The Euro Crisis and The Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union

Abstract

The Euro crisis has increased the debates regarding the European Union’s democratic legitimacy considering the lack of an efficient solution by the followed policies up to now and the quality of decision-making process. European Union’s democratic legitimacy has been negatively affected by various facts such as the decisive role in agenda setting played by European Council and European Central Bank. Likewise, increase in Commission’s operational powers shadows its impartiality and changes the character of the relationship between the Union and its citizens. In addition, the facts such as technocracy, populism, and euroscepticism have strengthened the claim that the European Union’s democratic legitimacy has diminished both on European and national level

Keywords

• Democratic Legitimacy
• Euro Crisis
• Governance
• Input
• Output

Euro Krizi ve Avrupa Birliğinin Demokratik Meşruiyeti

Öz

2008 küresel krizinin etkisi ve Avrupa Birliği üyesi devletlerin ekonomik sorunları, hızlı ve etkin bir kriz yönetiminin olmayışının da etkisiyle ekonomik niteliğin ötesine geçerek kısa sürede çok boyutlu bir kriz haline gelen Euro krizine dönüşmüştür. İzlenen politikaların etkin bir çözüm sunamaması ve politikalara dair karar verme sürecinin niteliği de göz önüne alındığında Birliğin demokratik meşruiyetine dair tartışmalar da ivme kazanmıştır. Özellikle Zirve ve Avrupa Merkez Bankası’nın AMB gündem belirleyici bir rol üstlenmesi, Komisyon’un icrai yetkilerini artırmasının aksine tarafsızlığının gölgelenmesi, üye devletlerin krizi bir Birlik problemi olarak ele almakta isteksiz davranması, Birliğin daha fazla sorgulanır hale gelmesi gibi unsurlar Birliğin demokratik meşruiyetini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Gerek Birlik gerekse ulusal düzeyde teknokrasi, popülizm, Avrupa şüpheciliği gibi olguların artan etkisi de Birliğin demokratik meşruiyetinin azaldığı yönündeki kanıyı güçlendirir niteliktedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çıktı
• Demokratik Meşruiyet
• Euro krizi
• Girdi
• Yönetişim

Kaynakça

1. Banchoff, Thomas ve Mitchell P. Smith. Conclusion to Legitimacy And The European Union: The Contested Polity, edited by Thomas Banchoff ve Mitchell P. Smith, 212-219. New York ve Londra: Routledge, 1999.
2. Bastasin, Carlo. Saving Europe: How National Politics Destroyed The Euro. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2012.
3. Beck, Ulrick. German Europe. Cambridge ve Madlen: Polity Press, 2013.
4. Chalmers, Damian ve Mariana Chaves. “EU Law-Making And The State Of European Democratic Agency.” İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 155-179. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
5. Beukers, Thomas. “The Eurozone Crisis And The Legitimacy Of Differentiated Integration.”
6. İçinde The Euro Crisis And The State Of European Democracy, edited by Bruno de Witte, Adrienne Héritier ve Alexander H. Trechsel, 7-30. San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European Union Institute, 2013.
7. Connelly, Rana İzci. “Gönülsüz Üyelikten Çıkış Senaryosuna: Ekonomik Kriz, Birleşik Krallık Ve Avrupa Birliği.” İçinde Ekonomik Kriz Ve Avrupa Birliği, edited by Pınar Gedikkaya Bal ve Rana İzci Conelly, 281-302. İstanbul, Derin Yayınları, 2016.
8. Cramme, Olaf ve Sara B. Hobolt. “A European Union Under Stress.” İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 1-15. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

9. Douzinas, Costas. Krizde Felsefe ve Direniş: Yunanistan ve Avrupa’nın Geleceği. Çeviren Tulga Buğra Işık. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Nisan 2015.
10. Follesdal, Andreas. “Democratic Standards In An Asymmetric Union.” İçinde Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 199-216. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
11. Güler, Begüm Şeren ve Ferhat Çamlıca, “Krize Karşı Alınan Önlemler.” İçinde Avrupa’yı Saran Kriz, edited by Belgin Akçay, 282-416. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, Haziran 2013.
12. Hix, Simon. “Democratizing A Macroeconomic Union In Europe.” İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf
13. Hobolt, Sara B. “Public Attitudes Towards The Euro Crisis.” İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 48-66. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
14. Ihlamur-Öner, Suna Gülfer. “Avrupa’da Ekonomik Kriz Ve Yükselen Yabancı Düşmanlığı.”
15. İçinde Ekonomik Kriz Ve Avrupa Birliği, edited by Pınar Gedikkaya Bal ve Rana İzci Conelly, 35-56. İstanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2016.
16. Kohler- Koch, Beate ve Berthold Rittberger. “Charting Crowded Territory: Debating The Democratic Legitimacy Of The European Union.” İçinde Debating The Democratic Legitimacy Of The European Union, edited by Beate Kohler- Koch ve Berthold Rittberger, 1-29. Lanham: Rowman and Littefield Publishers, 2007.
17. Kriesi, Hanspeter ve Edgar Grande. “The Europeanization Of The National Political Debate.” İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 67-86. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
18. Kutlay, Mustafa. “Euro Krizinin Politik Ekonomisi ve AB’nin Uluslararası Sistemdeki Geleceği.” İçinde Ülke Deneyimleri Işığında Küresel Kriz ve Yeni Ekonomik Düzen, edited by Fikret Şenses, Ziya Öniş ve Caner Bakır, 169-185. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık, 2013.
19. Macartney, Huw. The Debt Crisis And European Democratic Legitimacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
20. Tsoukalis, Loukas. “Greece In The Euro Area: Odd Man Out, Or Precursor Of Things To Come?” İçinde Resolving The European Debt Crisis, edited by William R. Cline ve Guntram B. Wolff, 19-35. Washington: Peterson Instıtute For International Economics, Şubat 2012.
21. Majone, Giandomenico. Rethinking The Union Of Europe Post-Crisis: Has Integration Gone Too Far? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Offe, Claus. Europe Entrapped. Cambridge ve Madlen: Polity Press, 2015.
22. Scharpf, Fritz W. “Political Legitimacy In A Non-Optimal Currency Area.” İçinde Cramme ve Sara B. Hobolt, 19-47. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
23. Scharpf, Fritz W. “Monetary Union, Fiscal Crisis And The Disabling Of Democratic Accountability.” İçinde Politics in the Age of Austerity, edited by Schӓfer, Armin ve Wolfgang Streeck, 108-142. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
24. Schimmelfenning, Frank. “Differentiated Integration Before And After The Crisis”, İçinde Democratic Politics In A European Union Under Stress, edited by Olaf
25. Schmidt, Vivien A. “Forgotten Democratic Legitimacy: “Governing By Rules” And “Ruling By The Numbers.” İçinde The Future Of The Euro, edited by Mathias Matthijs ve Mark Blyth, 90-114. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Makaleler
26. Andreev, Svetlozar. “The EU ‘Crisis of Legitimacy’ Revisited: Concepts, Causes, And Possible Consequences For The European Politics And Citizens.” Political Perspectives EPRU 2/7 (2007): 1-22.
27. Baranowska, Paula M. “The Coverage Of The Eurozone Economic Crisis In The British Press.” Perspectives On European Politics And Society 15/4 (2014): 500-517. doi: 10.1080/15705854.2014.922352.
28. Bauer, Michael W. ve Stefan Becker. “The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: The European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance.” Journal of European Integration 36/3 (2014): 213-229. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 16, 2015. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2014.885750.
29. Bellamy, Richard. “Democracy Without Democracy? Can the EU’s Democratic ‘Inputs’ Provided By Competitive Parties And Majority Rule?” Journal Of European Public Policy 17/1 (2010): 2-19. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 21, 2016. doi:10.1080/13501760903465256.
30. Bertoncini, Yves. “Eurozone And Democracy(ies): A Misleading Debate.” Notre Europe Policy Paper 94 (Temmuz 18, 2013): 1-28.
31. Buras, Piotr. “EU’s Silent Revolution.” European Council On Foreign Relations ECPR/87 (Eylül 2013): 1-8.
32. Cross, Davis Mai’a K. ve Xinru Ma. “EU Crises And Integrational Panic: The Role Of The Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2015. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2014.984748.
33. da Conceição- Heldt, Eugénia. “Why the European Commission Is Not The “Unexpected Winner” of The Euro Crisis: A Comment on Bauer And Becker.” Journal Of European Integration 38/1 (2016): 95-100. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 19, 2016. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2015.1101957.
34. Dullien, Sebastian, ve Ulrike Guérot. “The Long Shadow of Ordoliberalism: Germany’s
35. Approach To The Euro Crisis.” European Council On Foreign Relations ECFR/49 (Şubat 2012): 1-16.
36. Eriksen, Erik Oddvar. “The Normative Implications of The Eurozone Crisis.” ARENA
37. Working Paper 2/2014 (Şubat 2014): 1-19.
38. Fossum, John Erik. “Democracy and Legitimacy In The EU: Challenges And Options.” Istituto Affari Internazionali Working Papers 16 (1 Şubat 2016): 1- 16.
39. Guérot, Ulrike, ve Mark Leonard. “The New German Question: How Europe Can Get The Germany It Needs.” European Council On Foreign Relations, ECFR/30 (Nisan 2011): 1-15.
40. Hall, Peter A. “The Economics And Politics Of The Euro Crisis.” German Politics 21/4 10.1080/09644008.2012.739614. Tarihi: Ekim 9, 2015. doi
41. Hare, Stephanie. “The Democratic Legitimacy Of Euro-Area Bailouts.” Mediterranean Politics 17/3 (2012): 459-465. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 16, 2015. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2012.725308.
42. Heinen, Nicolaus ve Ann-Kristin Kreutzmann. “A Profile Of Europe’s Populist Parties: Structures, Strenghts, Potential.” Deuscthe Bank Research: EU Monitor, European Integration, edited by Barbara Böttcher, (28 Nisan 2015): 1-20.
43. Hooghe, Liesbet ve Gary Marks. “Types Of Multi-Level Governance.” European Integration Online Papers 5/11 (2001): 1-24.http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2001- 011a.htm.
44. Honkapohja, Seppo. “The Euro Area Crisis: A View From The North.” Journal Of Macroeconomics 39, Kısım B (2014): 260-271. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 7, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.08.004.
45. Jachtenfuchs, Markus. “Theoretical Perspectives On European Governance.” Arbeitspapiere 3/7 (1995): 1-26.
46. Jones, Erik. “Merkel’s Folly.” Survival 52/3 (2010): 21-38. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 6, 2015. doi:10.1080/00396338.2010.494873.
47. Kaitatzi- Whitlock, Sophia. “Greece, The Eurozone Crisis And The Media: The Solution Is The Problem.” Javnost- The Public 21/4 (2014): 25-45. Erişim Tarihi: Ekim 6, 2015. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2014.11077101.
48. Kohler- Koch, Beate. “European Governance and System Integration.” European Governance Papers NO: C-05-01 (Mart 2005): 1-21. Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 19, 01.pdf. Laffan, Brigid. “Framing The Crisis, Defining The Problems: Decoding The Euro Area
49. Crisis.” Perspectives On European Politics And Society 15/3 (2014): 266-280. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2015. doi: 10.1080/15705854.2014.912395.
50. Lemke, Christiane. “Challenging the “Ever Closer Union”: Political Consequences Of The Eurozone Crisis.” American Foreign Policy Interests 36/1 (2014): 18- 24. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 28, 2015. doi:10.1080/10803920.2014.879517.
51. Leonard, Mark. “Four Scenarios For The Reinvention Of Europe.” European Council On Foreign Relations ECFR/43 (Kasım 2011): 1-16.
52. Lord, Christopher, ve Paul Magnette. “E Plubirus Unum? Creative Disagreement About Legitimacy In The EU.” Journal Of Common Market Studies 42/1 (2004): 183-202.
53. Maduro, Miguel Poiares. “A New Governance For The European Union And The Euro: Democracy And Justice.” Robert Schuman Centre For Advanced Studies Policy Papers 2012/11 (2012): 1-23.
54. Mamadouh, V. D. ve H.H. Van Der Wusten. “The European Union In The Grip Of Accumulated Governance Crises: The Euro, The Reform Efforts, And The Public-Support Dynamics.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 54/2 (2013): 162-181. 15387216.2013.814024. Aralık 1
55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/
56. Marks, Gary, Liesbet Hooghe ve Kermit Blank, “European Integration From the 1980s: State- Centric v. Multi-Level Governance,” Journal Of Common Market Studies 34/3 (Eylül 1996): 341-378.
57. Matthijs, Matthias ve Kathleen McNamara. “The Euro Crisis’ Theory Effect: Northern Saints, Southern Sinners, And The Demise Of The Eurobond.” Journal Of European Integration 37/2 (2015): 229-245. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 16, 2015. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2014.990137.
58. Moravcsik, Andrew. “Europe After The Crisis: How To Sustain A Common Currency.” Foreign Affairs 91/3 (Mayıs/Haziran 2012): 54-68.
59. Nicolaidis, Kalypso. “Of Bread, Games And Gladiators.” İçinde The Eurozone Crisis And The Democratic Deficit, edited by Richard Bellamy, and Uta Staiger, 11-12. Londra: UCL European Institute, 2013.
60. Offe, Clause. “Europe Entrapped”, Eurozine (2013): 1-10.
61. Öniş, Ziya ve Mustafa Kutlay. “Ekonomik Bütünleşme/Siyasal Parçalanmışlık Paradoksu: Avro Krizi ve Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleceği.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 9/33 (Bahar 2012): 3-22.
62. Piattoni, Simona. “Multi-Level Governance: A Historical And Conceptual Analysis.” Journal Of European Integration 31/2 (2009): 163-180. Erişim Tarihi: Haziran 17, 2016. doi: 10.1080/07036330802642755.
63. Rousseau, Richard. “The Democratic Deficit And Legitimacy Problems of The European Union: Elements Of The Debate.” On-line Journal Modelling The New Europe Issue no: 12 (2014): 10-30.
64. Risse, Thomas ve Mareike Kleine. “Assessing The Legitimacy Of The EU’s Treaty Revision Methods.” Journal Of Common Market Studies 45/1 (2007): 69-80.
65. Schmidt, Vivien A. “ Democracy And Legitimacy In The European Revisited: Input, Output and Throughput.” Kolleg-Forshergruppe Working Paper Series 21 (Kasım 2010): 1-31.
66. Schmidt, Vivien A. “Democracy And Legitimacy In The European Union Revisited: Input, Output And ‘Throughput.’” Political Studies 61 (2013): 2-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00962.x.
67. Schmidt, Vivien A. “The Eurozone’s Crisis Of Democratic Legitimacy: Can The EU Rebuild Public Trust And Support For European Economic Integration?” European Commission European Economy Discussion Papers 015, Lüksemburg (Eylül 2015).
68. Schwarzer, Daniela. “The Euro Crises, Shifting Power Relations And Institutional Change In The European Union.” Global Policy 3 /1 (Aralık 2012): 28-41.
69. Schwarzer, Daniela ve Richard Youngs. “Crises In The Euro Area And Challenges For The European Union’s Democratic Legitimacy.” The Euro Future Project Paper Series (Mayıs 2013): 1-6.
70. Torreblanca, Jose Ignacio, Mark Leonard, Dimitar Bechev, Piotr Buras, Petr Drulák, Silvia Francescon, Ulrike Guérot, Thomas Klau, Hans Kundnani, Jonas Parello-Plesner, Teija Tiilikainen, Nicholas Walton ve Jan Marinus Wiersma. “The Continent-Wide Rise Of Euroscepticism.” European Council On Foreign Relations ECFR/79 (Mayıs 2013): 1-10.
71. Tosun Jale, Anne Wetzel ve Galina Zapryanova. “The EU In Crisis: Advancing The Debate.” Journal Of European Integration 36/3 (2014): 195-211. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 16,2015. doi:10.1080/07036337.2014.886401.
72. Verney, Susannah ve Anna Bosco. “Living Parallel Lives: Italy And Greece In Age Of Austerity.” South European Society And Politics 18/4 (2013): 397-426. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 25, 2015. doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.883192.
73. Vilpišauskas, Ramūnas. “Eurozone Crisis And European Integration: Functional Spillover, Political Spillback?” Journal of European Integration 35/3 (2013): 361-373. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 11, 2015. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2013.774785.
74. Yavaş, Vural. “Almanya’da Yeni Parti: ‘Euro’yu Ortadan Kaldıralım ’.” Avrupa Toplulukları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi E-Bülten 5/54 (Mart 2013): 1-3.
75. Yiğit Dilek. “Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Meşruiyeti Ve Siyasi Sorumluluğu.” Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 21/2 (2013): 73-98.
76. Weiler, Joseph. “In The Face Of Crisis-Input Legitimacy, Output Legitimacy And The Political Messianism Of European Integration.” Peking University School Of Transnational Law Review 1/2 (2013): 292-311. Tezler
77. Yünel, Duygu. “Avrupa Birliğinin Demokratik Meşruiyetinin Sağlanmasında Avrupa Yurttaşlığı Kavramının Etkisi.” Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2007.
78. İslamoğlu, Mustafa. “2008 Küresel Krizi Sonrası Avrupa’da Yükselen Popülist Hareketler.” Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2012. Diğer Kaynaklar
79. “A Fragile For EU Image On Eve Of European Parliament Elections.” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project, Mayıs 12, 2014. 1-50.
80. “Assisting Countries In Trouble.” European Commission, Aralık 12, 2014. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 15, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/explained/ the_financial_and_economic_crisis/assisting_countries_in_trouble/index_en.htm.
81. Boratav, Korkut. “Yunanistan Referandumu Üzerine.” Mülkiye Haber, Temmuz 3, 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 6, 2015. http://mulkiyehaber.net/?p=7865.
82. Cameron, David, “A New Settlement For The United Kingdom In A Reformed European Union”, 10 Kasım 2015, s. 1-6.
83. Claude- Trichet, Jean, ve Mario Draghi, “Letter Of The European Central Bank To Silvio Berlusconi.” Voltaire.net.org, Ağustos 5, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 15, 2015.http://www.voltairenet.org/article171574.html.
84. Dinmore, Guy, ve Ralph Atkins. “ECB Letter Show Pressure On Berlusconi.” Financial Times, Eylül 29, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 15, 2015. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3576e9c2-eaad-11e0-aeca-00144feab49a.html# axzz3uOP4DoSH.
85. “Enhancing The Legitimacy Of EMU Governance.” European Parliament
86. IP/A/ECON/2012-17, PE 536.312, Aralık 2014.
87. “European Unity On The Rocks.” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project, Mayıs 29, 2012, 1-80.
88. “Financial Assistance To Greece.” European Union- Economic And Financial Affairs. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 29, 2015. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/ assistance_eu_ms/greek_loan_facility/index_en.htm.
89. “Greek Crisis: Papandreou Promises On EU Deal.” BBC News, Kasım 1, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe- 15526719.
90. “Greek Referendum: Full Results.” The Guardian. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/05/live-results- greek-referendum.
91. “Grexit”, Investopedia. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 8, 2015 http://www.investopedia.com/ terms/g/grexit.asp
92. Kutlay, Mustafa. “Yunanistan Seçimleri ve SYRIZA’nın Açmazları.” Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu Uzman Analizleri, Ekim 21, 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.usak.org.tr/kose_yazilari_det.php? id=2434&cat=405#.VmlFvtJ97IU.
93. Lusiani, Nicholas, ve Ignacio Saiz (haz.). “Safeguarding Human Rights In Times Of
94. Economic Crisis.” Council Of Europe Commissioner For Human Rights, Issue Paper, Kasım 2013.
95. “Making It Happen: The European Semester.” European Commission. Erişim Tarihi: happen/index_en.htm. 2015.
96. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/making-it
97. “OECD Employment Outlook 2009”, OECD Publishing, 2009, s. 269, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 14, 2016. http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/ oecd/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2009_empl_outlook-2009- en#page271.
98. OECD, “Age Of Labour Force Exit”, İçinde Society At A Glance 2009: OECD Social Indicatiors, 2009, s. 82-83, Tablo SS6.1. http://www.oecd- ilibrary.org/docserver/download/8109011ec014.pdf?expires=1460658792&id= id&accname=guest&checksum=49812A37B3C308891FBA1F2A29A41239 (Erişim Tarihi 14.04.2016).
99. “Post- Programme Surveillance for Ireland.” European Union- Economic And Financial Affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/ireland/index_en.htm. Erişim Tarihi Aralık 29, 2015.
100. “Post- Programme Surveillance of Portugal.” European Union- Economic And Financial Affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/portugal/index_en.htm. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 29, 2015.
101. “Post- Programme Surveillance for Spain,” European Union- Economic And Financial Affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/spain/index_en.htm. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 29, 2015.
102. “Economic Adjustment Programme for Cyprus,” European Union- Economic And Financial Affairs. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/cyprus/index_en.htm. Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 29, 2015.
103. Statement Of The Heads Of State Or Government Of The Euro Area, Mart 25, 2010, Brüksel. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2016. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/ cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/113563.pdf.
104. “Prime Minister’s Statement In Cannes.” Hellenic Republic Prime Minister, Kasım 2, 2011, Erişim Tarihi: Aralık /11/02/prime-ministers http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/ statement-in-cannes/.
105. “Prime Minister’s Statement In Cannes.” Hellenic Republic Prime Minister, Kasım 2, 2011.Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/ 2011/11/02/prime-ministers-statement-in-cannes/.
106. “Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras’ Speech To Parliament Regarding The July 5th Referendum.” Hellenistic Republic Of Prime Minister. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/2015/06/28/prime-minister- alexis-tsipras-speech-to-parliament-regarding-the-july-5th-referendum/.
107. “Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras’ Address Concerning The Referendum To Be Held On The 5th of July.” Hellenistic Republic Of Prime Minister. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2015. http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/2015/06/27/prime- minister-alexis-tsipras-address-concerning-the-referendum-to-be-held-on-the- 5th-of-july/.
108. “Responding To The Debt Crisis,” European Commission, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 6, 2016. economic_crisis/responding_to_the_debt_crisis/index_en.htm.
109. “Responding To The Financial Crisis,” European Commission, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 6, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/explained/the_financial_and_ economic_crisis/responding_to_the_financial_crisis/index_en.htm
110. “Speech by Mario Draghi, President Of European Central Bank.” Global Investment Conference, Londra, Temmuz 26, 2012. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 8, 2015. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2012/html/sp120726.en.html.
111. “Standart Eurobarometer 74.” European Commission, Kasım 2010.
112. “Standart Eurobarometer 84.” European Commission, Ağustos, 2015.
113. “Statement By The Heads Of State Or Government Of The European Union”, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 24, 2015, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/ cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/112856.pdf.
114. “The European Union And The Challenge Of Extremism And Populism.” European Humanist Federation, Ekim 2013, 1-10.
115. “Unemployment Statistics.” Eurostat, Nisan 4, 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 14, 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics- explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics.
116. Trnski, Marko. “Multi-Level Governance In The EU.” 23-32. Erişim Tarihi: Mart 27, GalleryData/MULTI-LEVEL%20GOVERNANCE%20IN%20THE%20EU% 20by%20Marko%20Trnski.pdf.
117. Wimmel, Andreas. “Theorising the Democratic Legitimacy Of European Governance: A Labyrinth With No Exit?” Fourth Pan- European Conference On EU Politics’de sunulan tebliğ, Riga-Letonya, Eylül 25-27, 2008, 1-21.
118. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/2011-08-05-letter-from-trichet-and- fernandez-ordonez-to-zapateroen.pdf?e5c1a67f9627c5f087d5c7f02168e0da. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 5, 2016.
119. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/2011-08-05-letter-from-trichet-and- fernandez-ordonez-to Erişim Tarihi Nisan 5,.2016. zapateroen.pdf?e5c1a67f9627c5f087d5c7f02168e0da.