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Avrupa’da Azınlıklar ve Azınlık Hakları

Yıl 2015, , 109 - 122, 01.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/Avraras_0000000225

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası Avrupa’da yaşanan etnik temelli çatışmalar azınlık konusunun ve azınlık haklarının Avrupa’da hayati önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bu anlamda Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Konseyi gibi bir çok kurum aktif olarak azınlıkların sorunlarına ve azınlık haklarının Avrupa’da ve hatta ötesinde yerleştirilmesi konusunda çaba göstermektedirler. Bu kurumlara üye olan ülkeler azınlıklar konusunda oluşturuşmuş çeşitli anlaşmalara taraf olmuşlar ve azınlık haklarını kendi ülkelerinde sağlayacaklarına teminat vermişlerdir. Ayrıca bu kurumlara üye olmak için başvuruda bulunan aday ülkelerin demokratik yapılara dönüştürülmesi sürecinde azınlık haklarının teminat altına alınması bir ön koşul olarak yer almakta ve bu ülkelerin azınlıklarına çeşitli haklar verilmesi sağlanmaktadır. Fakat Avrupa’da insan hakları standartları gibi azınlık hakları standartları halen oluşturulamamıştır. Azınlık hakları ortak bir platform üzerinden değil, her ülkenin farklı politikaları çerçevesinde ele alınmış, sadece üye olunan kurumların getirdiği koşullar çerçevesinde görece ortak bir yapıda kalmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Francesco Capotorti, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. United Nations, E/CN4/Sub2/384/Rev1, 1979.
  • Naz Çavuşoğlu “‘Azınlık’ Nedir?”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt 19-20, No. 1, 1998, 93-101.
  • Will Kymlicka, Multicultural odysseys: navigating the new international politics of diversity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • David J. Galbreath ve Joanne McEvoy, “How Episdemic Communities Drive International Regimes: The Case of Minority Rights in Europe”, Journal of European Integration, Cilt 35, No 2, 2013, s. 169-186.
  • Geoff Gilbert, “The Council of Europe and Minority Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Cilt 18, No 1, 1996, s. 160-189.
  • Michael Johns, “Do as I Say, Not as I Do: The European Union, Eastern Europe and Minority Rights”, East European Politics and Societies, Cilt 17, No. 4, 2003, s. 682: 699.
  • Carter Johnson, “The Use and Abuse of Minority Rights: Assessing Pastt and Future EU Policies towards Accession Countries of Central, Eastern and South- Eastern Europe”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Cilt 13, 2006, s. 27-51.
  • Nevena Nancheva, “Imagining Policies: European Integration and the European Minority Rights Regime”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 2015, DOI:10.1080/14782804.2015.1056725.
  • Jennifer J. Preece “National Minority Rights Enforcement in Europe: A Difficult Balancing Act”, The International Journal of Peace Studies, Cilt 3, No 2, 1998.
  • Jennifer J. Preece “Minority Rights in Europe: from Westphalia to Helsinki”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 23, No 1, 1997, s. 75-92.
  • Guido Schwellnus, “The Adoption of Non-Discrimination and Minority Protection Rules in Romania, Hungary and Poland”, Frank Schimmelfennig ve Ulrich Sedelmeier (Der.), The Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe, Ithaca, London, 2005, s. 51-70.
  • Hakan Taşdemir ve Murat Saraçlı “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Perspektifinden Azınlık Hakları Sorunu”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 2, No 8, 2007, s. 25-35.
  • Patrick Thornberry, “An Unfinished Story of Minority Rights”, Anna-Maria Biro ve Petra Kovacs (Der.), Diversity in Action: Local Public Management of Multi-Ethnic Communities in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, LGI, 2001, s. 47-73.
  • Gabriel Toggenburg, “A rough orientation through a delicate relationship: The European Union’s endeavours for (its) minorities”, European Integration Online Papers, Cilt 4, No 16, 2000.
  • Jane Wright, “The OSCE and the Protection of Minority Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Cilt 18, No 1, 1996, 190-205.
  • Gözde Yilmaz, “Common, Double, or No Standards? How to Improve Minority Protection in Turkey through the Pressure of the EU”, Tanja A. Börzel ve Katrin Böttger (der.), Policy Change in the EU’s Immediate Neighbourhood: A Sectoral Approach, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2012, s. 33- 55.
  • Gözde Yilmaz, “Is there a Puzzle? Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)”, KFG Working Papers Series 23, Berlin, KFG, 2011.

Minorities and Minority Rights in Europe

Yıl 2015, , 109 - 122, 01.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.1501/Avraras_0000000225

Öz

Europe has been the home for various ethnic, linguistic and religious minority groups for decades and it is almost impossible to find an European country with ethnic, linguistic and religious homegeneity. Notably, conflicts in Europe after the Cold War demonstrated the importance of minority issues and minority rights for Europe. In this respect, the European organizations like the European Union or the Council of Europe actively seek to promote minority rights in Europe. Especially through the enlargement of these organizations, the promotion of minority rights widened its sphere in Europe by minority conditions required to be fulfilled by the candidate countries are for membership. However, there is still no minority standard in Europe like the one in human rights. In contrast, minority rights have still been held by sovereign European states rather than through a common platform

Kaynakça

  • Francesco Capotorti, Study on the Rights of Persons Belonging to Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. United Nations, E/CN4/Sub2/384/Rev1, 1979.
  • Naz Çavuşoğlu “‘Azınlık’ Nedir?”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt 19-20, No. 1, 1998, 93-101.
  • Will Kymlicka, Multicultural odysseys: navigating the new international politics of diversity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • David J. Galbreath ve Joanne McEvoy, “How Episdemic Communities Drive International Regimes: The Case of Minority Rights in Europe”, Journal of European Integration, Cilt 35, No 2, 2013, s. 169-186.
  • Geoff Gilbert, “The Council of Europe and Minority Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Cilt 18, No 1, 1996, s. 160-189.
  • Michael Johns, “Do as I Say, Not as I Do: The European Union, Eastern Europe and Minority Rights”, East European Politics and Societies, Cilt 17, No. 4, 2003, s. 682: 699.
  • Carter Johnson, “The Use and Abuse of Minority Rights: Assessing Pastt and Future EU Policies towards Accession Countries of Central, Eastern and South- Eastern Europe”, International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Cilt 13, 2006, s. 27-51.
  • Nevena Nancheva, “Imagining Policies: European Integration and the European Minority Rights Regime”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 2015, DOI:10.1080/14782804.2015.1056725.
  • Jennifer J. Preece “National Minority Rights Enforcement in Europe: A Difficult Balancing Act”, The International Journal of Peace Studies, Cilt 3, No 2, 1998.
  • Jennifer J. Preece “Minority Rights in Europe: from Westphalia to Helsinki”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 23, No 1, 1997, s. 75-92.
  • Guido Schwellnus, “The Adoption of Non-Discrimination and Minority Protection Rules in Romania, Hungary and Poland”, Frank Schimmelfennig ve Ulrich Sedelmeier (Der.), The Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe, Ithaca, London, 2005, s. 51-70.
  • Hakan Taşdemir ve Murat Saraçlı “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Perspektifinden Azınlık Hakları Sorunu”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 2, No 8, 2007, s. 25-35.
  • Patrick Thornberry, “An Unfinished Story of Minority Rights”, Anna-Maria Biro ve Petra Kovacs (Der.), Diversity in Action: Local Public Management of Multi-Ethnic Communities in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, LGI, 2001, s. 47-73.
  • Gabriel Toggenburg, “A rough orientation through a delicate relationship: The European Union’s endeavours for (its) minorities”, European Integration Online Papers, Cilt 4, No 16, 2000.
  • Jane Wright, “The OSCE and the Protection of Minority Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, Cilt 18, No 1, 1996, 190-205.
  • Gözde Yilmaz, “Common, Double, or No Standards? How to Improve Minority Protection in Turkey through the Pressure of the EU”, Tanja A. Börzel ve Katrin Böttger (der.), Policy Change in the EU’s Immediate Neighbourhood: A Sectoral Approach, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2012, s. 33- 55.
  • Gözde Yilmaz, “Is there a Puzzle? Compliance with Minority Rights in Turkey (1999-2010)”, KFG Working Papers Series 23, Berlin, KFG, 2011.
Toplam 17 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gözde Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yılmaz, Gözde. “Avrupa’da Azınlıklar Ve Azınlık Hakları”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 14, sy. 2 (Ekim 2015): 109-22. https://doi.org/10.1501/Avraras_0000000225.