Araştırma Makalesi
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The Social Comparison Tendency of Social Media Users

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 273 - 302, 31.01.2020

Saniye Bengisu Büyükmumcu A. Aykut Ceyhan

https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.682035
Cited By: 2

Öz

The aim of the present research is to examine social comparison tendency of social media users. Therefore the aim of the present study is to determine a) social comparison targets, b) the feelings in social comparison and c) the behaviors revealed in social comparison among social media users who attend to college. Criterion sampling technique, which is one of the purposive sampling methods, was used in the determination of the students who will participate in this research carried out with the basic qualitative research method. Seven undergraduate students including 4 females and 3 males with an age range of 18 and 22 were included into the research. The data were gathered through semi-structures interview form by the researcher within March and April, 2018; and inductive analysis method was used for analysis of the data obtained (Patton, 2014). Demonstrativeness of the analyses performed was achieved by an expert on the concerning field. The findings related to social comparison tendency of social media users were categorized in form of "comparison target", "the feelings arisen in comparison" and "the behaviors disclosed in comparisons" through the objectives of the research. It is detected from the findings obtained related to the comparison target that the participants tend to up comparisons in general and refer down comparisons less. When the feelings arisen in comparison are reviewed, it is observed that the participants experience assimilating feelings such as hope and admiration; they have contrast feelings such as jealousy less in up comparisons; they experience assimilating feelings such as sorrow, mercy and fear rather than contrast feelings such as contempt in down comparisons. Finally, within the context of behaviors disclosed in comparisons, the participants presented ego improving behaviors in up comparisons whereas they refer to avoidance behavior in upward comparisons. Such findings indicate that social comparison tendencies of social media users may be up or down; and their emotions and behaviors may change accordingly during comparison process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social comparison social media social desirability

Kaynakça

  • Alicke, M. D., & Zell, E. (2008). Social comparison and envy. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Series in affective science. Envy: Theory and research (pp. 73-93). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Blanton, H. (2001). Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (pp. 75–87). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bogart, L. M., Benotsch, E. G., & Pavlovic, J. D. P. (2004). Feeling superior but threatened: The relation of narcissism to social comparison. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26(1), 35-44.
  • Buunk, B. P. & Ybema, J. F. (1997). Social comparisons and occupational stress: The identification-contrast model. In Bram. P. Buunk and Frederick. X. Gibbons (Eds.). Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 359-388). USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Buunk, A. P. & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21.
  • Buunk, B. P. & Ybema, J. F. (2003). Feeling bad, but satisfied: The effects of upward and downward comparison upon mood and marital satisfaction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 613-628.
  • Buunk, B. P., Van der Zee, K., & VanYperen, N. W. (2001). Neuroticism and social comparison orientation as moderators of affective responses to social comparison at work. Journal of Personality, 69(5), 745-762.
  • Chou, H. T. G. & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: the impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others' lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121.
  • Collins, R. L. (2000). Among the better ones. In J. Suls and L. Wheeler (Eds.) Handbook of Social Comparison (pp. 159-171). Springer: Boston, MA.
  • Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks.
  • Cramer, E. M., Song, H., & Drent, A. M. (2016). Social comparison on Facebook: Motivation, affective consequences, self-esteem, and Facebook fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 739-746.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. S. B. Demir (Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Crowne, D. P. & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1972). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial cues. Englewood Clieffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ellingson, J. E., Smith, D. B., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). Investigating the influence of social desirability on personality factor structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 122.
  • Faranda, M. & Roberts, L. D. (2019). Social comparisons on Facebook and offline: The relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 13-17.
  • Feinstein, B. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. (2013). Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(3), 161.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
  • Fleming, P. & Zizzo, D. J. (2011). Social desirability, approval and public good contribution. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 258-262.
  • Gibbons, F. X. & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129.
  • Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B., & Morris, K. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 69(2), 227.
  • Gonzales, A. L. & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
  • Haferkamp, N. & Krämer, N. C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309-314.
  • Häfner, M. (2004). How dissimilar others may still resemble the self: Assimilation and contrast after social comparison. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1-2), 187-196.
  • Hanko, K., Crusius, J., & Mussweiler, T. (2010). When I and me are different: assimilation and contrast in temporal self‐comparisons. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(1), 160-168.
  • Helgeson, V. S. & Mickelson, K. D. (1995). Motives for social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1200-1209.
  • Ivcevic, Z. & Ambady, N. (2012). Personality impressions from identity claims on Facebook. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(1), 38.
  • Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2014). Glancing up or down: Mood management and selective social comparisons on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 33-39.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kang, S., Chung, W., Mora, A. R., & Chung, Y. (2013). Facebook comparisons among adolescents: How do identification and contrast relate to wellbeing. Asian Journal of Information and Communications, 5(2), 1-21.
  • Kaşdarma, E. (2016). Facebook'taki sosyal karşılaştırma sürecinin ve bu süreçle ilişkili faktörlerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Kemp, S. (2018). Digital In 2018: World’s Internet Users Pass The 4 Billion Mark. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018. (Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018).
  • Kim, W., Jeong, O. R., & Lee, S. W. (2010). On social Web sites. Information Systems, 35(2), 215-236.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124.
  • Kuşay, Y. (2013). Sosyal medya ortamında çekicilik ve bağımlılık. Facebook üzerine bir araştırma. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Lee, S. Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites?: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260.
  • Lewis, N. (2019, baskıda). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. The Social Science Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331919300679’den erişilmiştir.
  • Lim, M. & Yang, Y. (2015). Effects of users’ envy and shame on social comparison that occurs on social network services. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 300-311.
  • Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 91.
  • Manago, A. M., Graham, M. B., Greenfield, P. M., & Salimkhan, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on MySpace. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 446-458.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. S. Turan (Çev. Ed.), Ankara: Nobel.
  • Mussweiler, T. & Strack, F. (2000). Consequences of social comparison. In handbook of social comparison (pp. 253-270). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Mussweiler, T. (2001). ‘Seek and ye shall find’: Antecedents of assimilation and contrast in social comparison. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(5), 499-509.
  • Mussweiler, T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110(3), 472.
  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2004). The ups and downs of social comparison: mechanisms of assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 832.
  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2006). The why, who, and how of social comparison: A social-cognition perspective. In S. Guimond (Eds.) Social Comparison and Social Psychology: Understanding Cognition, İntergroup Relations, and Culture, (pp. 33-54). UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 273 - 302, 31.01.2020

Saniye Bengisu Büyükmumcu A. Aykut Ceyhan

https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.682035
Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sosyal medya kullanıcılarının sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimlerini incelemektir. Bu çerçevede üniversite öğrencisi sosyal medya kullanıcılarının sosyal karşılaştırma hedeflerinin, karşılaştırma sürecinde yaşadıkları duyguların ve ortaya koydukları davranışların incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Temel nitel araştırma yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmaya katılacak öğrencilerin belirlenmesinde amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya sosyal medya hesabı olan ve yaşları 18-22 aralığında değişen 4’ü kız, 3’ü erkek 7 lisans öğrencisi katılmıştır. Veriler, araştırmacı tarafından yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile Mart-Nisan 2018 ayları içerisinde toplanmış ve elde edilen verilerin analizinde tümevarımsal analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerin inandırıcılığı ise ilgili bir alan uzmanın kontrolü ile sağlanmıştır. Sosyal medya kullanıcılarının sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimlerine ilişkin bulgular araştırmanın amaçları doğrultusunda “karşılaştırma hedefi”, “karşılaştırmalarda ortaya çıkan duygular” ve “karşılaştırmalarda ortaya koyulan davranışlar” şeklinde kategorileştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda karşılaştırma hedefine ilişkin elde edilen bulgularda, katılımcıların sosyal medyada çoğunlukla yukarı doğru karşılaştırmalara yöneldiği, aşağı doğru karşılaştırmalara ise daha az başvurduğu görülmektedir. Karşılaştırmalarda ortaya çıkan duygulara bakıldığında ise; katılımcıların yukarı doğru karşılaştırmalarda çoğunlukla umut, imrenme gibi asimilasyon duyguları, daha az ise kıskançlık gibi kontrast duyguları yaşadıkları; aşağı doğru karşılaştırmalarda ise daha çok üzüntü, acıma, korku gibi asimilasyon duyguları, daha az ise küçümseme gibi kontrast duyguları yaşadıkları görülmektedir. Son olarak karşılaştırmalarda ortaya koyulan davranışlar bağlamında katılımcıların yukarı doğru karşılaştırmalarda benliği geliştirici davranışlar sergiledikleri; aşağı doğru karşılaştırmalarda ise kaçınma davranışına başvurdukları görülmektedir. Bu bulgular genel olarak sosyal medya kullanıcılarının sosyal karşılaştırma eğilimlerinin yukarı veya aşağı doğru olabildiğine, buna göre de karşılaştırma sürecinde yaşadıkları duygu ve davranışların değişebileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal karşılaştırma sosyal medya sosyal beğenirlik

Kaynakça

  • Alicke, M. D., & Zell, E. (2008). Social comparison and envy. In R. H. Smith (Ed.), Series in affective science. Envy: Theory and research (pp. 73-93). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Blanton, H. (2001). Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium on the Legacy and Future of Social Cognition (pp. 75–87). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bogart, L. M., Benotsch, E. G., & Pavlovic, J. D. P. (2004). Feeling superior but threatened: The relation of narcissism to social comparison. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 26(1), 35-44.
  • Buunk, B. P. & Ybema, J. F. (1997). Social comparisons and occupational stress: The identification-contrast model. In Bram. P. Buunk and Frederick. X. Gibbons (Eds.). Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 359-388). USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Buunk, A. P. & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21.
  • Buunk, B. P. & Ybema, J. F. (2003). Feeling bad, but satisfied: The effects of upward and downward comparison upon mood and marital satisfaction. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 613-628.
  • Buunk, B. P., Van der Zee, K., & VanYperen, N. W. (2001). Neuroticism and social comparison orientation as moderators of affective responses to social comparison at work. Journal of Personality, 69(5), 745-762.
  • Chou, H. T. G. & Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: the impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others' lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 117-121.
  • Collins, R. L. (2000). Among the better ones. In J. Suls and L. Wheeler (Eds.) Handbook of Social Comparison (pp. 159-171). Springer: Boston, MA.
  • Corbin, J. & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks.
  • Cramer, E. M., Song, H., & Drent, A. M. (2016). Social comparison on Facebook: Motivation, affective consequences, self-esteem, and Facebook fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 739-746.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları. S. B. Demir (Çev. Ed.). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Crowne, D. P. & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349.
  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1972). Unmasking the face: A guide to recognizing emotions from facial cues. Englewood Clieffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Ellingson, J. E., Smith, D. B., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). Investigating the influence of social desirability on personality factor structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 122.
  • Faranda, M. & Roberts, L. D. (2019). Social comparisons on Facebook and offline: The relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 13-17.
  • Feinstein, B. A., Hershenberg, R., Bhatia, V., Latack, J. A., Meuwly, N., & Davila, J. (2013). Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2(3), 161.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
  • Fleming, P. & Zizzo, D. J. (2011). Social desirability, approval and public good contribution. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 258-262.
  • Gibbons, F. X. & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 129.
  • Gilbert, D. T., Giesler, R. B., & Morris, K. A. (1995). When comparisons arise. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 69(2), 227.
  • Gonzales, A. L. & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
  • Haferkamp, N. & Krämer, N. C. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309-314.
  • Häfner, M. (2004). How dissimilar others may still resemble the self: Assimilation and contrast after social comparison. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1-2), 187-196.
  • Hanko, K., Crusius, J., & Mussweiler, T. (2010). When I and me are different: assimilation and contrast in temporal self‐comparisons. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(1), 160-168.
  • Helgeson, V. S. & Mickelson, K. D. (1995). Motives for social comparison. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1200-1209.
  • Ivcevic, Z. & Ambady, N. (2012). Personality impressions from identity claims on Facebook. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(1), 38.
  • Johnson, B. K., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2014). Glancing up or down: Mood management and selective social comparisons on social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 33-39.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik Aile ve İnsan Gelişimi Kültürel Psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kang, S., Chung, W., Mora, A. R., & Chung, Y. (2013). Facebook comparisons among adolescents: How do identification and contrast relate to wellbeing. Asian Journal of Information and Communications, 5(2), 1-21.
  • Kaşdarma, E. (2016). Facebook'taki sosyal karşılaştırma sürecinin ve bu süreçle ilişkili faktörlerin incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Kemp, S. (2018). Digital In 2018: World’s Internet Users Pass The 4 Billion Mark. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018. (Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2018).
  • Kim, W., Jeong, O. R., & Lee, S. W. (2010). On social Web sites. Information Systems, 35(2), 215-236.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 93-124.
  • Kuşay, Y. (2013). Sosyal medya ortamında çekicilik ve bağımlılık. Facebook üzerine bir araştırma. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Lee, S. Y. (2014). How do people compare themselves with others on social network sites?: The case of Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 253-260.
  • Lewis, N. (2019, baskıda). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. The Social Science Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331919300679’den erişilmiştir.
  • Lim, M. & Yang, Y. (2015). Effects of users’ envy and shame on social comparison that occurs on social network services. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 300-311.
  • Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 91.
  • Manago, A. M., Graham, M. B., Greenfield, P. M., & Salimkhan, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on MySpace. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 446-458.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. S. Turan (Çev. Ed.), Ankara: Nobel.
  • Mussweiler, T. & Strack, F. (2000). Consequences of social comparison. In handbook of social comparison (pp. 253-270). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Mussweiler, T. (2001). ‘Seek and ye shall find’: Antecedents of assimilation and contrast in social comparison. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(5), 499-509.
  • Mussweiler, T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110(3), 472.
  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2004). The ups and downs of social comparison: mechanisms of assimilation and contrast. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 832.
  • Mussweiler, T., Rüter, K., & Epstude, K. (2006). The why, who, and how of social comparison: A social-cognition perspective. In S. Guimond (Eds.) Social Comparison and Social Psychology: Understanding Cognition, İntergroup Relations, and Culture, (pp. 33-54). UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nabi, R. L. & Keblusek, L. (2014). Inspired by hope, motivated by envy: Comparing the effects of discrete emotions in the process of social comparison to media figures. Media Psychology, 17(2), 208-234.
  • Park, S. Y. & Baek, Y. M. (2018). Two faces of social comparison on Facebook: The interplay between social comparison orientation, emotions, and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 83-93.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. M. Bütün ve S. B Demir (Çev. Ed.), Ankara: Pegem.
  • Powell, E., Wang-Hall, J., Bannister, J. A., Colera, E., & Lopez, F. G. (2018). Attachment security and social comparisons as predictors of Pinterest users’ body image concerns. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 221-229.
  • Rosenberg, J. & Egbert, N. (2011). Online impression management: Personality traits and concerns for secondary goals as predictors of self-presentation tactics on Facebook. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(1), 1-18.
  • Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A. M., Hastall, M. R., Köcher, S., Meske, C., Heinrich, T., Labrenz, F., &
  • Ocklenburg, S. (2019). “Likes” as social rewards: Their role in online social comparison and decisions to like other People's selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 76-86.
  • Schmuck, D., Karsay, K., Matthes, J., & Stevic, A. (2019). “Looking Up and Feeling Down”. The influence of mobile social networking site use on upward social comparison, self-esteem, and well-being of adult smartphone users. Telematics and Informatics, 42, 101240.
  • Smith, R. H. (2000). Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. In J. Suls and L. Wheeler (Eds.) Handbook of Social Comparison (pp. 173-200). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Stapel, D. A. & Blanton, H. (2004). From seeing to being: subliminal social comparisons affect implicit and explicit self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(4), 468.
  • Tan, J. A. & Hall, R. J. (2005). The effects of social desirability bias on applied measures of goal orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(8), 1891-1902.
  • Tavşancıl, E. & Aslan, E. (2001). İçerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
  • VanderZee, K. I., Buunk, B. P., DeRuiter, J. H., Tempelaar, R., VanSonderen, E., & Sanderman, R. (1996). Social comparison and the subjective well-being of cancer patients. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18(4), 453-468.
  • Van der Zee, K., Buunk, B., & Sanderman, R. (1998). Neuroticism and reactions to social comparison information among cancer patients. Journal of Personality, 66(2), 175-194.
  • Van Der Zee, K. I., Buunk, B. P., Sanderman, R., Botke, G., & Van Den Bergh, F. (1999). The Big Five and identification–contrast processes in social comparison in adjustment to cancer treatment. European Journal of Personality, 13(4), 307-326.
  • Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206.
  • Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Okdie, B. M., Eckles, K., & Franz, B. (2015). Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 249-256.
  • Wheeler, L. (1966). Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 27-31.
  • Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90(2), 245.
  • Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(3), 203-220.
  • Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 231.
  • Ybema, J. F. & Buunk, B. P. (1995). Affective responses to social comparison: A study among disabled individuals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34(3), 279-292.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Saniye Bengisu Büyükmumcu 0000-0003-4253-7159

A. Aykut Ceyhan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0174-3642

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Büyükmumcu, S. B., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2020). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 10(1), 273-302. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.682035
AMA Büyükmumcu SB, Ceyhan AA. Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi. AJESI. Ocak 2020;10(1):273-302. doi:10.18039/ajesi.682035
Chicago Büyükmumcu, Saniye Bengisu, ve A. Aykut Ceyhan. “Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 10, sy. 1 (Ocak 2020): 273-302. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.682035.
EndNote Büyükmumcu SB, Ceyhan AA (01 Ocak 2020) Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 10 1 273–302.
IEEE S. B. Büyükmumcu ve A. A. Ceyhan, “Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi”, AJESI, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 273–302, 2020, doi: 10.18039/ajesi.682035.
ISNAD Büyükmumcu, Saniye Bengisu - Ceyhan, A. Aykut. “Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 10/1 (Ocak 2020), 273-302. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.682035.
JAMA Büyükmumcu SB, Ceyhan AA. Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi. AJESI. 2020;10:273–302.
MLA Büyükmumcu, Saniye Bengisu ve A. Aykut Ceyhan. “Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, c. 10, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 273-02, doi:10.18039/ajesi.682035.
Vancouver Büyükmumcu SB, Ceyhan AA. Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Sosyal Karşılaştırma Eğilimlerinin İncelenmesi. AJESI. 2020;10(1):273-302.

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