State Aid Control in the European Union

Abstract

European Union aims to establish an Internal Market, where the factors of production move freely and the competition among the producers is maintained. One of the obstacles before the free movement is the provision of state aids by the member states to their own producers. State aids strengthen the competitiveness of the producers and therefore influence the trade among the other member states. In order to control the state aids and therefore to ensure the proper functioning of the Internal Market, a mechanism which consists of Commission, Court of Justice of the European Union and the national courts, has been established. That mechanism aims to achieve a balance between the aim to maintain the competition and the aim to economical developement

Keywords

• Internal Market
• state aid
• competition
• Commission
• Court of Justice
• national courts

Avrupa Birliği’nde Devlet Yardımlarının Denetimi

Öz

Avrupa Birliği, üretim faktörlerinin serbestçe dolaştığı ve rekabetin korunduğu bir İç Pazar oluşturmayı hedeflemektedir. Serbest dolaşım önündeki en büyük engellerden biri de, üye devletlerin kendi üreticilerine sağladığı devlet yardımlarıdır. Üye devletler, kendi üreticilerine çeşitli şekillerde ve yardım yaparak, onların rekabet gücünü artırmakta, bu da dolaylı olarak üye devletler arasındaki ticareti etkilemektedir. İç Pazar’ın etkin bir şekilde çalışabilmesi için gerekli olan devlet yardımlarının denetimi, Komisyon, Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı ve ulusal mahkemelerden oluşan bir mekanizma ile sağlanmaktadır. Bu mekanizma hem İç Pazar’daki rekabetin korunması hem de ekonomik kalkınma hedefleri arasında bir denge yaratmayı hedeflemektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İç Pazar
• devlet yardımı
• rekabet
• Komisyon
• Divan
• ulusal mahkemeler

Kaynakça

1. Abuzer Pınar ve Sibel İnce Arıkan, “Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Bölgesel Kalkın- ma Bağlamında Devlet Yardımları”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, C. 3, S. 1, 2003, s. 93-111.
2. Anthony Arnull, Alan Dashwood, Michael Dougan, Malcom Ross, Eleanor Spaven- ta ve Derrick Wyatt; Wyaat & Dashwood’s European Union Law, 5. Basım, Londra, Thomson Sweet & Maxwell, 2006.
3. Barbara Brandtner, Thierry Beranger ve Christof Lessenich, “Private State Aid En- forcement”, European State Aid Law Quarterly, C. 1, 2010, s.23-32.
4. Caroline Buts, Marc Jegers ve Tony Juris; “Determinants of the European Commis- sion’s State Aid Decisions”, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, C.11, S.4, 2011, s.399-426.
5. Ercüment Tezcan, “Avrupa Birliği Hukukunda Devlet Yardımları: Yeni Düzen- lemelere ve İçtihadlara İlişkin Düzenlemeler”; Rekabet Dergisi, Sayı 3, Tem- muz-Ağustos-Eylül 2000, s. 27-61. http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/File/?path=ROOT%2f1%2fDocuments%2fRekabet %2bDergisi%2fdergi3.pdf (16 Ocak 2015).
6. Ioannis Ganoulis ve Reiner Martin, “State Aid Control in the European Union- Rati- onale, Stylised Facts and Determining Factors”, Intereconomics, Kasım/Aralık 2001, s. 289-297.
7. Isabel Taylor, Ulrich Soltesz, Paris Anetis ve Edurne Navarro; “Recent Develop- ments In The Application Of State Aid Rules”, European Competition Jour- nal, C. 6, S.2, August 2010, s. 491-506.
8. Jurjan Wouda Kuipers ve Vanesa Hernandez Guerrero, “Fiscal State Aid- The Euro- pean Commision on a Mission”, International Tax Journal, C.34,Temmuz - Ağustos 2008, s.33-42.

9. Malcom Ross, “State Aids and National Courts: Definitions and Other Problems- A Case of Premature Emancipation?”, Common Market Law Review, C. 37, S. 2, Nisan 2000, s. 401-423.
10. Martin Köhler, “Private Enforcement of State Aid Law- Problems of Guaranteeing EU Rights by means of National (Procedural) Law”, European State Aid law Quareterly, C.2, 2012, s.369-387.
11. Mitchell P. Smith, “Autonomy by the Rules: The European Commission and the Development of State Aid Policy”, Journal of Common Market Studies, C. 36, S. 1, Mart 1998, s.55-78.
12. Paul Craig ve Grainne de Burca, EU LAW Text, Cases and Materials, 2. Bası, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998.
13. Tunay Köksal, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’nin Devlet Yardımları Sistemlerinin Uyumlaştırılması, Ankara, Etki Yayıncılık, 2002.
14. Case 30-59, De Gezamenlijke Steenkolenmijnen in Limburg v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, [1961] ECR 00001.
15. Case 120/73, Gebrüder Lorenz GmbH v. Federal Republic of Germany et Land de Rhenanie – Palatinat, [1973] ECR 01471.
16. Case 78/76, Steinike & Weinlig v. Germany [1977] ECR 00595.
17. Case 290/83, Commission vs French Republic, [1985] ECR-00439.
18. Case 52/84 , Commission v Belgium, [1986] ECR 89.
19. Case 70/85, Kwekerij Gebroeders van der Kooy BV and others v Commission, [1988] ECR 00219.
20. Case C-5/89, Commission v Germany, [1990] ECR I – 03437.
21. Case C-303/88 Italy v Commission [1991] ECR I-1433.
22. Case C-188/92, TWD Textilwerke Deggendorf GmbH v. Germany, [1994] ECR I – 833.
23. Case C-39/94, Syndicat français de l'Express international (SFEI) and others v La Poste and others, [1996] ECR-I 03547.
24. Case C-251/97, French Republic v. Commission, [1999] ECR I-6654.
25. Case C-256/97, Demenagements – Manutention Transport SA, [1999] ECR I – 3926.
26. Case C-379/98, PreussenElektra AG v Schhleswag AG, [2000] ECR I – 02099.
27. Joined Cases C-15/98 and C-105/99 Italy and Sardegna Lines v Commission [2000] ECR I-8855.
28. Case C-53/00, Ferring v. Agence centrale des organismes de securite sociale, [2001] ECR I-9098.
29. Case C-482/99, French Republic v Commission, [2002] ECR I-4427.
30. Case C-499/99, Commission v Spain, [2002] ECR I – 06031.
31. Case C-126/01, Ministre de l’economie, des finances et de l’industrie vs GEMO SA [2003] ECR I-13769.
32. Case C-280/00, Altmark Trans GmbH and Regierungspräsidium Magdeburg v Nahverkehrsgesellschaft Altmark GmbH, and Oberbundesanwalt beim Bun- desverwaltungsgericht, [2003] ECR I- 07747.
33. Case C- 298/00 P Italy v. Commision [2004] ECR I-04087.
34. Case C-278/00, Commission v Greece, [2004] ECR I – 4053.
35. Case C- 415/03, Commission v Greece, [2005] ECR I – 3894.
36. Case C-78/03 P, Commission v Aktionsgemeinschaft Recht und Eigentum, [2005] ECR I-10774.
37. Case C-368/04, Transalpine Ölleitung in österreich GmbH and Others v Finanzlan- desdirektion für Tirol and Others, [2006] ECR-I 9957.
38. Case C- 199/06, Centre d’exportation du livre français (CELF), Ministre de la Cul- ture et de la Communication v. Societe Internationale de diffusion et d’edition (SIDE), [2008] ECR I – 00469.
39. Case C-279/08 P, Commission v Netherland, [2011] ECR I-07671.
40. Case C-403/10 P, Mediaset SPA v Commission, [2011] ECR I-00117.
41. Case C-81/10 P, France telecom SA v. Commission, [2011], ECR I- 12899.
42. Joined Cases T-267/08 ve T-279/08 Region Nord-Pas-de-Celais / Communaute d’agglomeration du Douaisis v. Commission, [2011] ECR II – 2006.
43. Case C-111/10, Commission v. Council, ECLI:EU:C:2013:785.
44. Case C-118/10, Commission v. Council, ECLI:EU:C:2013:787.
45. Case C-284/12, Deutsche Lufthansa AG v Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn GmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2013:755.
46. Case C-677/11, Doux Élevage SNC, Coopérative agricole UKL-ARREE v Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Alimentation, de la Pêche, de la Ruralité et de l’Aménagement du territoire, Comité interprofessionnel de la dinde française (CIDEF), ECLI:EU:C:2013:348.
47. Joined Cases C-630/11 P to 633/11 P, HGA Srl and Others, Regione autonoma della Sardegna, Timsas srl and Grand Hotel Abi d’Oru SpA v Commission, ECLI:EU:C:2013:387.
48. Case C-527/12, Commission v Germany, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2193.
49. Case C-527/12, Commission v Germany, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2193.
50. Joined Cases C-533/12 P and C- 536/12 P, Société nationale maritime Corse- Méditerranée (SNCM) SA and French Republic v Corsica Ferries France SAS, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2142.
51. /2013 sayı ve 18 Aralık 2013 tarihli, Avrupa Birliği’nin İşleyişine İlişkin Ant- laşma’nın 107 ve 108. maddelerinin de minimis yardımlarına uygulanışına ilişkin Komisyon Tüzüğü, OJ. L. 352. 24/12/2013.
52. Council Regulation (EC) no 659/1999 OJ L 83, 27.3.1999.
53. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/block.html. (25 Aralık 2014).
54. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/rules.html. (25 Aralık 2014)
55. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/sa_manproc_en.pdf , Sec- tion 1. (20 Ocak 2015).
56. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/sa_manproc_en.pdf , Sec- tion 1. (20 Ocak 2015).