Deficiencies in the System of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

Abstract

The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), which was established 10 years ago, is the only body of the European Union, which is concerned specifically with fundamental rights issue. The Agency provides to the EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and its Member States, when implementing EU law, assistance and expertise relating to fundamental rights issues in order to support them when they take measures or formulate courses of action within their respective spheres of competences in order to fully respect fundamental rights. Since its inception in 2007, the Agency, which deals with fundamental rights across the EU through its opinions, reports, handbooks, surveys and similar works, has confronted many critics. Some of them have survived until now. The focus of the
manuscript, within the context of such critics, is to identify deficiencies in the system of the Agency.

Keywords

• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights,Fundamental Rights,Deficiencies in the System of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ TEMEL HAKLAR AJANSI’NA DAİR SİSTEMSEL EKSİKLİKLER

Öz

10 yılı geride bırakan Temel Haklar Ajansı (Ajans) Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) özel olarak temel haklar konusuyla müştagil yegâne kurumu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ajans AB’nin organ, kurum, ofis, ajanslarına ve AB hukukunu uygularlarken Üye Devletlere, temel haklara uyulması hususunda, temel haklara ilişkin olarak yardım ve uzmanlık sağlama amacı doğrultusunda görevlerini yerine getirmektedir. Faaliyete başladığı 2007 tarihinden itibaren görüşleri, raporları, sonuçları, el kitapları, anket şeklindeki araştırmaları ve benzeri çalışmaları ile AB
çapında temel haklar konusuna eğilen Ajans, kuruluş aşamasından başlamak üzere birçok eleştirinin odak noktası olmuştur. Bu eleştirilerden bazıları, kuruluşunun akademik bir fikir olarak ortaya atıldığı 90’lı yılların sonundan günümüze kadar hala varlığını sürdürmektedir. Makalenin ana teması, söz konusu eleştiriler kapsamında Ajans sistemindeki eksikliklerin tespitidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği Temel Haklar Ajansı,Temel Haklar,Ajans’a İlişkin Sistemsel Eksiklikler

Kaynakça

1. Avrupa Parlamentosu (Directorate-General for External Policies Policy Department), The Role of Regional Human Rights Mechanisms. Belgium, European Parliament, 2010, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2010/410206/EXPO-DROI_ET(2010)410206_EN.pdf.
2. Barbieri, B., Bellè, N., Fedele, P., Ongaro, E. “Determinants of Autonomy of European Union Agencies”, COST Action IS0601, “Comparative Research into Current Trends in Public Sector Organization – CRIPO” altıncı toplantısında sunulan tebliğ, Romanya, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, https://soc.kuleuven.be/io/cost/act/paper/2010/BarbierBelleiFedeleOngaro_2010%20Cluj.pdf.
3. Bunyan, T. “Does the EU Need a Fundamental Rights Agency?”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://www.statewatch.org/news/2005/mar/13eu-rights-agency.htm.
4. Chiti, E. “European Agencies’ Rulemaking: Powers, Procedures and Assessment,” European Law Journal 19, no 1 (2013): 93–110.
5. Engström, V. ve Ve Heikkilä, M. (2014) “Fundamental rights in the institutions and instruments of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice”, Large-Scale FP7 Collaborative Project GA No. 320000 1 May 2013-30 April 2017, 11(1), Frame, at http://www.fp7-frame.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/09-Deliverable-11.1.pdf, Erişim: Eylül 02, 2017.
6. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, “Frequently asked questions”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/en/about-fundamental-rights/frequently-asked-questions
7. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, “Finance and Budget”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/en/about-fra/finance-and-budget
8. Fundamental Rights Agency, Fundamental Rigts Report 2017. Lüksemburg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2017-fundamental-rights-report-2017_en.pdf

9. Fundamental Rights Agency, “Opinion of the Management Board of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights on a New Multi-annual Framework (2018–2022) for the Agency”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/mb-opinion-maf-2018-2022_en.pdf.
10. Fundamental Rights Agency, Between Promise and Delivery: 10 Years of Fundamental Rights in the EU. Lüksemburg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2017-fundamental-rights-report-2017-focus_en.pdf
11. Groenleer, M. The Autonomy of European Union Agencies, A Comparative Study of Institutional Development. Delft, Eburon, 2009.
12. Gürsel, M. ve Önüt, L. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Kurumsal Yapısına Egemen Olan İlkeler,” Amme İdaresi Dergisi 42, no 4 (2009): 59-77.
13. Haktankaçmaz, İ. “İnsan Haklarının Korunması Avrupa Birliği İçin Gerçekten Önemli mi?,” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 28 (2010): 1-22.
14. Hinarejos, A. “Missed Opportunity: The Fundamental Rights Agency and the Euro Area Crisis,” European Law Journal 22, no 1 (2016): 61-73.
15. Kaya, N. “Bir İnsan Hakları Örgütü Olarak Avrupa Birliği.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2008.
16. Metin, Y. ve Uz, A. “Avrupa Birliği Temel Haklar Ajansı,” içinde Uluslararası Asya ve Afrika Çalışmaları Kongresi ICANAS 38 10-15 Eylül 2007 Bildiri Kitabı, Cilt II, Ankara, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Yayınları: 1029-1046.
17. Oğuşgil, V. “AB Temel Haklar Ajansı’nın İnsan Haklarının Korunması ve Geliştirilmesindeki Rolü ve Etkinliği”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika 9, no 35 (2013): 57-84. Orator, A. “The Competence Entanglements of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency” içinde Expertenforum Springer Recht at 2009-2010, ed. Otto Kammerlander. Viyana, Springer-Verlag, 2011.
18. Ramboll, “External Evaluation of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-external_evaluation-final-report.pdf
19. Reding, V. “A new EU Framework to Safeguard the Rule of Law in the European Union”, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-14-228_en.pdf Rochere, J. D. (2011), “Challanges for the Protection of Fundametal Rights in the EU at the Time of The Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty,” Fordham International Law Journal 33, no 6 (2011): 1776-1799.
20. Scheinin, M. “The Relationship between the Agency and the Network of Independent Experts” içinde Monitoring Fundamental Rights in the EU - The Contribution of the Fundamental Rights Agency, eds. Philip Alston ve Olivier de Schutter, 73-90, Oxford and Portland, Hart Publishing, 2005.
21. de Schutter, O. “The EU Fundamental Rights Agency: Genesis and Potential” içinde Institutions for Human Rights Protection, ed. Kevin Boyle, 93-135, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.
22. Sokhi-Bulley, B. “The Fundamental Rights Agency of the EU: A New Panopticism,” Human Rights Law Review 11, no 4 (2011): 683-706.
23. Stefanović, A. “Fundamental Human Rights in The European Union,” Zbornik Nova Naučna Edukativna Misao (2014): 21-23.
24. Toggenburg, G. “The EU Fundamental Rights Agency: Satellite or Guiding Star?,” SWP Comments, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2007C05_07_toggenburg_ks.pdf
25. Toggenburg, G. “The Role of the New EU Fundamental Rights Agency: Debating the "Sex of Angels" or Improving Europe's Human Rights Performance?,” European Law Review 33 (2008): 385-398.
26. Toggenburg, G., “Fundamental Rights and the European Union: How Does and How Should the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights relate to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?,” EUI Law Working Papers, no 2013/13, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/28658
27. Toggenburg, G. ve Grimheden, J. “Shared Values in the EU: What Role for the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights,” Journal of Common Market Studies 54, no 5 (2016): 1093-1104.
28. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner Europe Regional Office, The EU and International Human Rights Law, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://www.europe.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/EU_and_International_Law.pdf
29. Von Bogdandy, A., “The EU Fundamental Rights Agency within the European and International Human Rights Architecture: The Legal Framework and Some Unsettled Issues in a New Field of Administrative Law”, Unidem Semineri ‘Definition and Development of Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty in Europe’, Almanya, Mayıs 15-16, 2009, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 20, 2018, http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-UD(2010)010-e
30. Von Bogdandy, A. ve Von Bernstorff, J. (2009) “The EU Fundamental Rights Agency within the European and International Human Rights Architecture: The Legal Framework and Some Unsettled Issues in a New Field of Administrative Law,” Common Market Law Review 46 (2009): 1035–1068.