Rousseau and Kant on Perpetual Peace and the European Union

Abstract

In this article, Kant and Rousseau’s views on a federation of Europe that would lead to continental peace are compared. It is shown that while both thinkers desire such a peace, their views differ on the prospects of it. The article first establishes the differences and similarities and then traces the reasons for the different conclusions they reach. It argues that their basic assumptions on human nature and societal dynamics play important roles in this process. After this discussion, the article turns to the European Union to test the predictions of both authors. The article shows that the current conditions of the EU are in fact a synthesis of both scholars’ predictions. The experiences of the two wars and the way theses wars altered the cognition and rationality of the people of Europe are also taken into account in the analysis

Keywords

• peace
• democracy
• Rousseau
• Kant
• Europe

Rousseau ve Kant ile Avrupa’da Kalıcı Barışa ve Avrupa Birliği’ne Dair

Öz

Bu makalede Kant ve Rousseau’nun Avrupa’ya birleşik bir federasyon yolu ile barışın gelip gelemeyeceği konusundaki görüşleri karşılaştırılmaktadır. Bu noktada, her ikisinin barış istemekle beraber bunun olabilirliği hususunda çok farklı görüşlere sahip oldukları görülmektedir. Makale önce bu benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya koyarken sonrasında her iki düşünürün insan doğası ve toplumsal dinamikler konusunda sahip oldukları farklı varsayımlarının vardıkları sonuçlar üzerindeki etkisini irdelemektedir. Bu tartışmanın ardından makale yüzünü Avrupa Birliği tarihine ve günümüz Avrupa Birliği’ne çevirmekte ve her iki düşünürün öngörülerini bu ampirik örnek üzerinden test etmektedir. Varılan sonuç her iki düşünürün öngörülerinin bir sentezi niteliğindedir. Bu sentez iki dünya savaşının Avrupa toplulukları üzerinde algı ve rasyonalitede yarattığı değişiklik hesaba katılmadan izah edilemez

Anahtar Kelimeler

• barış
• demokrasi
• Rousseau
• Kant
• Avrupa

Kaynakça

1. Archibugi, Daniele. “Models of International Organization in Perpetual Peace Projects,” Review of International Studies, Cilt 18, No. 4, 1992, s. 295-317. Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı. “Avrupa Birliğinin Tarihçesi,” http://www.ab.gov.tr/index.php?p=105, (Eriṣim Tarihi 3 Ocak 2016).
2. Blyth, Mark. Austerity: The History of a Dangerous Idea, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
3. Doyle, Michael W. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.
4. European Union (EU). Encyclopædia http://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union, (Eriṣim Tarihi 2 Ocak 2016). Britannica Online.
5. European Union. http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/europe day/schuman-declaration/index_en.htm, (Eriṣim Tarihi 3 Ocak 2016).
6. Fernandez-Albertos, Jose, Alexander Kuo ve Laia Balcells. “Economic Crisis, Globalization, and Partisan Bias: Evidence from Spain”, International Studies Quarterly, Cilt 57, No. 2, 2013, s. 804–816.
7. Friedrich, Carl J. “The Ideology of the United Nations Charter and the Philosophy of Peace of Immanuel Kant 1795-1945.” The Journal of Politics, Cilt 9, No. 1, 1947, s. 10-30.
8. Gallie, W.B. Philosophers of Peace and War: Kant, Clausewitz, Marx, Engels and Tolstoy, London: Cambridge, 1963.

9. Gilady, Lilach. “Triangle or ‘trilemma’: Rousseau and the ‘Kantian peace,’” Journal of International Relations and Development, 2015, s. 1–27.
10. Green, Donald ve Ian Shapiro. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory : A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
11. Hoffman, Stanley. “Rousseau on War and Peace.” The American Political Science Review, Cilt 57, No.2, 1963, s. 317-333.
12. Kant, Immanuel. Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
13. Knutsen, Torbjorn L. A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
14. Riley, Patrick. “Rousseau as a Theorist of National and International Federalism.” Publius, Cilt 3, No.1, 1973, s. 5-17.
15. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe and the State of War. London: Constable and Co, 1917.
16. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Rousseau’s Political Writings. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.
17. Rousseau, The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
18. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “Abstract of Monsieur the Abbé de Saint-Pierre’s Plan for Perpetual Peace,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
19. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “Judgment of the Plan for Perpetual Peace,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
20. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “Fragments and Notes on the Abbé de St. Pierre,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
21. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “Plan for a Constitution for Corsica,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
22. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “The State of War,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
23. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. “Considerations on the Government of Poland and on Its Planned Reformation,” The Plan for Perpetual Peace, On the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics, Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth, 2005.
24. Simon, Herbert. Models of Man, New York, Wiley, 1957.
25. Simon, Herbert. “Economics and psychology”, S. Koch (Der.), Psychology: A study of a science, New York: McGraw Hill, 1963, s. 685-723.
26. Theossopoulos, Dimitrios. “Infuriated with the Infuriated? Blaming Tactics and Discontent about the Greek Financial Crisis”, Current Anthropology, Cilt 54, No. 2, 2013, s. 200–21.
27. The World Factbook 2013-14. “European Union,” Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency, 2013, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ee.html , (Eriṣim Tarihi 3 Ocak 2016).
28. Tversky, Amos, ve Kahneman, Daniel. “Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability”. Cognitive Psychology, Cilt 5, 1973, s. 207–232.
29. Uğur Çınar, Meral. Collective Memory and National Membership: Identity and Citizenship Models in Turkey and Austria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
30. US Department of State, “European Union,” http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rt/eu/, (Erişim Tarihi 3 Ocak 2016).
31. Waltz, Kenneth N., “Kant, Liberalism, and War.” The American Political Science Review, Cilt 56, No.2, 1962, s. 331-340.
32. Weyland, Kurt. Bounded Rationality and Policy Diffusion: Social Sector Reform in Latin America. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007.
33. Williams, Howard. Kant’s Political Philosophy. New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
34. Wolin, Richard. “The idea of cosmopolitanism: from Kant to the Iraq War and beyond”, Ethics & Global Politics, Cilt 3, No. 2, 2010, s. 143-153.