Nomofobi: Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavisi

Ece Tathan Bekaroğlu; Tuğba Yılmaz

doi:10.18863/pgy.528897

Derleme

Nomofobi: Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 131 - 142, 31.03.2020

Ece Tathan Bekaroğlu Tuğba Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897

Cited By: 12

Öz

Gelişen iletişim teknolojileri cep telefonlarının da gelişmesine ve birçok fonksiyonu yerine getirmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Yaygın ve sık olarak kullanılan cep telefonları, insanlarda bazı davranış ve duygu bozukluklarına yol açabilmektedir. Nomofobi de bu bozukluklardan biridir ve insanların cep telefonlarından uzak kalma korkusu olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Nomofobi çeşitli demografik değişkenler (genç yaş), kişilik özellikleri (dışa dönüklük), duygular (gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu) ve ihtiyaçlar (dokunsal ihtiyaç) ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Klinik psikoloji açısından nomofobinin kökenlerinde depresyon, kaygı ve stresin etkisini araştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin tanı ölçütleri geliştirilmiş ve bir psikiyatrik tanı olarak DSM-5’e kabul edilmesi için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada nomofobi; ayrılık kaygısı, obsesif kompülsif bozukluk, panik bozukluk, dürtü kontrol bozukluğu ve bağımlılık gibi ruhsal rahatsızlıklarla ayırıcı tanı ölçütleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin trafikte ve günlük hayatta kişinin fiziksel sağlığı açısından riskli yönleri olmasının yanı sıra, psikolojik sağlığı da olumsuz olarak etkilediği bilinmektedir. Stresi artırdığı, depresyon ve kaygı bozuklukları ile ilişkili olduğu, insomniaya sebep olabildiği ifade edildiği gibi, genç yetişkin grubun akademik başarısını da olumsuz yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Nomofobinin tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı tedavi müdahalelerinin ve varoluşçu psikoterapi yaklaşımının etkili olduğu belirtilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nomofobi, DSM-5, kaygı bozuklukları, ayırıcı tanı, tedavi

Kaynakça

Al-Khlaiwi T ve Meo SA. (2004). Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population. Saudi Med J, 25:732-736.
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2014) DSM-5 Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı. (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
Argumosa-Villar L, Boada-Grau J, Vigil-Colet A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). J Adolesc, 56: 127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.003.
Aydın H. (2018). Sosyal medyadaki gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (FoMO) içgüdüel alımlara etkisinin öz belirleme kuramı ile açıklaması. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 17. Özel Sayısı, 415-426.
Barratt ES (1994) Impulsiveness and aggression. In Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. (Eds J Monahan, HJ Steadman):61-79. Chicago IL US: University of Chicago Press.
Beck AT (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford press.
Bianchi A. ve Phillips JG. (2005) Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav, 8: 39-51. doi.10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
Bragazzi, N. L., Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 7:155-160.doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S41386
BTK (2018) Türkiye elektronik haberleşme sektörü 2018 yılı 2. çeyrek pazar verileri raporu. https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/2018- 2ceyrekraporu.pdf (10 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
Cain J ve Malcom DR (2018) An assessment of students’ psychological attachment to smartphones at two colleges of pharmacy. https://www.ajpe.org/doi/abs/10.5688/ajpe7136 (06 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
Cazzulino F, Burke RV, Muller V, Arbogast H, Upperman JS. (2014). Cell phones and young drivers: a systematic review regarding the association between psychological factors and prevention. Traffic Inj Prev, 15(3):234-242. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.822075
Clayton RB, Leshner G, Almond A. (2015). The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J Comput Mediat Commun, 20:119- 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12109
Cüceloğlu D. (2016). İnsan ve davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Dixit S, Shukla H, Bhagwat AK, Bindal A, Goyal A, Zaidi AK, Shrivastava A. (2010). A study evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian J Community Med, 35(2):339-341. doi: 10.4103/0970- 0218.66878
Dannon PN. (2002). Kleptomania: An impulse control disorder? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 6(1): 3-7. doi: 10.1080/136515002753489353
Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: A critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(8):464-475.
Du YS, Jiang W, Vance A. (2010). Longer term effect of randomized, controlled group cognitive behavioural therapy for Internet addiction in adolescent students in Shanghai. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 44(2):129-134. doi: 10.3109/00048670903282725
Duke É, Montag C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep, 6:90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall B J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord, 207:251-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall B J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav, 63:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
Farber PD, Khavari KA, Douglass FM. (1980). A factor analytic study of reasons for drinking:Empirical validation of positive and negative reinforcement dimensions. J Consult Clin Psychol, 48(6):780. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.48.6.780
Gezgin DM, Çakır D. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. J Human Sci, 13(2):2504-2519. doi: https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i2.3797
Gezgin DM, Şumuer E, Arslan O, Yıldırım S. (2017). Nomophobia prevalence among pre- service teachers: a case of Trakya university. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 86-95.
Gökçearslan Ş, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, ve Çevik YD. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Comput Human Behav, 63:639-649. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
Harwood J, Dooley JJ, Scott AJ, Joiner R. (2014). Constantly connected: The effects of smart-devices on mental health. Comput Human Behav, 34:267-272. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006
Hong FY, Chiu SI, Huang DH. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Comput in Human Behav, 28(6):2152–2159.
İnal EE, Demirci K, Çetintürk A, Akgönül M, Savaş, S. (2015). Effects of smartphone overuse on hand function, pinch strength, and the median nerve. Muscle Nerve, 52(2):183-188. doi: 10.1002/mus.24695
Kardefelt-Winther D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput in Human Behav, 31:351-354. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Kim E, Cho I., Kim EJ. (2017). Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res, 11(2):92-97. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.002
King ALS, Valença AM, Nardi AE. (2010). Nomophobia: the mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cogn Behav Neurol, 23(1):52-54. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
King ALS, Valença AM, Silva AC, Sancassiani F, Machado S, Nardi AE. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 10:28-35. doi: 10.2174/1745017901410010028
Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Investigating contemporary experiences using a convergent design. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(1):pii: E142. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010142.
Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc, 44(2), 405-418.doi: 10.1007/s10964- 014-0176-x
Mangot AG, Murthy VS, Kshirsagar SV, Deshmukh, AH, Tembe DV. (2018). Prevalence and pattern of phantom ringing and phantom vibration among medical interns and their relationship with smartphone use and perceived stress. Indian J Psychol Med, 40(5): 440- 445. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_141_18
Montag C, Walla P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychol, 3(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
Orzack MH, Voluse AC, Wolf D, Hennen J. (2006). An ongoing study of group treatment for men involved in problematic internet-enabled sexual behavior. CyberPsychol Behav, 9(3):348-360. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.348
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Nomophobia: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 131 - 142, 31.03.2020

Ece Tathan Bekaroğlu Tuğba Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.528897

Cited By: 12

Öz

Developing communication technologies have enabled mobile phones to develop and perform many functions. Common and frequently used mobile phones can cause some behaviors and emotions in humans. Nomophobia is one of these disorders and is called fear of people being away from mobile phones. Nomophobia was found to be related with some demographic variables (young age), personality characteristics (extraversion), emotions (fear of missing out), and needs (need for touch). From a clinical psychology viewpoint, depression, anxiety and stress were examined in the etiology of nomophobia. Diagnostic criteria for nomophobia were developed and nomophobia was proposed to be included in psychiatric disorders in DSM-5. In this study, nomophobia and a range of psychological disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, impulse control disorders and addictions were compared in terms of differential diagnosis criteria. In addition to being risky in terms of physical health of the person, nomophobia negatively affects psychological health. Nomophobia increases stress and it is associated with depression and anxiety disorders. Moreover, it can cause insomnia and it adversely affects the academic success of the young adult group. Cognitive behavioral treatment interventions and existential psychotherapy approaches are known to be effective in the treatment of nomophobia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nomophobia, DSM-5, anxiety disorders, differential diagnosis, therapy

Kaynakça

Al-Khlaiwi T ve Meo SA. (2004). Association of mobile phone radiation with fatigue, headache, dizziness, tension and sleep disturbance in Saudi population. Saudi Med J, 25:732-736.
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2014) DSM-5 Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı. (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
Argumosa-Villar L, Boada-Grau J, Vigil-Colet A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). J Adolesc, 56: 127-135. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.02.003.
Aydın H. (2018). Sosyal medyadaki gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (FoMO) içgüdüel alımlara etkisinin öz belirleme kuramı ile açıklaması. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 17. Özel Sayısı, 415-426.
Barratt ES (1994) Impulsiveness and aggression. In Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. (Eds J Monahan, HJ Steadman):61-79. Chicago IL US: University of Chicago Press.
Beck AT (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford press.
Bianchi A. ve Phillips JG. (2005) Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyberpsychol Behav, 8: 39-51. doi.10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
Bragazzi, N. L., Del Puente, G. (2014). A proposal for including nomophobia in the new DSM-V. Psychol Res Behav Manag, 7:155-160.doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S41386
BTK (2018) Türkiye elektronik haberleşme sektörü 2018 yılı 2. çeyrek pazar verileri raporu. https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/2018- 2ceyrekraporu.pdf (10 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
Cain J ve Malcom DR (2018) An assessment of students’ psychological attachment to smartphones at two colleges of pharmacy. https://www.ajpe.org/doi/abs/10.5688/ajpe7136 (06 Şubat 2019’da ulaşıldı).
Cazzulino F, Burke RV, Muller V, Arbogast H, Upperman JS. (2014). Cell phones and young drivers: a systematic review regarding the association between psychological factors and prevention. Traffic Inj Prev, 15(3):234-242. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2013.822075
Clayton RB, Leshner G, Almond A. (2015). The extended iSelf: the impact of iPhone separation on cognition, emotion, and physiology. J Comput Mediat Commun, 20:119- 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12109
Cüceloğlu D. (2016). İnsan ve davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Dixit S, Shukla H, Bhagwat AK, Bindal A, Goyal A, Zaidi AK, Shrivastava A. (2010). A study evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian J Community Med, 35(2):339-341. doi: 10.4103/0970- 0218.66878
Dannon PN. (2002). Kleptomania: An impulse control disorder? Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 6(1): 3-7. doi: 10.1080/136515002753489353
Dell’Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E. (2006). Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: A critical review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 256(8):464-475.
Du YS, Jiang W, Vance A. (2010). Longer term effect of randomized, controlled group cognitive behavioural therapy for Internet addiction in adolescent students in Shanghai. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 44(2):129-134. doi: 10.3109/00048670903282725
Duke É, Montag C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions and self-reported productivity. Addict Behav Rep, 6:90-95. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002
Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall B J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord, 207:251-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
Elhai JD, Levine JC, Dvorak RD, Hall B J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Comput Human Behav, 63:509-516. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
Farber PD, Khavari KA, Douglass FM. (1980). A factor analytic study of reasons for drinking:Empirical validation of positive and negative reinforcement dimensions. J Consult Clin Psychol, 48(6):780. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.48.6.780
Gezgin DM, Çakır D. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. J Human Sci, 13(2):2504-2519. doi: https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i2.3797
Gezgin DM, Şumuer E, Arslan O, Yıldırım S. (2017). Nomophobia prevalence among pre- service teachers: a case of Trakya university. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 86-95.
Gökçearslan Ş, Mumcu FK, Haşlaman T, ve Çevik YD. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Comput Human Behav, 63:639-649. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.091
Harwood J, Dooley JJ, Scott AJ, Joiner R. (2014). Constantly connected: The effects of smart-devices on mental health. Comput Human Behav, 34:267-272. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.006
Hong FY, Chiu SI, Huang DH. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Comput in Human Behav, 28(6):2152–2159.
İnal EE, Demirci K, Çetintürk A, Akgönül M, Savaş, S. (2015). Effects of smartphone overuse on hand function, pinch strength, and the median nerve. Muscle Nerve, 52(2):183-188. doi: 10.1002/mus.24695
Kardefelt-Winther D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Comput in Human Behav, 31:351-354. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
Kim E, Cho I., Kim EJ. (2017). Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nurs Res, 11(2):92-97. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.002
King ALS, Valença AM, Nardi AE. (2010). Nomophobia: the mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cogn Behav Neurol, 23(1):52-54. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc
King ALS, Valença AM, Silva AC, Sancassiani F, Machado S, Nardi AE. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 10:28-35. doi: 10.2174/1745017901410010028
Kuss DJ, Harkin L, Kanjo E, Billieux J. (2018). Problematic smartphone use: Investigating contemporary experiences using a convergent design. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15(1):pii: E142. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010142.
Lemola S, Perkinson-Gloor N, Brand S, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. J Youth Adolesc, 44(2), 405-418.doi: 10.1007/s10964- 014-0176-x
Mangot AG, Murthy VS, Kshirsagar SV, Deshmukh, AH, Tembe DV. (2018). Prevalence and pattern of phantom ringing and phantom vibration among medical interns and their relationship with smartphone use and perceived stress. Indian J Psychol Med, 40(5): 440- 445. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_141_18
Montag C, Walla P. (2016). Carpe diem instead of losing your social mind: Beyond digital addiction and why we all suffer from digital overuse. Cogent Psychol, 3(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1157281
Orzack MH, Voluse AC, Wolf D, Hennen J. (2006). An ongoing study of group treatment for men involved in problematic internet-enabled sexual behavior. CyberPsychol Behav, 9(3):348-360. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.348
Öst LG. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behav Res Ther, 27(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(89)90113-7
Öst LG, Havnen A, Hansen B, Kvale G. (2015). Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive–compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993–2014. Clin Psychol Rev, 40:156-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.003
Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Human Behav, 29(4):1841-1848. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014
Samaha M, Hawi NS. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Human Behav, 57:321-325. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.045
Savaşır I, Soygüt G, Barışkın E. (2009). Bilişsel davranışçı terapiler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği.
Schwebel DC, Stavrinos D, Byington KW, Davis T, O’Neal EE, De Jong D. (2012). Distraction and pedestrian safety: how talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street. Accid Anal Prev, 45:266-271. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.011 Shan Z, Deng G, Li J, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. (2013). Correlational analysis of neck/shoulder pain and low back pain with the use of digital products, physical activity and psychological status among adolescents in Shanghai. Plos One, 8(10), e78109, 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078109
Siddiqui M, Ali AZ. (2015). Addictive cell phone usage: The relationship between impulsiveness and behavioral addiction. Pak J Psychol, 46(2):53-67.
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Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Psikiyatri, Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Ece Tathan Bekaroğlu 0000-0002-8039-9116 Tuğba Yılmaz 0000-0001-9187-7665
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Mart 2020
Kabul Tarihi	9 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Tathan Bekaroğlu E, Yılmaz T. Nomofobi: Ayırıcı Tanı ve Tedavisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Mart 2020;12(1):131-142. doi:10.18863/pgy.528897