A New German Foreign Policy in the Changing World Order

Öz

After the end of WWII, Germany established an export-oriented economy under the US security umbrella. Simultaneously, it played a leading role in the formation of European economic and political unity. However, in the post-Cold War period, the pressure of its allies to take more responsibility and the inadequacy of the traditional approaches to solving the unexpected problems clarified that Germany could no longer maintain this traditional foreign policy approach and it needed a new foreign policy strategy. In this context, this study first examines Germany’s foreign policy in the Cold War period and afterward in terms of different theoretical approaches, and then discusses the current external problems of Germany. Finally, it evaluates the obstacles and opportunities in front of the new German foreign policy strategy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Germany
• Foreign Policy
• Transatlantic Relations
• European Union
• NATO

DEĞİŞEN DÜNYA DÜZENİNDE YENİ ALMAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI

Öz

Almanya, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesinin ardından ABD’nin sağladığı güvenlik şemsiyesi altında ihracat temelli bir ekonomi kurmuştur. Eş zamanlı olarak Avrupa entegrasyonu sürecine odaklanmış böylece Avrupa ekonomik ve siyasi birliğinin oluşmasında öncü rol oynamıştır. Ancak Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi ardından ortaya çıkan yeni dünya düzeni, Almanya’nın bu geleneksel dış politika yaklaşımını daha fazla sürdüremeyeceğini açıkça göstermiştir. Bir taraftan müttefiklerinin Almanya’ya daha çok sorumluluk alma yönünde baskıları, diğer taraftan geleneksel yaklaşımların yeni sorunları çözmede yetersiz kalması, Almanya için yeni bir dış politika stratejisinin oluşturulmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma ilk olarak Almanya’nın Soğuk Savaş dönemi ve sonrasında izlediği dış politikayı farklı teorik yaklaşımlar açısından incelemekte, ardından Almanya’nın güncel dış politika sorunlarını ele almaktadır. Son olarak oluşturulan yeni dış politika stratejisi önündeki engeller ve fırsatlar değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Almanya
• Dış Politika
• Transatlantik İlişkiler
• Avrupa Birliği
• NATO

Kaynakça

1. Banchoff, Thomas. “German identity and European integration.”European Journal of International Relations 5.3 (1999): 259-289.
2. Crawford, Beverly. İnceleme: The Paradox of German Power, Hans Kundnani, German Politics and Society 34, no.2 (2016), 98-102.
3. Crawford, Beverly.“German power and ‘embedded hegemony’ in Europe.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook of German Politics & Culture, editör Sarah Colvin, 329-348. New York: Routledge, 2015.
4. Federal Foreign Office. Review 2014: Crisis, Order, Europe. Berlin, Federal Foreign Office, 2015. ttps://www.auswaertigesamt.de/blob/692042/cef1f6308ebdb0d2d7c62725089c4198/review2014- data.pdf.
5. Federal Government of Germany. White Paper 2016: On German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr. Berlin: Federal Ministry of Defence, 2016.
6. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).NDC Assist: Contributing to the NDC Partnership. Bonn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 2017. https://www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2017_en_NDC_Assist_Factsheet.pdf.
7. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB). Climate Action Plan 2050: Principles and goals of the German government’s climate policy. Berlin: BMUB, 2016. https://www.bmu.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Pools/Broschueren/klimaschutzpla n_2050_en_bf.pdf.
8. Freud, Corrina ve Volker Rittberger. “Utilitarian-Liberal Foreign Policy Theory.” İçinde German Foreign Policy Since Unification: Theories and Case Studies, editör Volker Rittberger, 68-104. New York: Manchester University Press, 2001.

9. Giddens, Anthony. Turbulent and mighty continent: What future for Europe?. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
10. Giegerich, Bastian ve Maximilian Terhalle. “The Munich consensus and the purpose of German power.” Survival 58, no 2 (2016): 155-166.
11. Haftendorn, Helga. Coming of age: German foreign policy since 1945. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
12. Harnisch, Sebastian ve Hanns W. Maull. “Introduction.” İçinde Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic, editörler Sebastian Harnisch ve Hanns W. Maull, 1-9. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
13. Hellman, Gunther. “Fatal Attraction? German Foreign Policy and IR/Foreign Policy Theory.” Journal of International Relations and Development 12, no.3 (2009): 257-292.
14. Ischinger Wolfgang ve Dirk Messner, editörler. Deutschlands neue Verantwortung: Die Zukunft der deutschen und europäischen Außen-, Entwicklungs-und Sicherheits politik. Berlin: Econ, 2017.
15. Janning, Joseph. “An ‘existential question’ for Europe – or for Merkel herself?. ”European Council on Foreign Relations. Haziran 20, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 20, 2019. https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_an_existential_question_for_europe_or_for_merkel_herself.
16. Kagan, Robert. “The New German Question: What Happens When Europe Comes Apart?.” Foreign Affairs 98, no 3 (2019): 108-120.
17. Katzenstein, Peter, J. “United Germany in an Integrated Europe.” Current History 96 (1997): 116-123.
18. Katzenstein, Peter, J. “United Germany in an Integrating Europe.” İçinde Tamed Power: Germany in Europe, editor Peter J. Katzenstein, 1-48. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
19. Körber Stiftung. The Berlin Pulse 2019/2020: German Foreign Policy in Perspective. Berlin: Körber Stiftung, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 24, 2019.https://www.koerber-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/koerberstiftung/redaktion/the-berlin-pulse/pdf/2019/TheBerlinPulse_2019_FINAL.pdf.
20. Kundnani, Hans.“The Concept of ‘Normality’ in German Foreign Policy since Unification.” German Politics and Society 30, no 2 (2012): 38-58.
21. Kundnani, Hans.“Germany as a Geo-economic Power.” The Washington Quarterly 34, no 3 (2011): 31-45.
22. Masala, Carlo. “Chinas Geopolitische Ambiotionen.” İçinde China: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen, editörler Daniela Hebbel ve Catharina Deflou, 13-19. Berlin: Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, 2018. https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/22628/b0a4a5e62c8754bc97a128c5f1e1d5 61/20180306-china-perspektiven-und-herausforderungen-data.pdf.
23. Masala, Carlo. “Möglichkeiten einer Neu orientierung deutscher Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik,” Zeitschrift für Politik 56, no 4 (2009): 454-466.
24. Masala, Carlo. “Don’t Worry, Be Happy. Eine Erwiderung auf Gunther Hellmann.” Welt-Trends, Zeitschrift für Internationale Politik und Vergleichende Studien 43 (2004): 52-56.
25. Michta, Andrew A. “Transatlantic Tribulations: Without the US, European Defense Will Fall to Pieces.” The American Interest. Ekim 23, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 30, 2019. https://www.the-american-interest.com/2019/10/23/withoutthe-us-european-defense-will-fall-to-pieces/.
26. Mion, Giordano ve Dominic Ponattu. Estimating the impact of Brexit on European countries and regions: Policy Paper. Gütersloh, Bartelsmann Stiftung, 2019. https://www.bertelsmann stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/user_upload/EZ_Estimating_the_Impact_of_Brexit_ 2019_ENG.pdf.
27. Oppermann, Kai. “Deutsche Außenpolitik während der dritten Amtszeit Angela Merkels.” İçinde Zwischen Stillstand, Politik wandel und Krisen management: Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2013-2017, editörler Reimut Zohlnhöfer ve Thomas Saalfeld, 619-642.Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2019.
28. Philippi, Nina.“Civilian Power and War: The German Debate about Out-of-Area Operations 1990-99. ” İçinde Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic, editörler Sebastian Harnisch ve Hanns W. Maull, 49-67. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
29. Poushter Jacob ve Alexandra Castillo.Americans and Germans Disagree on theState of Bilateral Relations, but Largely Align on Key International Issues. Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 24, 2019. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/03/PewResearch-Center_U.S.-Germany-Relations-Report_2019-03-04.pdf.
30. Reichwein, Alexander. “Germany’s Growing Power in EUrope: From Multilateral Collectivism Towards Re-Nationalization and Destabilization?.” İçinde Fear and Uncertainty in Europe: The Return to Realism? editörler Roberto Belloni, Vincent Della Sala, ve Paul Viotti, 89-108. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
31. Rosecrance, Richard N. Der neue Handelsstaat: Heraus for der ungen für Politik und Wirtschaft. Frankfurt: Campus-Verlag, 1987.
32. Rotter, Andrea. “Germany and European Security: Ready to Leave the Comfort Zone Yet?.” American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Şubat 15, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 30, 2019.https://www.aicgs.org/2019/02/germany-andeuropean-security-ready-to-leave-the-comfort-zone-yet/.
33. Sandschneider, Eberhard. “Deutsche Außenpolitik: eine Gestaltungsmacht in der Kontinuitätsfalle.”Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 62.10 (2012): 3-9.
34. Schröder, Gerhard. Siyasi Hayatım. Çeviren: Çiğdem Canan Dikmen. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2007.
35. Schwarz, Hans-Peter. Republik ohne Kompass: Anmerkungenzur deutschen Au ßenpolitik. Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 2005.
36. Schwarz, Hans-Peter. Diegezähmte Deutschen: Von der Machtbesessenheitzur Machtvergessenheit. Stuttgart: DVA, 1985.
37. Staack, Michael. “China: Die Maritime Dimension.” İçinde China: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen, editörler Daniela Hebbel ve Catharina Deflou, 21-33. Berlin: Bundes ministerium der Verteidigung, 2018. https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/22628/b0a4a5e62c8754bc97a128c5f1e1d5 61/20180306-china-perspektiven-und-herausforderungen-data.pdf.
38. Staack, Michael. Handelsstaat Deutschland: Deutsche Aussenpolitik in einem neuen İnternationalen System. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2000.
39. Szabo, F. Stephen. Germany, Russia, and the Rise of Geo-economics. Londra: Bloomsbury, 2015.
40. Swanson, Ana. “White House to Impose Metal Tariffs on E.U., Canada and Mexico.” İçinde Trade Wars: Tariffs in the 21st Century, editörler The New York Times Editorial Staff, 97-101. New York: Rosen Publishing, 2019.
41. Teaching, Research & International Policy. “TRIP Faculty Survey in Germany.” September 9, 2014. https://trip.wm.edu/charts/#/bargraph/18/2765.
42. Weilandt, Ragnar.“Will Brexit Change the EU’s Foreign Policy?.” Survival 61, no 2 (2019): 143-166.
43. Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization 46, no.2 (1992): 391-425.
44. Wirsching, Andreas. “Die Beziehungen zu den USA im Kontext der deutschen Außenpolitik 1982–1998.” İçinde Die Ära Kohl im Gespräch: Eine
45. Zwischenbilanz, editörler Günter Buchstab, Hans-Otto Kleinmann, Hanns Jürgen Küsters, 357-366. Köln-Weimar: BöhlauVerlag, 2010.