Avrupa Birliği’nde Yönetişimin Teritoryal Boyutu ve Coğrafi Düzeyler Üzerindeki Kurumsal Etkisi

Yıl 2020, , 585 - 608, 12.03.2021

Samet Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.887183

Cited By: 1

Öz

Teritoryal meseleler, Avrupa Birliği (AB) içerisinde artan oranda önemli hâle gelmektedir. AB, politikaların belirlenmesinde ve uygulanmasında teritoryayı bir değişken olarak ele almaktadır. Bu bakımdan teritoryal boyut, çeşitli politika alanlarına eklemlenmiş ve yönetişim de teritoryal bir bağlamda ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede göreli olarak yeni bir kavram olan teritoryal yönetişim, yönetim süreçlerinin etkinliğinin arttırılması ve teritoryal gelişimin sağlanması amacıyla AB gündemine dâhil edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, teritoryal yönetişimin temel unsurlarını ele almaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, teritoryal yönetişimin AB içerisindeki coğrafi düzeyler üzerindeki kurumsal etkisini tartışmaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Teritorya, Yönetişim, Teritoryal Yönetişim, Kurumsal Etk

TERRITORIAL DIMENSION OF GOVERNANCE AND ITS INSTITUTIONAL EFFECT ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL LEVELS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Öz

Territorial matters increasingly gain importance in the European Union (EU). The EU considers territory as a variable in specification and implementation of policies. So, the territorial dimension has been added to various policy areas, and governance has also been addressed on a territorial basis. In this framework, as a relatively new concept, territorial governance has entered into the EU’s agenda to improve the efficiency of governing processes and ensure territorial development. This study elaborates on the fundamentals of territorial governance. Its main purpose is to discuss the institutional effect of territorial governance on the geographical levels in the EU.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, Territory, Governance, Territorial Governance, Institutional Effect

Kaynakça

• Agnew, John. “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Relations Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 1, no 1 (1994): 53-80.
• Allen, John. “Three Spaces of Power: Territory, Networks, Plus a Topological Twist in the Tale of Domination and Authority.” Journal of Power 2, no 2 (2009): 197-212.
• Antonsich, Marco. “Rethinking Territory.” Progress in Human Geography 35, no 3 (2010): 422-425.
• Bache, Ian ve Matthew Flinders. “Themes and Issues in Multi-Level Governance.” içinde Multi-Level Governance, ed. Ian Bache ve Matthew Flinders, 1-11. Oxford: Oxford University, 2004.
• Barca, Fabrizio. An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy. A Place-Based Approach to Meeting European Union Challenges and Expectations. Brussels: Directorate General for Regional Policy, European Commission, 2009. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, www.ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/policy/future/barca_en.htm
• Basılgan, Müslüm. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Bölgesel Ekonomik Kalkınma Politikası.” Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies 1, no 1 (2012): 47-66.
• Beck, Joachim. “Cross-Border Cooperation and the Challenge of Transnational Institution-Building–the Example of the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC).” RECERC, no 1 Spécial (2017): 1-13, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, http://recerc.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/R9beck.pdf.
• Bevir, Mark. Governance: A Very Short Introduction. Hampshire: Oxford University, 2012.
• Bialasiewicz, Luiza, Paolo Giaccaria, Alun Jones ve Claudio Minca. “Re-Scaling 'EU'rope: EU Macro-Regional Fantasies in the Mediterranean.” European Urban and Regional Studies 20, no 1 (2003): 59-76.
• Böhme, Kai, Sabine Zillmer, Maria Toptsidou ve Frank Holstein. Territorial Governance and Cohesion Policy. Brussels: European Parliament. Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/563382/IPOL_STU%282015%29563382_EN.pdf
• Böhme, Kai. Philippe Doucet, Tomasz Komornicki, Jacek Zaucha ve Dariusz Świątek. How to Strengthen the Territorial Dimension of ‘Europe 2020’ and the EU Cohesion Policy. Warsaw: Polish Ministry of Regional Development, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/challenges2020/2011_territorial_dimension_eu2020.pdf
• Börzel, Tanja. “European Governance: Negotiation and Competition in the Shadow of Hierarchy.” Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no 2 (2010): 191–219.
• Brighenti, Andrea Mubi. “On Territorology: Towards a General Science of Territory.” Theory, Culture & Society 27, no 1 (2010): 52–72.
• Chilla, Tobias, Estelle Evrard ve Christian Schulz. “On the Territoriality of CrossBorder Cooperation: “Institutional Mapping” in a Multi-Level Context.” European Planning Studies 20, no 6 (2012), 961-980.
• Clark, Julian ve Alun Jones. “The Spatialities of Europeanisation: Territory, Government and Power in ‘EUrope’.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33, no 3 (2008): 300-318.
• Commission of the European Communities. European Governance: A White Paper. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities 2001. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/communication-white-papergovernance-com2001428-20010725_en.pdf
• Committee of the Regions. The Committee of the Regions’ White Paper on Multilevel Governance. Brussels: Committee of the Regions of the European Union, 2009. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/regi/dv/cdr89-2009_/cdr89-2009_en.pdf
• Davoudi, Simin, Neil Evans, Francesca Governa ve Marco Santangelo. “Territorial Governance in the Making. Approaches, Methodologies, Practices.” Boletin de la AGEN, no 46 (2008): 33-52.
• Davoudi, Simin. “Territorial Cohesion, European Social Model and Spatial Policy Research.” içinde Territorial Cohesion and the European Model of Society, ed.Andreas Faludi, 81-104. Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2007.
• De Sousa, Luis. “Understanding European Cross-Border Cooperation: A Framework for Analysis.” Journal of European Integration 35, no 6 (2013): 669-687.
• Delaney, David. “Territory and Territoriality.” içinde International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Vol. 11, ed. Rob Kitchin ve Nigel Thrift, 196-208. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009.
• Demirci, Mustafa ve F. Neval Genç. “Planlamanın Avrupa Birliği Boyutu.” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no 19 (2007): 53-74.
• Elden, Stuart. The Birth of Territory. Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2013. ESPON Project 2.3.2. Governance of Territorial and Urban Policies from EU to Local Level. Luxembourg: European Spatial Planning Observation Network, 2006. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/ files/attachments/3.ir_2.3.2_final.pdf
• ESPON TANGO (Territorial Approaches for New Governance). Territorial Approaches for New Governance. Luxembourg: European Spatial Planning Observation Network, 2013. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2013/applied-research/tangoterritorial-approaches-new-governance
• European Commission. European Spatial Development Perspective: Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999, Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/sum_en.pdf
• European Commission. Investing in Europe’s Future: Fifth Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion5/pdf/5cr_part1_en.pdf
• European Union. Consolidated Text: Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the Establishment of a Common Classification of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). 18.01.2018. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:02003R1059-20180118&qid=1519136753473
• Evrard, Estelle. “The European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC): Towards a Supraregional Scale of Governance in the Greater Region SaarLorLux?” Geopolitics 21, no 3 (2016): 513-537.
• Faludi, Andreas. “From European Spatial Development to Territorial Cohesion Policy.” Regional Studies 40, no 6 (2006): 667-678.
• Faludi, Andreas. “Multi-Level (Territorial) Governance: Three Criticisms.” Planning Theory & Practice 13, no 2 (2012): 197-211.
• Faludi, Andreas. “Territorial Cohesion and Subsidiarity under the European Union Treaties: A Critique of the ‘Territorialism’ Underlying.” Regional Studies 47, no 9 (2013): 1594-1606.
• Faludi, Andreas. “Territorial Cohesion, Territorialism, Territoriality, and Soft Planning: A Critical Review.” Environment and Planning 45, no 6 (2013): 1302-1317.
• Faludi, Andreas. “The European Model of Society.” içinde Territorial Cohesion and the European Model of Society, ed. Andreas Faludi, 1-23. Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2007.
• Faludi, Andreas. “The Poverty of Territorialism: Revisiting European Spatial Planning.” The Planning Review 52, no 3 (2016): 73–81.
• Faludi, Andreas. Territorial Cohesion Under the Looking Glass Synthesis Paper About the History of the Concept and Policy Background to Territorial Cohesion, (2009), Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/consultation/terco/pdf/lookingglass.pdf
• Faludi, Andreas. “Territorial Cohesion: Old (French) Wine in New Bottles?” Urban Studies 41, no 7 (2004): 1349-1365.
• Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. Territorial Cohesion in Future EU Cohesion Policy: Final Report for the Research Project “The Territorial Dimension of Future EU Cohesion Policy.” Berlin: Federal Ministry of Transport, 2012. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://dnb.info/1030281866/34
• Gänzle, Stefan ve Kristine Kern (ed.). A ‘Macro-Regional’ Europe in the Making Theoretical Approaches and Empirical Evidence. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
• Gualini, Enrico. “The Rescaling of Governance in Europe: New Spatial and Institutional Rationales.” European Planning Studies 14, no 7 (2006): 881-904. Hix, Simon. The Political System of the European Union. 2nd Edition. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
• Holder, Jane ve Antonia Layard. “Drawing out the Elements of Territorial Cohesion: Re-scaling EU Spatial Governance.” Yearbook of European Law 30, no 1 (2012): 358-380.
• Hooghe, Liesbet ve Gary Marks. “Types of Multi-Level Governance.” içinde Handbook on Multi-Level Governance, ed. Henrik Enderlein, Sonja Wälti ve Michael Zürn, 17-31. Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar, 2010.
• Hooghe, Liesbet ve Gary Marks. Multi-Level Governance and European Integration. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
• Jauhiainen, Jussi S. ve Helka Moilanen, “Towards Fluid Territories in European Spatial Development: Regional Development Zones in Finland.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29, no 4 (2011): 728-744.
• Jensen, Ole B. ve Tim Richardson, “Nested Visions: New Rationalities of Space in European Spatial Planning.” Regional Studies 35, no 8 (2001): 703-717.
• Jensen, Ole B. ve Tim Richardson. Making European Space: Mobility, Power and Territorial Identity. London: Routledge, 2004.
• Keating, Michael. Rescaling the European State: The Making of Territory and the Rise of the Meso. Oxford: Oxford University, 2006.
• Lidström, Anders. “Territorial Governance in Transition.” Regional and Federal Studies 17, no 4 (2007): 499-508.
• Luukkonen, Juho ve Helka Moilanen. “Territoriality in the Strategies and Practices of the Territorial Cohesion Policy of the European Union: Territorial Challenges in Implementing “Soft Planning”.” European Planning Studies 20, no 3 (2012): 481-500.
• Medeiros, Eduardo. “Is There a Rise of the Territorial Dimension in the EU Cohesion Policy?” Finisterra, LI, no 103 (2016): 89-112.
• Medeiros, Eduardo. “Territorial Cohesion: An EU Concept.” European Journal of Spatial Development, 60 (2016): 1-30.
• Metzger, Jonathan ve Peter Schmitt. “When Soft Spaces Harden: The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region.” Environment and Planning A 44, no 2 (2012): 263-280.
• Moisio, Sami ve Anssi Paasi. “Beyond State-Centricity: Geopolitics of Changing State Spaces.” Geopolitics 18, no 2 (2013): 255-266.
• Nanetti, Raffaella Y. “EU Cohesion and Territorial Restructuring in the Member States.” içinde Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building MultiLevel Governance, ed. Liesbet Hooghe, 59-88. Oxford: Oxford University, 1996.
• Noferini, Andrea, Matteo Berzi, Francesco Camonita ve Antoni Durà. “CrossBorder Cooperation in the EU: Euroregions amid Multilevel Governance and Reterritorialization.” European Planning Studies 28, no 1 (2020): 35-56.
• Özel, Mehmet. “Avrupa Birliği'nde Bölge, Bölgeselleşme, Bölge Yönetimleri Kavramları Üzerine.” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 58, no 1 (2003): 97-117.
• Paasi, Anssi. “Bounded Spaces in a ‘Borderless World’: Border Studies, Power and the Anatomy of Territory.” Journal of Power 2, no 2 (2009): 213-234.
• Painter, Joe. “Rethinking Territory.” Antipode 42, no 5 (2010): 1090–1118.
• Perkmann, Markus. “Building Governance Institutions Across European Borders.” Regional Studies 33, no 7 (1999): 657-667.
• Perkmann, Markus. “Construction of New Territorial Scales: A Framework and Case Study of the EUREGIO Cross-Border Region.” Regional Studies 41, no 2 (2007): 253-266.
• Perkmann, Markus. “Cross-Border Regions in Europe Significance and Drivers of Regional Cross-Border Co-Operation.” European Urban and Regional Studies 10, no 2 (2003): 153–171.
• Piattoni, Simona. The Theory of Multi-Level Governance: Conceptual, Empirical, and Normative Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University, 2010.
• Popescu, Gabriel. “The Conflicting Logics of Cross-Border Reterritorialization: Geopolitics of Euroregions in Eastern Europe.” Political Geography 27, no 4 (2008): 418
• Rosenau, James. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. New Jersey: Princeton University 1990.
• Rumford, Chris. “Rethinking European Spaces: Territory, Borders, Governance.” Comparative European Politics 4, no 2-3 (2006): 127-140.
• Sack, Robert D. Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1986.
• Stead, Dominic. “Dimensions of Territorial Governance.” Planning Theory & Practice 14, no 1 (2013): 142-147.
• Stead, Dominic. “European Integration and Spatial Rescaling in the Baltic Region: Soft Spaces, Soft Planning and Soft Security.” European Planning Studies 22, no 4 (2014): 680-693.
• Stead, Dominic. “The Rise of Territorial Governance in European Policy.” European Planning Studies 22, no 7 (2014): 1368-1383.
• Stein, Axel. “Territorial Cohesion in the Context of Interregional and Transnational Cooperation.” European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no 1 (2010): 5-22. Storey, David. Territory: The Claiming of Space. Essex: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2001.
• Vollaard, Hans. “The Logic of Political Territoriality.” Geopolitics 14, no 4 (2009): 687-706.
• Wassenberg, Birte ve Bernard Reitel. Territorial Cooperation in Europe. A Historical Perspective. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 04, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/pdf/brochures/interreg_25years_en.pdf
• Well, Lisa van ve Peter Schmitt. “Understanding Territorial Governance: Conceptual and Practical Implications.” Europa Regional, 21.2013 no 4 (2015): 209-221.
• Yılmaz, Samet ve Çiğdem Aydın Koyuncu. “Teritoryalite Beşeri ve Siyasal Etkileşimlerin Düzenlenmesinde Neden Hâlâ Önemli?” International Journal of Social Inquiry 12, no 1 (2019): 317-343.
• Yılmaz, Samet. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Teritoryal Yapısı ve Dış Sınırları: Esnek veya Katı Teritoryalite?” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 75, no 1 (2020), 31-52.
• Yılmaz, Samet. “Human Territoriality: A Spatial Control Strategy.” Alternatif Politika 10, no 2 (2018): 131-155.
• Yılmaz, Samet. Avrupa Birliği ve Teritoryalite: Birlik Mekânının Teritoryalleşmesi ve İçerisi- Dışarısı Ayrımı. Bursa: Dora, 2020.