POST-WITHDRAWAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EU LEGAL ORDER FOR THE WITHDRAWING MEMBER STATE

Yıl 2020, , 153 - 173, 17.07.2020

Mustafa T. Karayiğit

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.770858

Öz

The article examines post-withdrawal legal implications of EU only/pure and mixed agreements for the withdrawing Member State, in particular the UK, as a contracting party and/or a successor of the EU. It underlines the complexity of the legal implications of those agreements on the basis of the nature of vertical delimitation of competences. It draws attention not only to the nature of EU competences and the agreements with their purpose, object, context and wording, but also to third contracting parties’ positions (consent, refusal or dialogue etc. towards continuity or replacement of existing agreements) for the post withdrawal real legal effects of such agreements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brexit, Withdrawal, International agreements, Mixed agreements, Consent of third contracting parties

AB Hukuk Düzeni Çerçevesinde Akdedilen Uluslararası Anlaşmaların Ayrılan Üye Devlet Açısından Ayrılma Sonrası Doğurabileceği Hukuki Etkiler

Öz

Makale, AB tarafından salt kendisi veya üye devletleriyle birlikte karma anlaşma olarak üçüncü akit taraflarla akdettiği anlaşmaların, ayrılma sonrası akit veya halef taraf olmaları hasebiyle, özellikle Birleşik Krallık olmak üzere, Birlik’ten ayrılan üye devletler için doğurabileceği hukuki yükümlülükleri incelemektedir. Makale bu anlaşmaların dikey yetki bölüşümünün doğası gereği doğurabileceği hukuki yükümlülüklerin karmaşıklığına vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu itibarla, sadece AB yetkilerinin ve amaç, kapsam ve lafız analizini de içerecek şekilde anlaşmaların doğasına değil, ayrıca bu anlaşmaların ayrılma sonrası gerçek hukuki etkisinde belirleyici olacak diğer akit tarafların rızası, reddi veya diyalog talebi şeklinde tezahür edebilecek muhtemel tutumlarına da dikkat edilmesi gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Brexit, Ayrılma, Uluslararası anlaşmalar, Karma anlaşmalar, Diğer akit tarafların rızası

Kaynakça

• Bartels, Lorand “The UK’s status in the WTO after Brexit”, 2016, https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/407396411.pdf.
• European Commission, Internal EU27 preparatory discussions on the framework for the future relationship: "International Agreements", 6 February 2018, TF50 (2018) 29 - Commission to EU 27.
• European Council, Special meeting of the European Council (Art. 50) (29 April 2017) – Guidelines, Brussels, 29 April 2017, EUCO XT 20004/17.
• Department of Exiting the European Union, “Factsheet 8: Environmental Principles”,
• https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/714379/180511_EUWB_Environmental_Protections_factsheet_10_May_18.pdf.
• Department of Exiting the European Union, “Guidance International Agreements if the UK leaves the EU without a deal”, Updated 4 April 2019,
• https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-agreements-if-theuk-leaves-the-eu-without-a-deal/international-agreements-if-the-uk-leaves-theeu-without-a-deal.
• Fella, Stefano “UK replacement of the EU's external agreements after Brexit”, House of Commons Briefing Paper, Number 8370, 23 May 2019, file:///E:/BrexitMixedAgreements/Fella.pdf.
• Lazowski, Adam & Ramses A. Wessel, “The External Dimension of Withdrawal from the European Union” (2016) 60 Revue des affaires européennes 623.
• Neframi, Eleftheria “Brexit et les Accords Mixtes de l’Union Européenne” (2017) Annuaire Français de Droit International 360.
• International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its twenty-sixth session, 6 May - 26 July 1974, Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-ninth session, Supplement No. 10, A/9610/Rev.1,
• http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../ilc/documentation/english/reports/a_9610.pdf&lang=EF.
• Kaspiarovich, Yuliya & Nicolas Levrat, “The UK and EU Mixed Agreements after Brexit: the Case of the EEA”, 24 October 2018, LERU Brexit Seminar, https://www.europeanfutures.ed.ac.uk/article-7323.
• Koutrakos, Panos “Negotiating International Trade Treaties after Brexit”, (2016) 41 European Law Review 475.
• Macrory, Richard & Joe Newbigin, “Brexit and InternationalEnvironmental Law”, the Centre for International Governance Innovation, Brexit: The International Legal Implications, Paper No. 8, December 2017, https://www.cigionline.org/publications/brexit-and-internationalenvironmental-law.
• Marescau, Marc “A Typology of Mixed Bilateral Agreements” in Christophe Hillion & Panos Koutrakos (eds.), Mixed Agreements Revisited – The EU and its Member States in the World, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2010.
• Odermatt, Jed “Brexit and International Law: Disentangling Legal Orders” (2017) 31 Emory International Law Review 1051.
• Robert, Loïc “Le Brexit et les accords mixtes: un exemple d’imbroglio juridique”, 13 octobre 2017, https://brexit.hypotheses.org/1000.
• Sacerdoti, Giorgio “The United Kingdom’s Post-Brexit Trade Regime with the European Union and the Rest of the World: Perspectives and Constraints” (2017) 20 Journal of International Economic Law 905.
• UKELA (UK Environmental Law Association), “Brexit and Environmental Law The UK and International Environmental Law after Brexit”, 2017, https://www.ukela.org/content/doclib/320.pdf.
• Van der Loo, Guillaume and Steven Blockmans, “The Impact of Brexit on the EU’s International Agreements”, CEPS Commentary, 15 July 2016, https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/impact-brexit-eus-internationalagreements/.
• Vidmar, Jure “Brexit, Democracy, and Human Rights: The Law Between Secession and Treaty Withdrawal” (2017) 35 Wisconsin International Law Journal 425.
• Volterra, Robert G. “Brexit Negotiations Series: “The Impact of Brexit on the UK’s Trade with Non-EU Member States Under the EU’s Mixed Free Trade Agreements'”, 17 May 2017,
• https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-lawblog/blog/2017/05/brexit-negotiations-series-impact-brexit-uk%E2%80%99strade-non-eu-member.
• Waibel, Michael “Symposium on Treaty Exit at the Interface of Domestic and International Law Brexit and Acquired Rights” (2018) 111 American Journal of International Law 440.
• Watts, Arthur The International Law Commission 1949-1998 The Treaties Part II, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.
• Wessel, Ramses A. “You Can Check Out Any Time You Like, But Can You Really Leave? On ‘Brexit’ and Leaving International Organizations” (2016) 13 International Organizations Law Review 197.
• Wessel, Ramses A. “Consequences of Brexit for International Agreements Concluded by the EU and Its Member States” (2018) 55 Common Market Law Review 101.
• Joined Cases C-21/72 to C-24/72 International Fruit Company and Others v Produktscbap voor Groenten en Fruit EU: C:1972:115.
• Opinion 2/91 on Convention Nº 170 of the International Labour Organization concerning safety in the use of chemicals at work, EU:C:1993:106.
• Case C-316/91 European Parliament v Council of the European Union EU:C:1994:76. Case C-268/94 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union EU:C:1996:461.
• Case C-308/06 Intertanko and others EU:C:2008:312. Case C-301/08 Bogiatzi EU:C:2009:649.
• Case C-377/12 European Commission v Council of the European Union EU:C:2014:1903.
• Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston, Opinion 2/15 EU:C:2016:992. Opinion 2/15 EU:C:2017:376.
• Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, Joined Cases C-626/15 and C-659/16 Commission Council EU:C:2018:362.
• Case C-244/17 European Commission v Council of the European Union EU:C:2018:662.
• Turkey – Textiles, WT/DS34/R. Turkey – Textiles, WT/DS34/AB/R.