Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The EU’S Future Under Scrutiny: Foreign Policy Implications of the EU Energy Diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean

Yıl 2024, , 199 - 228, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1439566

Öz

This article aims to elucidate the foreign policy implications of the EU’s energy diplomacy endeavors in the Eastern Mediterranean. Building on the conception of “energy diplomacy”, it examines its internal energy policy (in)competences and the external dimension of the EU energy policy. It is argued that because of Russia’s asymmetrical advantage over energy supplies and its geopolitical aggressiveness, the EU is forced to re-regulate its policy takes on energy security and promote diversification of energy supply which cause a gravitation towards new strategic environments such as the Eastern Mediterranean. Herein, this article assesses the effectiveness of the EU’s energy diplomacy; and by applying energy diplomacy model, it evaluates the results of the EU’s endeavors in diversifying external energy supplies and providing energy security.

Kaynakça

  • Ali, Saleem H. “Energizing peace: The role of pipelines in regional cooperation.” Last modified July 14, 2010. https://www.brookings.edu/research/energizing-peace-the-role-of-pipelines-in-regional-cooperation/.
  • Andoura, Sami. “Security of Supply and the External Dimension of a European Energy Policy.” Studia Diplomatica 60, no. 2 (2007): 67-109.
  • Andoura, Sami, Leigh Hancher, and Marc Van der Woude. “Towards a European Energy Community: A Policy Proposal.” Notre Europe Studies & Research 76 (March 2010): 1-126.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Kostas Infantis. Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Baconi, Tareq. “Pipelines and Pipedreams: How the EU Can Support a Regional Gas Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean.” European Council on Foreign Policy Brief 211 (April 2017): 1-17.
  • Badarin, Emile and Tobias Schumacher. “The Eastern Mediterranean Energy Bonanza: A Piece in the Regional and Global Geopolitical Puzzle, and the Role of the European Union.” Comparative Southeast European Studies 70, no. 3 (October 2022): 414-438. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0036.
  • Baev, Pavel K. and Indira Øverland. “The South Stream versus Nabucco pipeline race: geopolitical and economic (ir)rationales and political stakes in megaprojects.” International Affairs 86, no. 5 (2010): 1075-1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00929.x.
  • Bahgat, Gawdat. “Europe’s Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities.” International Affairs 82, no. 5 (September 2006): 961-975.
  • Barbé, Ester. “Balancing Europe’s Eastern and Southern Dimensions,” EUI Working Papers 97, no. 71 (December 1997): 1-17.
  • Bastian, Katrin. “The EU in the Eastern Mediterranean – a “Geopolitical” Actor?.” Orbis 65, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2021.06.010.
  • Bosce, Alexandra. “EU Energy Diplomacy: Searching for New Suppliers in Azerbaijan and Iran.” Geopolitics 24, no. 1 (2019): 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1477755.
  • Bosce, Alexandra-Maria. International Networks, Advocacy and EU Energy Policy-Making. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
  • Bovan, Ana, Tamara Vučenović, and Nenad Perić. “Negotiating Energy Diplomacy and its Relationship with Foreign Policy and National Security.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10, no. 2 (2020): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8754.
  • Braun, Jan Frederik. “EU Energy Policy Under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules: Between A New Policy and Business as Usual.” EPIN Working Paper, no. 31 (2011): 1-11. Buchan, David. Energy and Climate Change: Europe at the Crossroads. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Buchan, David. “Energy policy: Sharp challenges and rising ambitions.” In Policy-making in the European Union, edited by Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, 344-366. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Campos, Ana and Carla,Patrício Fernandes. “The Geopolitics of Energy.” In Geopolitics of Energy and Energy Security, edited by Carla Patrício Fernandes and Teresa Ferreira Rodrigues, 23-48. Lisbon: Instituto da Defesa Nacional, 2017.
  • Cardwell, Paul James. “EuroMed, European Neighbourhood Policy and the Union for the Mediterranean: Overlapping Policy Frames in the EU’s Governance of the Mediterranean.” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, no. 2 (2011): 219-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02119.x.
  • Chaban, Natalia and Michèle Knodt. “Energy diplomacy in the context of multistakeholder diplomacy: The EU and BICS.” Cooperation and Conflict 50, no. 4 (December 2015): 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/001083671557354.
  • Council of the European Union. “Council Conclusions on Energy Diplomacy and EU Energy Diplomacy Action Plan.” Last modified July 20, 2015. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10995-2015-INIT/en/pdf.
  • Council of the European Union. “Strategic Compass for Security and Defence - For a European Union that protects its citizens, values and interests and contributes to international peace and security.” Last modified March 22, 2022. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/en/pdf.
  • Çelikpala, Mithat. “Energy and the Potential for Cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Last modified December 17, 2022. https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/2022/12/17/mc-2/.
  • De Jong, Sijbren, Jan Wouters, and Steven Sterkx. “The 2009 Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute: lessons for European energy crisis management after Lisbon.” European Foreign Affairs Review 15, no. 4 (2010): 511-538. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010037.
  • Dennison, Susi. “Diplomatic power: The EU’s ambitious new energy strategy.” European Council on Foreign Relations Commentary. Last modified May 22, 2022. https://ecfr.eu/article/diplomatic-power-the-eus-ambitious-new-energy-strategy/.
  • Downie, Christian. Australian energy diplomacy.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 73, no. 2 (2019): 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2018.153494. Edis, Richard. “Does the Barcelona Process matter?.” Mediterranean Politics 3, no. 3 (1998): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629399808414668.
  • Elkind, Jonathan. “Energy Security Call for a Broader Agenda.” In Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, edited by Carlos Pascual and Jonathan Elkind, 119-148. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Emerson, Michael. “Fishing for Gas and More in Cypriot Waters.” Insight Turkey 15, no. 1 (2013): 165-181.
  • Escribano, Gonzalo, Ramón Mahia, and Rafael de Arce. “The Europeanization of EU member states’ energy security policies: convergence patterns.” In Energy Security for the EU in the 21st Century: Markets, Geopolitics and Corridors, edited by José María Marín Quemada, Javier García-Verdugo and Gonzalo Escribano, 210-232. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • East Mediterranean Gas Forum. “Overview.” Accessed March 7, 2023. https://emgf.org/about-us/overview/.
  • European Commission. “Green Paper: Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply.” Last modified November 29, 2000. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0769.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy 2020: A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy.” Last modified November 10, 2010. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0639.
  • European Commission. “Energy Roadmap 2050.” Last modified December 15, 2011. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2014-10/roadmap2050_ia_20120430_en_0.pdf.
  • European Commission. “Energy Union package: A framework strategy for a resilient Energy Union with a forward-looking climate change policy.” Last modified February 25, 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe101aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1&format=PDF.
  • European Commission. “Renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood: A new Agenda for the Mediterranean.” Last modified February 9, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021JC0002.
  • European Commission. “REPowerEU: affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe.” Accessed December 15, 2022. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: European Energy Security Strategy.” Accessed January 10, 2023. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0330&from=EN.
  • European Commission. “Eastern Mediterranean Natural Gas Pipeline – Pre-FEED Studies. Accessed March 11, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/printpdf/11763.
  • European External Action Service. “A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy.” Last modified November 14, 2016. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_implementation_plan_st14392.en16_0.pdf
  • European External Action Service. “Energy Diplomacy.” Last modified December 12, 2021. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/energy-diplomacy_en.
  • European Parliament. “European Parliament resolution of 17 September 2009 on external aspects of energy security.” Last modified September 17, 2009. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-7-2009-0021_EN.html?redirect.
  • European Parliament. “Energy policy: general principles.” Last modified September 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/68/energy-policy-general-principles.
  • European Union. “Green Paper: A European strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy.” Last modified July 5, 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/green-paper-a-european-strategy-for-sustainable-competitive-and-secure-energy.html.
  • European Union. “Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.” Accessed February 11, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN.
  • Feklyunina, Valentina. “Russia’s International Images and its Energy Policy. An Unreliable Supplier?.” Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 3 (2012): 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2012.661923.
  • Gehring, Thomas, Sebastian Oberthür, and Marc Mühleck. “European Union Actorness in International Institutions: Why the EU is Recognized as an Actor in Some International Institutions, but Not in Others.” Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2013): 849-865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12030.
  • Gillespie, Richard. “A ‘Union for the Mediterranean’ … or for the EU?.” Mediterranean Politics 13, no. 2 (July 2008): 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390802127679.
  • Goldthau, Andreas. “Energy diplomacy in trade and investment of oil and gas.” In Global Energy Governance: The New Rules of the Game, edited by Andreas Goldthau and Jan Martin Witte, 25-47. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Giuli, Marco. “Getting energy diplomacy right: A challenge starting at home.” European Policy Centre Commentary. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Getting-energy-diplomacy-right~1d05b0.
  • Griffiths, Steven. “Energy diplomacy in a time of energy transition.” Energy Strategy Reviews 26 (November 2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100386.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. “Energy Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Conflict or Cooperation?.” Middle East Policy 21, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12087.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. “The European Union in the Eastern Mediterranean in 2020: Whither Strategic Autonomy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 61, no. 4 (September 2021): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13247.
  • Gueldry, Michel and Wei Liang. “China’s global energy diplomacy: Behavior normalization through economic interdependence or resource neo-mercantilism and power politics?.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 21, no. 2 (2016): 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-016-9405-3.
  • Gürel, Ayla and Laura Le Cornu. “Can Gas Catalyse Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean?.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 49, no. 2 (June 2014): 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2014.906799.
  • Haggag, Karim and Nadine El Nashar. “The Eastern Mediterranean Could Strengthen Europe’s Energy Security.” Last modified August 2, 2022. https://www.brinknews.com/the-eastern-mediterranean-could-strengthen-europes-energy-security/.
  • Herranz-Surrallés, Anna. “An emerging EU energy diplomacy? Discursive shifts, enduring practices.” Journal of European Public Policy 23, no. 9 (2016): 1386-1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1083044
  • Herranz-Surrallés, Anna. “European External Energy Policy: Governance, Diplomacy and Sustainability.” In The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy: Two Volume Set, edited by Knud Erik Jørgensen, Aasne Kalland Aarstad, Edith Drieskens, Katie Laatikainen, and Ben Tonra, 911-925. London: Sage Publications, 2015.
  • Hu, Geato, Jun Yang and Jun Li. “The Dynamic Evolution of Global Energy Security and Geopolitical Games: 1995-2019.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21, 14584 (November 2022): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114584.
  • Hu, Zhiding and Yuejing Ge. “The Geopolitical Energy Security Evaluation Method and a China Case Application Based on Politics of Scale.” Sustainability 6, no. 9 (2014): 5682-5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095682.
  • Huda, Mirza Sadaqat and Saleem H. Ali. “Energy diplomacy in South Asia: Beyond the security paradigm in accessing the TAPI pipeline Project.” Energy Research & Social Science 34 (December 2017): 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.07.013.
  • Kanellakis, Marinos, Georgios Martinopoulos, and Theodoros Zachariadis. “European Energy Policy – A Review.” Energy Policy 62 (November 2013): 1020-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.008.
  • Kirchner, Emil and Can Berk. “European Energy Security Co-operation: Between Amity and Enmity.” Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 4 (2010): 859-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02077.x.
  • Knodt, Michèle, Franziska Müller, and Nadine Piefer. “Explaining European Union External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers.” In Challenges of European External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers, edited by Michèle Knodt, Nadine Piefer, and Franziska Müller, 57-74. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Lesage, Dries, Thijs Van de Graaf, and Kirsten Westphal. Global Energy Governance in a Multipolar World. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Maltby, Tomas. “European Union energy policy integration: A case of European Commission policy entrepreneurship and increasing supranationalism.” Energy Policy 55 (April 2013): 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.031.
  • Milina, Velichka. “Energy Security and Geopolitics,” Connections 70, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 25-44.
  • Nitoiu, Christian and Monika Sus. “Introduction: The Rise of Geopolitics in the EU’s Approach in Eastern Neighbourhood.” Geopolitics 24, no.1 (2019): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2019.1544396.
  • Osička, Jan and Filip Černoch. “European energy politics after Ukraine: The road ahead.” Energy Research & Social Science 91, 102757 (September 2022): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102757.
  • Pastukhova, Maria, Jacopo Pepe, and Kirsten Westphal. “Beyond the Green Deal: Upgrading the EU’s Energy Diplomacy for a New Era.” SWP Comment 31 (June 2020): 1-8.
  • Pepe, Jacopo Maria. “Geopolitics and Energy Security in Europe: How Do We Move Forward?.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (2023): 1-17.
  • Prange-Gstöhl, Heiko. “Enlarging the EU’s internal energy market: why would third countries accept EU rule export?.” Energy Policy 37, no.12 (December 2009): 5296-5303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.070.
  • Proedrou, Filippos. “Re-conceptualising the Energy and Security Complex in the Eastern Mediterranean.” The Cyprus Review 24, no. 2 (2012): 15-28.
  • Prontera, Andrea and Mariusz Ruszel. “Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Middle East Policy 24, no. 3 (2017): 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12296.
  • Rau, Moritz, Günter Seufert, and Kirsten Westphal. “The Eastern Mediterranean as a Focus for the EU’s Energy Transition.” SWP Comment 8 (February 2022): 1-7.
  • Ryon, Eloïse. “European strategic autonomy: Energy at the heart of European security?.” European View 19, no. 2 (2020): 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685820968302.
  • Stanič, Ana and Sohbet Karbuz. “The Challenges Facing Eastern Mediterranean Gas and How International Law Can Help Overcome Them.” Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 39, no. 2 (2021): 213-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1816739.
  • Stergiou, Andreas. “Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean.” International Journal of Global Energy Issues 40, no. 5 (2017): 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGEI.2017.086842.
  • Tagliapietra, Simone. “The geopolitics of energy in Europe: Short-term and long-term issues.” Funcas Papeles de Energía 17 (2022): 83-102.
  • Taranic, Igor. “European Energy Policies and Their Relevance to the Eastern Mediterranean.” In Energy Cooperation and Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Seismic Shift towards Peace or Conflict?, edited by Angelos Giannaopoulos, 109-123. Ramat Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv University, 2016.
  • Thaler, Philipp and Vija Pakalkaite. “Governance through real-time compliance: the supranationalisation of European external energy policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 28, no. 2 (2020): 208-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1712462.
  • Umbach, Frank. “Global energy security and the implications for the EU.” Energy Policy 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.010.
  • Union for the Mediterranean. “Energy & Climate Action.” Accessed June 10, 2023. https://ufmsecretariat.org/what-we-do/energy-and-climate-action/.
  • Wettestad, Jørgen, Per Ove Eikeland, and Måns Nilsson. “EU climate and energy policy: A hesitant supranational turn. Global Environmental Politics.” Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 2 (2021): 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00109.
  • Youngs, Richard. Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Priority. London: Routledge, 2009.
  • Youngs, Richard. “Foreign Policy and Energy Security: Markets, Pipelines and Politics.” In Toward a Common European Union Energy Policy: Problems, Progress, and Prospects, edited by Vicki L. Birchfield and John S. Duffield, 41-60. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Youngs, Richard. “The EU’s global climate and energy policies: gathering or losing momentum?.” In The Handbook of Global Energy Policy, edited by Andreas Goldthau, 421-234. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.

The EU’s Future Under Scrutiny: Foreign Policy Implications of the EU Energy Diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean

Yıl 2024, , 199 - 228, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1439566

Öz

This article aims to elucidate the foreign policy implications of the EU’s energy diplomacy endeavors in the Eastern Mediterranean. Building on the conception of “energy diplomacy”, it examines its internal energy policy (in)competences and the external dimension of the EU energy policy. It is argued that because of Russia’s asymmetrical advantage over energy supplies and its geopolitical aggressiveness, the EU is forced to re-regulate its policy takes on energy security and promote diversification of energy supply which cause a gravitation towards new strategic environments such as the Eastern Mediterranean. Herein, this article assesses the effectiveness of the EU’s energy diplomacy; and by applying energy diplomacy model, it evaluates the results of the EU’s endeavors in diversifying external energy supplies and providing energy security.

Kaynakça

  • Ali, Saleem H. “Energizing peace: The role of pipelines in regional cooperation.” Last modified July 14, 2010. https://www.brookings.edu/research/energizing-peace-the-role-of-pipelines-in-regional-cooperation/.
  • Andoura, Sami. “Security of Supply and the External Dimension of a European Energy Policy.” Studia Diplomatica 60, no. 2 (2007): 67-109.
  • Andoura, Sami, Leigh Hancher, and Marc Van der Woude. “Towards a European Energy Community: A Policy Proposal.” Notre Europe Studies & Research 76 (March 2010): 1-126.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Kostas Infantis. Turkish-Greek Relations: The Security Dilemma in the Aegean. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Baconi, Tareq. “Pipelines and Pipedreams: How the EU Can Support a Regional Gas Hub in the Eastern Mediterranean.” European Council on Foreign Policy Brief 211 (April 2017): 1-17.
  • Badarin, Emile and Tobias Schumacher. “The Eastern Mediterranean Energy Bonanza: A Piece in the Regional and Global Geopolitical Puzzle, and the Role of the European Union.” Comparative Southeast European Studies 70, no. 3 (October 2022): 414-438. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0036.
  • Baev, Pavel K. and Indira Øverland. “The South Stream versus Nabucco pipeline race: geopolitical and economic (ir)rationales and political stakes in megaprojects.” International Affairs 86, no. 5 (2010): 1075-1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00929.x.
  • Bahgat, Gawdat. “Europe’s Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities.” International Affairs 82, no. 5 (September 2006): 961-975.
  • Barbé, Ester. “Balancing Europe’s Eastern and Southern Dimensions,” EUI Working Papers 97, no. 71 (December 1997): 1-17.
  • Bastian, Katrin. “The EU in the Eastern Mediterranean – a “Geopolitical” Actor?.” Orbis 65, no. 3 (Summer 2021): 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2021.06.010.
  • Bosce, Alexandra. “EU Energy Diplomacy: Searching for New Suppliers in Azerbaijan and Iran.” Geopolitics 24, no. 1 (2019): 145-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1477755.
  • Bosce, Alexandra-Maria. International Networks, Advocacy and EU Energy Policy-Making. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
  • Bovan, Ana, Tamara Vučenović, and Nenad Perić. “Negotiating Energy Diplomacy and its Relationship with Foreign Policy and National Security.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 10, no. 2 (2020): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8754.
  • Braun, Jan Frederik. “EU Energy Policy Under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules: Between A New Policy and Business as Usual.” EPIN Working Paper, no. 31 (2011): 1-11. Buchan, David. Energy and Climate Change: Europe at the Crossroads. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Buchan, David. “Energy policy: Sharp challenges and rising ambitions.” In Policy-making in the European Union, edited by Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, 344-366. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Campos, Ana and Carla,Patrício Fernandes. “The Geopolitics of Energy.” In Geopolitics of Energy and Energy Security, edited by Carla Patrício Fernandes and Teresa Ferreira Rodrigues, 23-48. Lisbon: Instituto da Defesa Nacional, 2017.
  • Cardwell, Paul James. “EuroMed, European Neighbourhood Policy and the Union for the Mediterranean: Overlapping Policy Frames in the EU’s Governance of the Mediterranean.” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, no. 2 (2011): 219-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02119.x.
  • Chaban, Natalia and Michèle Knodt. “Energy diplomacy in the context of multistakeholder diplomacy: The EU and BICS.” Cooperation and Conflict 50, no. 4 (December 2015): 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/001083671557354.
  • Council of the European Union. “Council Conclusions on Energy Diplomacy and EU Energy Diplomacy Action Plan.” Last modified July 20, 2015. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-10995-2015-INIT/en/pdf.
  • Council of the European Union. “Strategic Compass for Security and Defence - For a European Union that protects its citizens, values and interests and contributes to international peace and security.” Last modified March 22, 2022. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/en/pdf.
  • Çelikpala, Mithat. “Energy and the Potential for Cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Last modified December 17, 2022. https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/2022/12/17/mc-2/.
  • De Jong, Sijbren, Jan Wouters, and Steven Sterkx. “The 2009 Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute: lessons for European energy crisis management after Lisbon.” European Foreign Affairs Review 15, no. 4 (2010): 511-538. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010037.
  • Dennison, Susi. “Diplomatic power: The EU’s ambitious new energy strategy.” European Council on Foreign Relations Commentary. Last modified May 22, 2022. https://ecfr.eu/article/diplomatic-power-the-eus-ambitious-new-energy-strategy/.
  • Downie, Christian. Australian energy diplomacy.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 73, no. 2 (2019): 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2018.153494. Edis, Richard. “Does the Barcelona Process matter?.” Mediterranean Politics 3, no. 3 (1998): 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629399808414668.
  • Elkind, Jonathan. “Energy Security Call for a Broader Agenda.” In Energy Security: Economics, Politics, Strategies and Implications, edited by Carlos Pascual and Jonathan Elkind, 119-148. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Emerson, Michael. “Fishing for Gas and More in Cypriot Waters.” Insight Turkey 15, no. 1 (2013): 165-181.
  • Escribano, Gonzalo, Ramón Mahia, and Rafael de Arce. “The Europeanization of EU member states’ energy security policies: convergence patterns.” In Energy Security for the EU in the 21st Century: Markets, Geopolitics and Corridors, edited by José María Marín Quemada, Javier García-Verdugo and Gonzalo Escribano, 210-232. London: Routledge, 2011.
  • East Mediterranean Gas Forum. “Overview.” Accessed March 7, 2023. https://emgf.org/about-us/overview/.
  • European Commission. “Green Paper: Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply.” Last modified November 29, 2000. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0769.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy 2020: A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy.” Last modified November 10, 2010. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0639.
  • European Commission. “Energy Roadmap 2050.” Last modified December 15, 2011. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2014-10/roadmap2050_ia_20120430_en_0.pdf.
  • European Commission. “Energy Union package: A framework strategy for a resilient Energy Union with a forward-looking climate change policy.” Last modified February 25, 2015. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe101aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1&format=PDF.
  • European Commission. “Renewed partnership with the Southern Neighbourhood: A new Agenda for the Mediterranean.” Last modified February 9, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021JC0002.
  • European Commission. “REPowerEU: affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe.” Accessed December 15, 2022. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: European Energy Security Strategy.” Accessed January 10, 2023. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0330&from=EN.
  • European Commission. “Eastern Mediterranean Natural Gas Pipeline – Pre-FEED Studies. Accessed March 11, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/printpdf/11763.
  • European External Action Service. “A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy.” Last modified November 14, 2016. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_implementation_plan_st14392.en16_0.pdf
  • European External Action Service. “Energy Diplomacy.” Last modified December 12, 2021. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/energy-diplomacy_en.
  • European Parliament. “European Parliament resolution of 17 September 2009 on external aspects of energy security.” Last modified September 17, 2009. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-7-2009-0021_EN.html?redirect.
  • European Parliament. “Energy policy: general principles.” Last modified September 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/68/energy-policy-general-principles.
  • European Union. “Green Paper: A European strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy.” Last modified July 5, 2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/green-paper-a-european-strategy-for-sustainable-competitive-and-secure-energy.html.
  • European Union. “Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.” Accessed February 11, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012E/TXT&from=EN.
  • Feklyunina, Valentina. “Russia’s International Images and its Energy Policy. An Unreliable Supplier?.” Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 3 (2012): 449-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2012.661923.
  • Gehring, Thomas, Sebastian Oberthür, and Marc Mühleck. “European Union Actorness in International Institutions: Why the EU is Recognized as an Actor in Some International Institutions, but Not in Others.” Journal of Common Market Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2013): 849-865. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12030.
  • Gillespie, Richard. “A ‘Union for the Mediterranean’ … or for the EU?.” Mediterranean Politics 13, no. 2 (July 2008): 277-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390802127679.
  • Goldthau, Andreas. “Energy diplomacy in trade and investment of oil and gas.” In Global Energy Governance: The New Rules of the Game, edited by Andreas Goldthau and Jan Martin Witte, 25-47. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
  • Giuli, Marco. “Getting energy diplomacy right: A challenge starting at home.” European Policy Centre Commentary. Accessed January 17, 2023. https://www.epc.eu/en/Publications/Getting-energy-diplomacy-right~1d05b0.
  • Griffiths, Steven. “Energy diplomacy in a time of energy transition.” Energy Strategy Reviews 26 (November 2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100386.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. “Energy Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Conflict or Cooperation?.” Middle East Policy 21, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12087.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. “The European Union in the Eastern Mediterranean in 2020: Whither Strategic Autonomy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 61, no. 4 (September 2021): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13247.
  • Gueldry, Michel and Wei Liang. “China’s global energy diplomacy: Behavior normalization through economic interdependence or resource neo-mercantilism and power politics?.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 21, no. 2 (2016): 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-016-9405-3.
  • Gürel, Ayla and Laura Le Cornu. “Can Gas Catalyse Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean?.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 49, no. 2 (June 2014): 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2014.906799.
  • Haggag, Karim and Nadine El Nashar. “The Eastern Mediterranean Could Strengthen Europe’s Energy Security.” Last modified August 2, 2022. https://www.brinknews.com/the-eastern-mediterranean-could-strengthen-europes-energy-security/.
  • Herranz-Surrallés, Anna. “An emerging EU energy diplomacy? Discursive shifts, enduring practices.” Journal of European Public Policy 23, no. 9 (2016): 1386-1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2015.1083044
  • Herranz-Surrallés, Anna. “European External Energy Policy: Governance, Diplomacy and Sustainability.” In The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy: Two Volume Set, edited by Knud Erik Jørgensen, Aasne Kalland Aarstad, Edith Drieskens, Katie Laatikainen, and Ben Tonra, 911-925. London: Sage Publications, 2015.
  • Hu, Geato, Jun Yang and Jun Li. “The Dynamic Evolution of Global Energy Security and Geopolitical Games: 1995-2019.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21, 14584 (November 2022): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114584.
  • Hu, Zhiding and Yuejing Ge. “The Geopolitical Energy Security Evaluation Method and a China Case Application Based on Politics of Scale.” Sustainability 6, no. 9 (2014): 5682-5696. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095682.
  • Huda, Mirza Sadaqat and Saleem H. Ali. “Energy diplomacy in South Asia: Beyond the security paradigm in accessing the TAPI pipeline Project.” Energy Research & Social Science 34 (December 2017): 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.07.013.
  • Kanellakis, Marinos, Georgios Martinopoulos, and Theodoros Zachariadis. “European Energy Policy – A Review.” Energy Policy 62 (November 2013): 1020-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.008.
  • Kirchner, Emil and Can Berk. “European Energy Security Co-operation: Between Amity and Enmity.” Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 4 (2010): 859-880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02077.x.
  • Knodt, Michèle, Franziska Müller, and Nadine Piefer. “Explaining European Union External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers.” In Challenges of European External Energy Governance with Emerging Powers, edited by Michèle Knodt, Nadine Piefer, and Franziska Müller, 57-74. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Lesage, Dries, Thijs Van de Graaf, and Kirsten Westphal. Global Energy Governance in a Multipolar World. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Maltby, Tomas. “European Union energy policy integration: A case of European Commission policy entrepreneurship and increasing supranationalism.” Energy Policy 55 (April 2013): 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.031.
  • Milina, Velichka. “Energy Security and Geopolitics,” Connections 70, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 25-44.
  • Nitoiu, Christian and Monika Sus. “Introduction: The Rise of Geopolitics in the EU’s Approach in Eastern Neighbourhood.” Geopolitics 24, no.1 (2019): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2019.1544396.
  • Osička, Jan and Filip Černoch. “European energy politics after Ukraine: The road ahead.” Energy Research & Social Science 91, 102757 (September 2022): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102757.
  • Pastukhova, Maria, Jacopo Pepe, and Kirsten Westphal. “Beyond the Green Deal: Upgrading the EU’s Energy Diplomacy for a New Era.” SWP Comment 31 (June 2020): 1-8.
  • Pepe, Jacopo Maria. “Geopolitics and Energy Security in Europe: How Do We Move Forward?.” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (2023): 1-17.
  • Prange-Gstöhl, Heiko. “Enlarging the EU’s internal energy market: why would third countries accept EU rule export?.” Energy Policy 37, no.12 (December 2009): 5296-5303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.070.
  • Proedrou, Filippos. “Re-conceptualising the Energy and Security Complex in the Eastern Mediterranean.” The Cyprus Review 24, no. 2 (2012): 15-28.
  • Prontera, Andrea and Mariusz Ruszel. “Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Middle East Policy 24, no. 3 (2017): 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12296.
  • Rau, Moritz, Günter Seufert, and Kirsten Westphal. “The Eastern Mediterranean as a Focus for the EU’s Energy Transition.” SWP Comment 8 (February 2022): 1-7.
  • Ryon, Eloïse. “European strategic autonomy: Energy at the heart of European security?.” European View 19, no. 2 (2020): 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685820968302.
  • Stanič, Ana and Sohbet Karbuz. “The Challenges Facing Eastern Mediterranean Gas and How International Law Can Help Overcome Them.” Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 39, no. 2 (2021): 213-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2020.1816739.
  • Stergiou, Andreas. “Energy Security in the Eastern Mediterranean.” International Journal of Global Energy Issues 40, no. 5 (2017): 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGEI.2017.086842.
  • Tagliapietra, Simone. “The geopolitics of energy in Europe: Short-term and long-term issues.” Funcas Papeles de Energía 17 (2022): 83-102.
  • Taranic, Igor. “European Energy Policies and Their Relevance to the Eastern Mediterranean.” In Energy Cooperation and Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Seismic Shift towards Peace or Conflict?, edited by Angelos Giannaopoulos, 109-123. Ramat Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Tel Aviv University, 2016.
  • Thaler, Philipp and Vija Pakalkaite. “Governance through real-time compliance: the supranationalisation of European external energy policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 28, no. 2 (2020): 208-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1712462.
  • Umbach, Frank. “Global energy security and the implications for the EU.” Energy Policy 38, no. 3 (March 2010): 1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.010.
  • Union for the Mediterranean. “Energy & Climate Action.” Accessed June 10, 2023. https://ufmsecretariat.org/what-we-do/energy-and-climate-action/.
  • Wettestad, Jørgen, Per Ove Eikeland, and Måns Nilsson. “EU climate and energy policy: A hesitant supranational turn. Global Environmental Politics.” Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 2 (2021): 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00109.
  • Youngs, Richard. Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Priority. London: Routledge, 2009.
  • Youngs, Richard. “Foreign Policy and Energy Security: Markets, Pipelines and Politics.” In Toward a Common European Union Energy Policy: Problems, Progress, and Prospects, edited by Vicki L. Birchfield and John S. Duffield, 41-60. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Youngs, Richard. “The EU’s global climate and energy policies: gathering or losing momentum?.” In The Handbook of Global Energy Policy, edited by Andreas Goldthau, 421-234. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatma Zeynep Özkurt Dördüncü Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1284-0210

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 2 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özkurt Dördüncü, Fatma Zeynep. “The EU’S Future Under Scrutiny: Foreign Policy Implications of the EU Energy Diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23, sy. Özel Sayı-Future of Europe: Reflections from Türkiye (Mart 2024): 199-228. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1439566.