Beings as a Crime Against Humanity: Some Implications for the International Legal System”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cilt 54, No 2, 2005, ss.445-457.
- SALT, John, “Trafficking and Human Smuggling: A European Perspective”, International Migration, 2000, Cilt 38, No 3, ss. 31- 56.
- SKELDON, Ronald, “Trafficking: A Perspective from Asia”, International Migration, 2000, Cilt 38, No 3, ss.7-30.
- WALT, Stephen M., “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, 1991, Cilt 35, No 2, ss.211-239.
- Aile Danışmanları Derneği, “The Power of Civil Society to Combat Human Trafficking”, 2017, https://ailedanismanlari.org/human-trafficking/the-power-of-civil-society-to-combat-human-trafficking-project-nongovernmental-organizations-sop-standard-operational-procedures/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- Birleşmiş Milletler Küresel Göç Mutabakatı (UN Global Compact for Migration), “Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Intergovernmentally Negotiated and Agreed Outcome”, 2018, https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/ default/files/180711_final_draft_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Kalkınma Programı (United Nations Development Programme/UNDP), “2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri”, 2018, http://www.tr.undp. org/content/turkey/tr/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), “Human Trafficking”, 2018, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), “UN Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016”, UNODC Publication, Vienna, 2016, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/ 2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- EUROPOL, “Migrant Smuggling in the EU”, 2016, https://www.europol. europa.eu/publications-documents/migrant-smuggling-in-eu (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), “Smuggling and Trafficking: Rights and Intersections”, Working Paper Series, 2011, https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/ sites/antitrafficking/files/smuggling_and_trafficking._rights_and_intersections_1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (GİGM) Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Göç İstatistikleri: İnsan Ticareti”, http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/insan-ticareti-ile-mucadele_363_378_ 4714_icerik (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2018).
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (GİGM), “2017 Türkiye İnsan Ticaretiyle Mücadele Yıllık Raporu”, Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No 48, Ankara, 2018, http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/INSAN-TICARETI-MAGDURLARI-RAPORU-2017-mini.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Healy, Claire, Targeting Vulnerabilities: The Impact of the Syrian War and Refugee Situation on Trafficking in Persons, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2015, https://www.icmpd.org/ fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/Anti-Trafficking/Targeting_Vulnerabilities _EN__SOFT_.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- International Labour Organization (ILO), “Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage”, 2017, https://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Missing Migrants Project”, 2018, https://missingmigrants.iom.int (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), Human Trafficking: New Directions for Research, International Organization for Migration, 2008, https://www.iom.int/jahia/ webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/ microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/ human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- Iselin, Brian ve Adams, Melanie, Distinguishing between Human Trafficking and People Smuggling, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific, 2003, https://www.embraceni.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/Distinguish ing[1]1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Natalie Jesionka, “ Human Trafficking: The Myths and the Realities”, The Daily Muse, 2019, https://www.themuse.com/advice/human-trafficking-the-myths-and-the-realities (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2019).
- OSCE/ODIHR, “National Referral Mechanisms: Joining Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Persons, A Practical Handbook”, Warsaw, 2004, , https://www.osce.org/odihr/13967?download=true (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Pierce, Sarah, “The Vital Difference Between Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling”, Open Democracy, 2014, https://www.open democracy.net/beyondslavery/sarah-pierce/vital -difference-between-human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- UNICEF, “Harrowing Journeys: Children and youth on the move across the Mediterranean Sea, at risk of trafficking and exploitation”, UNICEF ve International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Ortak Raporu, 2017, https://www.unicef.org/ publications/index_100621.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
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- Council of Europe, Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings and Its Explanatory Report, Council of Europe, 2005.
- İnsan Ticaretiyle Mücadele ve Mağdurların Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete No 29656, 2016, http://www.resmi gazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160317-9.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
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- Mülakat 1, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 2, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
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- Mülakat 4, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 5, Aralık 2017, Ankara
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30, 239 - 287, 16.09.2019
Öz
Uluslararası boyutta insan ticareti, dünya
genelinde artan karma göç
hareketlerinin de etkisiyle 21. yüzyılın en önemli küresel sorunlarından biri haline gelmiştir. İnsan
ticaretiyle mücadele son yıllarda hükümetler, uluslararası kuruluşlar, sivil toplum
örgütleri ve medyanın yoğun ilgi gösterdiği bir alandır, ancak bu durum zaman zaman
kavramı teorik ve olgusal bulgularla anlamaya çalışan akademik tartışmaların önüne
geçmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı insan ticareti konusunda uluslararası ilişkiler
ve uluslararası göç literatürüne bağlantılı olarak süregelen başlıca kavramsal mevzular
ve teorik tartışmalara yer vermek; soruna yönelik etkin mücadele stratejileri geliştirmek
için öncelikle bu hususların göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini vurgulamaktır.
Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde insan ticareti, göçmen kaçakçılığı ve düzensiz göç
gibi temel kavramlar arasındaki bağlantı ele alınacaktır. İkinci bölümde ise insan
ticaretinin göç ve güvenlik olguları bağlamında kuramlaştırılmasına değinilecektir.
Çalışmanın son bölümünde Türkiye’de göç politikaları kapsamında gerçekleşen kurumsal
ve hukuki yapılandırma sürecinin insan ticaretiyle mücadelenin de mağdur odaklı
bir çerçevede geliştirilmesine katkısı değerlendirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İnsan Ticareti Göçmen Kaçakçılığı Uluslararası Göç Türkiye İnsan Güvenliği
Kaynakça
- ATASÜ-TOPÇUOĞLU, Reyhan, Ideology and the Fight Against Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2014.
- BETTS, Alexander (ed.), Global Migration Governance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011.
- BRYSK, Alison ve Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, Austin, From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Reframing Contemporary Slavery, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2012.
- BUZAN, Barry, Waever, Ole, ve Wilde de, Jaap, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, 1998.
- CRAWFORD, Mary, Sex Trafficking in South Asia: Telling Maya’s Story, Routledge, New York, 2010.
- DAİGLE, Leah E. ve Muftic, Lisa R., Victimology, Sage Publications, United States of America, 2016.
- DALLA, Rochelle L. Lynda M. Barker, John DeFrain, ve Cella Williamson (ed.), Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking, Lexington Books, Maryland, 2013.
- DERKS, Annuska, Combating Trafficking in South East Asia, A Review of Policy and Programme Responses, International Organization for Migration, 2000.
- KYLE, David. and Rey Koslowski (ed.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001.
- LOCHER, Birgit, Trafficking in Women in the European Union, Springer Publications, Wiesbaden, 2007.
- OKUBO, Shiro ve Shelley, Louise, Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking: Asian and Western Perspectives, Routledge, New York, 2011.
- SHELLEY, Louise, Human Trafficking, A Global Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
- TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Anna, Irregular Migration in Europe: Myths and Realities, Taylor and Francis, London, 2010.
- BEARE, Margaret E., “Illegal Migration: Personal Tragedies, Social Problems, or National Security Threats?”, P. Williams (ed.), Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade, Frank Cass, London, 1999, ss. 11-41.
- Dİ NİCOLA, Andrea, “Researching int Human Trafficking: Issues and Problems”, M. Lee (ed.), Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 63-86.
- JOHNSSON, Ann, “Introduction: Human Trafficking and Human Security in the Baltic Sea Region”, Ann Johnsson (ed.), Human Trafficking and Human Security, Routledge, New York, 2009, ss. 15- 23.
- KELLY, Liz, “You Can Find Anything You Want: A Critical Reflection on Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe”, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey, International Organization for Migration, 2005, ss. 235-265.
- KOSER, Khalid, “The smuggling of Refugees”, D. Kyle ve R. Koslowski (ed.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2001, ss. 256-272.
- LEE, Maggy, “Introduction: Understanding Human Trafficking” M. Lee (ed.), Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 15- 39.
- PİCARELLİ, John T., “Historical Approaches to the Trade in Human Beings”, M. Lee der., Human Trafficking, Routledge, New York, 2007, ss. 40-62.
- WONG, Diana, “The rumor of trafficking: border controls, illegal migration, and the sovereignty of the nation-state”, W. van Schendel ve I. Abraham der., Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2005, ss. 69-100.
- JACQUİ True, “Feminism”, Scott Burchill (ed.), Theories of International Relations, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, ss. 231-76.
- BALES, Kevin, “What Predicts Human Trafficking?”, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 2007, Cilt 31, No 2, ss. 269-79.
- DE HEREDİA, Marta Iniguez, “People Trafficking: Conceptual issues with the United Nations Trafficking Protocol 2000”, Human Rights Review, 2008, Cilt 9, No 3, ss. 299-316.
- EMMERS, Ralf, “Globalization and Non- Traditional Security Issues: A Study of Human and Drug Trafficking in East Asia”, RSIS Working Paper, 2004, No. 62, ss.1-26.
- FRİESENDORF, Cornelius, “Pathologies of Security Governance: Efforts Against Human Trafficking in Europe”, Security Dialogue, 2007, Cilt 38, No 3, ss. 379-402.
- GEORGİS, Mariam and Nicole V.T. Lugosi, “(Re)inserting race and indigeneity in international relations theory: a post-colonial approach”, Global Change, Peace & Security, 2013, Cilt 26, No 1, ss.71-83.
- LACZKO, Frank, “Introduction, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey”, International Migration, 2005, Cilt 43, No 1/2, ss. 5-16.
- LOBASZ, Jennifer K., “Beyond Border Security: Feminist Approaches to Human Trafficking”, Security Studies, 2013, Cilt 18, No 2, ss. 319-344.
- MAKEİ, Vladimir, “Human Trafficking in the Post-Cold War Period: Towards a More Comprehensive Approach”, Columbia University Journal of International Affairs, 2013, http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/ online-articles/human-trafficking-post-cold-war/, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- MCDONALD, Matt, “Human Security and the construction of security”, Global Society, 2002, Cilt 16, No 3, ss. 277-295.
- MEMİŞOĞLU, Fulya, “Between the Legacy of Nation-State and Forces of Globalisation: Turkey’s Management of Mixed Migration Flows”, EUI RSCAS Working Paper Series, 2014, No 122, http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/ 1814/33862/RSCAS_2014_122.pdf?sequence=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2019).
- NADİG, Aninia, “Human Smuggling, National Security, and Refugee Protection”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 2002, Cilt 15, No 1, ss. 1-25.
- OBOKATA, Tom, “Trafficking of Human Beings as a Crime Against Humanity: Some Implications for the International Legal System”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Cilt 54, No 2, 2005, ss.445-457.
- SALT, John, “Trafficking and Human Smuggling: A European Perspective”, International Migration, 2000, Cilt 38, No 3, ss. 31- 56.
- SKELDON, Ronald, “Trafficking: A Perspective from Asia”, International Migration, 2000, Cilt 38, No 3, ss.7-30.
- WALT, Stephen M., “The Renaissance of Security Studies”, International Studies Quarterly, 1991, Cilt 35, No 2, ss.211-239.
- Aile Danışmanları Derneği, “The Power of Civil Society to Combat Human Trafficking”, 2017, https://ailedanismanlari.org/human-trafficking/the-power-of-civil-society-to-combat-human-trafficking-project-nongovernmental-organizations-sop-standard-operational-procedures/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- Birleşmiş Milletler Küresel Göç Mutabakatı (UN Global Compact for Migration), “Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Intergovernmentally Negotiated and Agreed Outcome”, 2018, https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/ default/files/180711_final_draft_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Kalkınma Programı (United Nations Development Programme/UNDP), “2030 Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri”, 2018, http://www.tr.undp. org/content/turkey/tr/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), “Human Trafficking”, 2018, https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), “UN Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2016”, UNODC Publication, Vienna, 2016, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/ 2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- EUROPOL, “Migrant Smuggling in the EU”, 2016, https://www.europol. europa.eu/publications-documents/migrant-smuggling-in-eu (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), “Smuggling and Trafficking: Rights and Intersections”, Working Paper Series, 2011, https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/ sites/antitrafficking/files/smuggling_and_trafficking._rights_and_intersections_1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (GİGM) Resmî İnternet Sayfası, “Göç İstatistikleri: İnsan Ticareti”, http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/insan-ticareti-ile-mucadele_363_378_ 4714_icerik (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2018).
- Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (GİGM), “2017 Türkiye İnsan Ticaretiyle Mücadele Yıllık Raporu”, Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No 48, Ankara, 2018, http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/INSAN-TICARETI-MAGDURLARI-RAPORU-2017-mini.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Healy, Claire, Targeting Vulnerabilities: The Impact of the Syrian War and Refugee Situation on Trafficking in Persons, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2015, https://www.icmpd.org/ fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/Anti-Trafficking/Targeting_Vulnerabilities _EN__SOFT_.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- International Labour Organization (ILO), “Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage”, 2017, https://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Missing Migrants Project”, 2018, https://missingmigrants.iom.int (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- International Organization for Migration (IOM), Human Trafficking: New Directions for Research, International Organization for Migration, 2008, https://www.iom.int/jahia/ webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/ microsites/IDM/workshops/ensuring_protection_070909/ human_trafficking_new_directions_for_research.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018)
- Iselin, Brian ve Adams, Melanie, Distinguishing between Human Trafficking and People Smuggling, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific, 2003, https://www.embraceni.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06/Distinguish ing[1]1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Natalie Jesionka, “ Human Trafficking: The Myths and the Realities”, The Daily Muse, 2019, https://www.themuse.com/advice/human-trafficking-the-myths-and-the-realities (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2019).
- OSCE/ODIHR, “National Referral Mechanisms: Joining Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Persons, A Practical Handbook”, Warsaw, 2004, , https://www.osce.org/odihr/13967?download=true (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Pierce, Sarah, “The Vital Difference Between Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling”, Open Democracy, 2014, https://www.open democracy.net/beyondslavery/sarah-pierce/vital -difference-between-human-trafficking-and-migrant-smuggling, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12. 2018).
- UNICEF, “Harrowing Journeys: Children and youth on the move across the Mediterranean Sea, at risk of trafficking and exploitation”, UNICEF ve International Organisation for Migration (IOM) Ortak Raporu, 2017, https://www.unicef.org/ publications/index_100621.html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2000.
- Birleşmiş Milletler Uyuşturucu ve Suç Ofisi (United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime/UNODC), Sınırıaşan Örgütlü Suçlarla Mücadele Sözleşmesine ek Kara, Deniz ve Hava Yoluyla Göçmen Kaçakçılığına Karşı Protokol, Viyana, Birleşmiş Milletler, Aralık 2000.
- Council of Europe, Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings and Its Explanatory Report, Council of Europe, 2005.
- İnsan Ticaretiyle Mücadele ve Mağdurların Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete No 29656, 2016, http://www.resmi gazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160317-9.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Türk Ceza Kanunu, Resmî Gazete No 25611, 2004, http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin1.Aspx?MevzuatKod=1.5.5237&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=&Tur=1&Tertip=5&No=5237 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2019).
- Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu (YUKK), Resmî Gazete No 28615, 2013, http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/ 2013/04/20130411-2.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Uluslararası İş Gücü Kanunu, Resmî Gazete No 29800, 2016, http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6735.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018).
- Mülakat 1, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 2, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 3, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 4, Aralık 2017, Ankara.
- Mülakat 5, Aralık 2017, Ankara
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Eylül 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Ocak 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30 |
