LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE AND THE MONOLITHIC NATURE OF THE EU

Abstract

Multilingualism is one of the EU's integrity cornerstones. However, language policy is a matter for each Member State to seek to meet the EU's multilingualism requirements and to ensure the integration of its own society. The purpose of the article is to substantiate that effective communications based on multilingualism development contribute to strengthening the monolithic nature of European states unification within the EU structure. The system of generalized indices, cluster and factor analyses made it possible to prove that the higher the level of the linguistic landscape is, i.e., the higher the level of multilingualism, the higher the level of monolithic nature of the unification. In this article the factors that contribute to the development of the EU Member States linguistic landscape have been identified.

Keywords

• linguistic landscape index
• multilingualism
• the EU integration
• centripetal forces

AB’nin Dilbilimsel Manzarası ve Yekpare Doğası

Öz

Çokdillilik AB’nin bütünlük köşe taşlarından birisidir. Buna karşılık dil politikası her üye devletin AB’nin çokdillilik taleplerini karşılaması ve onları kendi toplumuyla bütünleşmesini sağlaması bakımından önem taşır. Bu makalenin amacı çokdillilik gelişimine dayalı etkin iletişimlerin yekpare doğası olan Avrupa devletlerinin AB yapısı altında birleşmelerinin güçlenmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Genelleştirilmiş gösterge, küme ve faktör analizi sistemi dilbilimsel manzara ne kadar yüksek düzeyde olursa, yani çokdillilik yüksek düzeyde olursa, birleşmenin yekpare doğasının daha yüksek düzeyde olacağını kanıtlamayı mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu makalede AB üye devletlerinin dilbilimsel manzarasının gelişimine katkıda bulunan faktörler tanımlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dilbilimsel manzara indeksi
• çokdillilik
• AB bütünleşmesi
• merkezci güçler

Kaynakça

1. Battistella, Dario, “Karl Deutsch’s Contribution to the Theory of International Relations”, Revue internationale de politique comparée. 2003/4, Vol. 10, accessed February 9, 2020, https://www.cairn-int.info/articleE_RIPC_104_0567--karl-deutsch-s-contribution-to-the.htm
2. Beley, Les’, “Sociolinguistic coverage of the term “linguistic landscape”, Scientific Bulletin of Uzhgorod Univ. Series: Philology. Social Communications, Uzhgorod: Hoverla, Issue. 23 (2010) [in Ukrainian].
3. Blommaert, Jan and Verschueren, Jef, “The role of language in European nationalist ideologies”, Language Ideologies. Practice and theory, ed. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, P. V. Kroskrity (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1998), 189–210.
4. Buchberger, Irina, A Multilingual Ideology in a Monolingual Country : Language Education in Finland, accessed March 1, 2020, http://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/cauce/pdf/cauce25/cauce25_11.pdf
5. Burton, John W., World Society, Cambridge University Press. Online publication date: December 2009, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/worldsociety/3D069F566176F35EB835E6771A0C61BF
6. Commission of the European Communities, Final Report. High Level Group on Multilingualism (2007), accessed December 8, 2019, http://biblioteca.esec.pt/cdi/ebooks/docs/High_level_report.pdf
7. Davidsen-Nielsen, Niels, Danish language policy in comparison with the language policy of the European Union, accessed March 1, 2020, http://www.efnil.org/documents/conference-publications/riga-2007/Riga-14-Davidsen-Nielsen-Mother.pdf
8. Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang, The nerves of government: models of political communication and control, (New York: Free Press, 1963) : 316 p.

9. De Vries, John, “New European Commission: no place for multilingualism”, Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (NPLD) Latest News, 22 September 2014, accessed January 17, 2020, http://www.npld.eu/news-and-events/latestnews/103/neweuropean-commission-no-place-for-multilingualism/.
10. Etzioni, Amitai, The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes, (N. Y.: Free Press, 1968).
11. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992), European Treaty Series – No. 148, accessed January 15, 2020, https://rm.coe.int/168007bf4b
12. Europeans and their languages. Report (2012), Special Eurobarometer 386, accessed January 17, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf
13. Eurostat, Foreign-controlled enterprises in EU: value added (2019), accessed December 23, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostatnews/-/DDN-20190411-1
14. Eurostat, Number of trips by country / world region of destination (2019), accessed December 23, 2019, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=tour_dem_ttw&lang=en
15. Eurostat, Tourism Trips of Europeans (2019), accessed December 23, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Tourism_trips_of_Europeans
16. Eurostat Statistics Explained, Digital economy and society statistics – households and individuals. (2019), accessed January 17, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals
17. Eurostat Statistics Explained, Foreign language skills statistics (2016), accessed January 17, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Foreign_language_skills_statistics#Number_of_foreign_languages_known
18. Eurostat Statistics Explained, Learning Mobility Statistics. (2016), accessed February 1, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Learning_mobility_statistics#Number_and_share_of_students_from_abroad
19. Eurostat Statistics Explained, Tertiary education statistics. (2016), accessed January 17, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Tertiary_education_statistics
20. Extramoana, Claire, and Van Avermaet, Piet, (2011). Language requirements for adult migrants in Council of Europe member states: Report on a survey, (2011), accessed January 13, 2020, https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc1d9
21. Gazzola, Michele, “Managing multilingualism in the European Union: language policy evaluation for the European Parliament”, Language Policy 5 (2006) : 393–417, accessed January 17, 2020, http://www.michelegazzola.com/attachments/File/Papers/LP_06.pdf
22. Glen, Carol M., “The Politics of Language Policy in Scotland”, The Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity, Vol. IV (2010) : 45–58, accessed March 2, 2020, http://alppi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/3.-GlenLanguage.pdf Habermas, Jurgen, “Theory of Communicative Action”, Vol. 1 : Reason and the Rationalization of Society, (Boston : Beacon Press, 1985).
23. Hebden, Sophie, “Multilingualism is vital for an inclusive EU – researchers”, Horizon. The EU Research & Innovation Magazine, 30 August, 2016, accessed February 8, 2020, https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/multilingualism-vitalinclusive-eu-researchers.html
24. Karpchuk, Nataliia, Fundamentals of the Communication Policy: the Experience of the European Union Member States: Monograph (Lutsk: Vezha-Druk, 2015) : 440 p. [in Ukrainian]
25. Kemppainen, Raija, Language Policy in Estonia : A Review, accessed December 12, 2019, https://ojs.lib.byu.edu
26. Key Data on Teaching Languages at School in Europe, Edition. Eurydice Report, 2017, accessed December 13, 2019, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/- /publication/73ac5ebd-473e-11e7-aea8-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/formatPDF
27. Knowledge Centre for Interpretation, IAMLADP: Directors General of Interpretation and Translation discuss multilingualism (2019), accessed February 8, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/education/knowledge-centreinterpretation/news/iamladp-directors-general-interpretation-and-translationdiscuss-multilingualism_en
28. Kozak, Tamara, “Features of the European Union Language Policy: a Multilingual Context”, Visnuk of the Lviv University. Series Philos. - Political Studies, Issue 5 (2014) : 301–306, accessed February 10, 2020, https://intrel.lnu.edu.ua/wpcontent/uploads/2015/10/Vlu_fps_2014_5_34.pdf [in Ukrainian].
29. Kruse, Jan and Ammon, Ulrich, “Language competence and language choice within EU institutions and their effects on national legislative authorities”, Exploring the Dynamics of Multilingualism. The DYLAN project, ed. A.-C. Berthoud, F. Grin and G. Lüdi (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013) : 157-177.
30. Kuiken, Folkert and van der Linden, Elizabeth, Language policy and language education in the Netherlands and Romania, accessed February 2, 2020, http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/139201
31. Landry, Rodrigue, and Bourhis, Richard Y., “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study”, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, № 1, 1997.
32. Leech, Patrick, European policy on multilingualism: unity in diversity or added value? accessed February 8, 2020, https://www.cultusjournal.com/files/Archives/Cultus-_10_Patrick-Leech.pdf
33. MacQueen, James B., “Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations”, Proceedings of 5-th Berkeley Symposium onMathematical Statistics and Probability”, Berkeley: University of California Press, Vol. 1 (1967) : 281-297.
34. Multilingualism in European Language Education, ed. by Cecilio LaprestaRey, Ángel Huguet (2019), 240 p., accessed February 10, 2020, http://www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?K=9781788923316
35. Official Journal of the European Communities, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000, 18.12), accessed February 12, 2020, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf
36. Official Journal of the European Communities, Treaty of Lisbon (2007, 17. 12), accessed January 4, 2020, https://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:FULL:EN:PDF
37. Orban, Leonard, Translation, the language of Europe (2008), European Commission Press corner, accessed February 12, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_08_587
38. Parsons, Talcott, “The Concept of Society: The Components and Their Interrelations”, Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives (Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall, 1966) : 5 – 29.
39. Pfaff, Carol W., Multilingual Development in Germany in the Crossfire of Ideology and Politics: Monolingual and Multilingual Expectations, Polylingual Practices, accessed December 15, 2029, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9gp0f163
40. Phillipson, Robert, “Is there any unity in diversity in language policies national and supranational? English as an EU lingua franca or lingua frankensteinia?”, National and European Language Policies. Contributions to the Annual Conference of EFNIL in Riga, ed. Gerhard Stickel (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2009) : 145-154.
41. Political dimensions of European integration processes (Chernivtsi: Bukrek, 2013) : 564 p.
42. Russett, Bruce, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
43. Schjerve, Rosita Rinder and Vetter, Eva, European Multilingualism. Perspectives and Challenges (Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2012).
44. Tarasenko, Olha, Language policy in a multilingual society: the experience of the European Union, Economics and State, Issue 9, 2010 : 104-106 [in Ukrainian].
45. The European Education Area, Flash Eurobarometer 466. Briefing note, May, 2018, accessed December 14, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/83257
46. Vassiliou, Androulla, Cultural diversity, global politics and the role of Europe, European Commission Press corner, 2014, accessed December 27, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_14_165
47. Ward, Joe. H., “Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function”, Journal of the American Statistical Association. Vol. 58 (1963) : 236–244.
48. Wendt, Alexander, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
49. Yagmur, Kutlay, Language policy in the Netherlands, accessed December 15, 2019, http://www.amaraunalanguages.com/orokorra/artikuluak/eu/Bilbao_Yagmur.pdf