Kosovo Kördüğümü’nün Çözülmesinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Etkisi

Yıl 2018, , 33 - 59, 06.09.2018

Fatma Aslı Kelkitli

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.457826

Öz

1998-1999 Kosova Savaşı Yugoslavya’nın tabutundaki son çivi olurken Batı Balkanlar’da daha etkin ve ilgili bir Avrupa Birliği (AB) dış politikasının da habercisi oldu. Birlik, Kosova’da Aralık 2008’de Birleşmiş Milletler’in polis, gümrük ve yargı alanlarındaki sorumluluklarını devretmesiyle daha kapsamlı bir karakter kazanan sınırları ötesindeki en büyük ve en pahalı misyonunu başlattı. Bu makale AB’nin sadece Kosova’daki devlet kapasitesini güçlendirmek için değil fakat aynı zamanda hala patlama ve Batı Balkanlar’ı başka bir çatışma, istikrarsızlık ve göç sarmalına sürükleme potansiyeline sahip Sırbistan ve Kosova arasındaki anlaşmazlığı da sona erdirmek için kullandığı siyasal, hukuksal/güvenlikle ilgili ve mali araçları incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birliği, Kosova, çatışma çözümü, çeşitli enstrümanlar

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S IMPACT ON RESOLUTION OF THE KOSOVO IMPASSE

Öz

The Kosovo War of 1998-1999 while being the final nail in the coffin of Yugoslavia became the harbinger of an active and involved European Union (EU) foreign policy in the Western Balkans. The Union started the biggest and most expensive mission beyond its own borders in Kosovo which acquired a much more expansive character in December 2008 following the United Nations’ transfer of responsibilities in the areas of police, customs and the judiciary. This article examines the political, legal/security and financial instruments used by the EU to
not only strengthen the state capacity in Kosovo but also to end the disagreement between Serbia and Kosovo which still has the potential to explode and sweep the Western Balkans into another cycle of conflict, instability and migration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, Kosovo, conflict resolution, various instruments

Kaynakça

• “700,000 Euro Awarded to Two Projects in Northern Kosovo Municipalities from Development Fund”. European Union External Action Service, July 22, 2016.
• Amnesty International. Time for EULEX to Prioritize War Crimes. London: Amnesty International, 2012.
• Bajrami, Agron. “Association of Serb Majority Municipalities in Kosovo (Association Impasse).” Group for Legal and Political Studies 1 (2017): 1-11.
• Bancroft, Ian. “Serbia and Kosovo: Good Neighbours?.” The Guardian, March 30, 2010.
• Bergmann, Julian and Arne Niemann. “Mediating International Conflicts: The European Union as an Effective Peacemaker?.” Journal of Common Market Studies 53 (2015): 957-975.
• Borger, Julian. “EU Accused over its Kosovo Mission: ‘Corruption Has Grown Exponentially’.” The Guardian, November 6, 2014.
• Brunwasser, Matthew. “Death of War Crimes Witness Casts Cloud on Kosovo.” The New York Times, October 6, 2011.
• Cani, Bahri. “Kosovo and the Future of the EULEX Mission.” Deutsche Welle, March 23, 2014.
• Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. State-Building in Kosovo: Democracy, Corruption and the EU in the Balkans. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
• Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. “Kosovo: Political Evolution and the Negotiations with Serbia.” IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook (2016): 182-185.
• Cheresheva, Mariya. “‘Shadow’ Economy Thriving in Balkans, Study Shows.” Balkan Insight, September 5, 2016.
• Council of the European Union. “Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) between the European Union and Kosovo Signed.” Accessed: April 19, 2017. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/10/27-kosovo-eu-stabilisation-association-agreement/.
• “Czech Police Attacked in Northern Kosovo.” TRT World, May 25, 2015.
• Dijkstra, Hylke. “The Planning and Implementation of the Rule of Law Mission of the European Union in Kosovo.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 5 (2011): 193-210.
• Douçot-Rubigny, Stanislas. “Western Balkan Security within the EU Enlargement Perspective and the Kosovo-Bosnia and Herzegovina Cases Issues.” Eurolimes 18 (2014): 145-166.
• Eckhard, Steffen. “Political Guidance or Autonomy in Peacebuilding? EU Police Reform in Afghanistan and Kosovo.” International Peacekeeping 23 (2016): 363-388.
• Economy Watch. “Kosovo Economic Statistics and Indicators.” Accessed: April 20, 2017. http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/country/Kosovo/.
• Embassy of Finland. “Finnish-led EU Twinning-project to Enhance the Standard Education in Kosovo Was Launched in Pristina.” Accessed: April 22, 2017. http://www.finlandkosovo.org/public/default.aspx?contentid=308911&nodeid=42563&culture=en-US.
• EU & Kosovo: Overview of Key European Integration Policies. Prishtina: European Union in Kosovo and Republic of Kosovo Ministry of European Integration, 2014.
• “EU Opens its Office in Northern Kosovo.” Xinhua, March 27, 2010.
• “EULEX Donates Vehicles to Kosovo Customs.” European Union External Action, July 7, 2015.
• European Commission. “2009 Annual Report on the Implementation of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), 1 December 2010.” Accessed: April 19, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/financial_assistance/2009/annex_working_document_en.pdf.
• European Commission. “2011 Annual Report on Financial Assistance for Enlargement, 20 November 2012.” Accessed: April 19, 2017. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52012DC0678&from=en.
• European Commission. “2012 Annual Report on Financial Assistance for Enlargement.” Accessed: April 19, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2013/2012_ipa_annual_report_with_annex_new_en_0.pdf.
• European Commission. “2013 Annual Report on Financial Assistance for Enlargement.” Accessed: April 19, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2013/ipa-2013-annual-report-printed-version_en.pdf.
• European Commission. “EU-Western Balkans Summit, Thessaloniki, 21 June 2003.” Accessed: September 25, 2016. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-03-163_en.htm.
• European Commission.“Indicative Strategy Paper for Kosovo* (2014-2020), Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II), 20 August 2014.” Accessed: April 22, 2017. http://www.jeanmonnetchair.info/file/3_1_IPA_II_kosovo.pdf.
• European Council. “Conclusions of the European Council 27-28 June 2013.” Accessed: February 11, 2017. http://www.europa.rs/upload/Jun%202013.pdf.
• European Court of Auditors. European Union Assistance to Kosovo Related to the Rule of Law, Special Report No 18. Luxembourg: European Court of Auditors, 2012.
• European Parliament. “Santa Maria da Feira European Council 19 and 20 June 2000: Conclusions of the Presidency.” Accessed: September 25, 2016. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/fei1_en.htm#V.
• European Parliament. Trafficking in Human Organs. Belgium: Directorate-General for External Policies Policy Department, 2015.
• European Union-European Security and Defence Policy. “EULEX KOSOVO: EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo.” Accessed: February 26, 2017. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/missionPress/files/091214%20FACTSHEET%20EULEX%20Kosovo%20-%20version%209_EN.pdf.
• European Union External Action. “Executive Division.” Accessed: February 26, 2017. http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,2.
• European Union External Action. “The Strengthening Division: Monitoring, Mentoring and Advising.” Accessed: February 26, 2017. http://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,3.
• Government of the Republic of Serbia. “Brussels Agreement - First Agreement of Principles Governing the Normalization of Relations.” Accessed: February 9, 2017. http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/specijal.php?id=120394.
• Government of the Republic of Serbia. “The Agreements Reached in Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue with EU Mediation.” Accessed: February 7, 2017. http://www.srbija.gov.rs/kosovo-metohija/index.php?id=82315.
• Hombach, Bodo. “Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe: A New Perspective for the Region.” Perceptions 5 (2000): 5-21.
• Hopkins, Valerie. “EU: No Wall in Mitrovica, but Elevated Stairways.” Prishtina Insight, December 12, 2016.
• International Monetary Fund. “Report for Selected Countries and Subjects.” Accessed: April 20, 2017. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=82&pr1.y=10&c=967&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=.
• “Interview with the Deputy Head of EULEX Kosovo.” US-EU World Affairs, January 13, 2017.
• Investment in Kosovo. Pristina: KPMG, 2016.
• Jakovljevic, Jovana, Sanja Sovrlic and Marija Milenkovic. Do We Live Better? Effects of Financial Assistance to North Kosovo After the Brussels Agreement. Belgrade: Institute for Territorial Economic Development, 2016.
• “Kosovo-Agricultural Sector.” Export.gov, August 15, 2016.
• Kosovo Action Plan for the Implementation of European Partnership. Pristina: UNMIK Office of European Integration, 2006.
• “Kosovo Agriculture in EU: Loves me… Loves me not.” AgroWeb, April 27, 2016.
• “Kosovo Customs Marks Substantial Development Towards EU Recognized Standards.” European Union External Action, August 11, 2016.
• Kosovo Education and Employment Network. Towards a New Policy: Strategy for the Inclusion of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian Communities in Kosovo 2016-2020. Pristina: Kosova Education Center, 2016.
• Kosovo Report 2016. Brussels: European Commission, 2016.
• Krasniqi, Gezim and Mehmet Musaj. “The EU’s ‘Limited Sovereignty-Strong Control’ Approach in the Process of Member State Building in Kosovo.” In The EU and Member State Building: European Foreign Policy in the Western Balkans, edited by Soeren Keil and Zeynep Arkan, 140-162. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015.
• Llaudes, Salvador and Francisco Sanchez Andrada. “EULEX: A Mission in Need of Reform and with No End in Sight.” Elcano Royal Institute Strategic and International Studies, July 27, 2015.
• Loxha, Arbereshe and Delfine Elshani. Panic Selling: Assessing the Main Challenges and Deficiencies of Kosovo’s Privatization Process. Prishtina: Group for Legal and Political Studies and Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, 2016.
• Marku, Hana. “Vetevendosje and the Democratic Potential for Protest in Kosovo.” In The Democratic Potential of Emerging Social Movements in Southeastern Europe, edited by Jasmin Mujanovic, 41-46. Sarajevo: Dialog Südosteuropa, 2017.
• “Oliver Ivanovic, Dragoljub Delibasic Placed in House Arrest.” InSerbia, September 18, 2015.
• Palokaj, Augustin. Kosovo-EU Relations: The History of Unfulfilled Aspirations? Pristina: Kosovo Foundation for Open Society, 2015. “Police Raids the Home of Former KLA Leader and MP Azem Syla.” Prishtina Insight, April 27, 2016.
• Radin, Andrew. “Analysis of Current Events: ‘Towards the Rule of Law in Kosovo: EULEX Should Go’.” Nationalities Papers 42 (2014): 181-194.
• Republic of Kosovo. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Kosovo 2016. Prishtina: Kosovo Agency of Statistics, 2016.
• Republic of Kosovo Ministry for Dialogue. Brussels Agreements Implementation State of Play 16 June-25 November 2016. Prishtina: Government of the Republic of Kosovo, 2016.
• Serbia Report 2016. Brussels: European Commission, 2016.
• Shahini, Besa. “Building a Scaffolding: Analysis of the Effects of the Instruments for Pre-Accession Assistance on Kosovo’s Economy.” Kosovo Foundation for Open Society. Accessed: April 22, 2017. http://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Building-a-Scaffolding-IPA-in-Kosovo-9-November.pdf.
• Shepherd, Alistair J. K. “‘ A Milestone in the History of the EU’: Kosovo and the EU’s International Role.” International Affairs 85 (2009): 513-530.
• Skendaj, Elton. “International Insulation from Politics and the Challenge of State Building: Learning from Kosovo.” Global Governance 20 (2014): 459-481.
• Stakic, Isidora and Maja Bjelos. The Future of Civil Protection in North Kosovo. Belgrade and Pristina: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2015.
• Sultan, Christopher (trans.). “We Have Achieved Almost Nothing: An Insider’s View of EU Efforts in Kosovo.” Spiegel Online, November 7, 2012.
• The Republic of Kosovo Ministry of Trade and Industry. “Foreign Direct Investments in Kosovo.” Accessed: April 20, 2017. http://www.invest-ks.org/en/foreign-direct-investments-in-kosovo.
• The Republic of Kosovo The Office of the Prime Minister.“Agreed Conclusion 2 December 2011.” Accessed: February 2, 2018. http://www.kryeministri-ks.ne t/repository/docs/agreement_0210_ibm.pdf.
• Tzifakis, Nikolaos. “The European Union in Kosovo: Reflecting on the Credibility and Efficiency Deficit.” Problems of Post-Communism 60 (2013): 43-54.
• UNDP. “Kosovo Human Development Report 2016.” Accessed April 22, 2017. http://www.ks.undp.org/content/kosovo/en/home/library/poverty/kosovo-human-development-report-2016.html.
• UNDP in Kosovo. Public Pulse XII. Prishtina: UNDP Kosovo Programme, 2016.
• USA Secretary of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015, Kosovo.” Accessed: February 27, 2017. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper.
• Visoka, Gezim and John Doyle. “Neo-Functional Peace: The European Union Way of Resolving Conflicts.” Journal of Common Market Studies 54 (2016): 862-877.
• Wallin, Natalya. “Albin Kurti: Leader of ‘Self-Determination’ Party, on the Future of Kosovo.” Chicago Policy Review, September 30, 2014.
• West, Lowell. “Assessing the EU Special Representative Performance: Samuel Zbogar’s Performance through Two Mandates.” Group for Legal and Political Studies 7 (2016): 1-29.
• Xuequan, Mu. “Kosovo Ratifies Stabilization & Association Agreement with EU.” Xinhua, November 3, 2015.
• Yabanci, Bilge. “The (Il)legitimacy of EU State Building: Local Support and Contention in Kosovo.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16 (2016): 345-373.
• Zivalj, Dinka. “Without Freedom of Expression, A Democratic Society Cannot Exist.” EU Information and Cultural Center, October 31, 2016.