Zararlı Çevresel Etkilerle Mücadelede Avrupa Ayrımcılık Hukukunun Kullanılması

Yıl 2021, , 195 - 219, 24.09.2021

Refia Kaya

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995897

Öz

Avrupa’da çevresel sorunlar daha görünür olmaya devam etmektedir. Birçok insan sıcak hava dalgaları, kimyasallar, hava kirliliği ve su kirliliği gibi çevresel zararlara maruz kalmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı zararlı çevresel etkilerin ayrımcılık olarak nitelendirilmesinin uygunluğunu ve Avrupa ayrımcılık yasağı hukukunun zararlı çevresel etkilerle mücadelede uygulamasını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için hukuki olan ve olmayan kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Makale, ayrımcılık hukukunun şimdiye kadar çevresel alanda kullanımını kısıtlayan sınırlamalarını tespit etmektedir. Avrupa’da ayrımcılık ve çevresel etkiler arasında bağlantı kuran sınırlı sayıda hukuki dava olmasına rağmen ayrımcılık hukukunun ciddi bir potansiyeli olduğunu savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevresel Etkiler, Eşitlik, Ayrımcılık Hukuku, Avrupa

CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES THROUGH DISCRIMINATION LAW IN EUROPE

Öz

Environmental problems continue becoming more apparent in Europe. Many people are exposed to environmental harms such as heatwaves, chemicals, polluted air, and contaminated water. This article aims to discuss whether it is feasible to frame environmental exposures as discrimination issues and if it is feasible whether European discrimination law can be/is used to challenge environmental exposures. For this, both non-legal and legal sources are analysed. The article identifies the possible internal limitations of discrimination law that have been preventing its application in the domain of environment so far. It is argued that discrimination law has a significant potential despite the limited number of legal cases that link environmental exposures and discrimination in Europe.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental Exposures, Equality, Discrimination Law, Europe

Kaynakça

• Ahlers, Christopher D. “Race, Ethnicity, and Air Pollution: New Directions in Environmental Justice.”Environmental Law 46, no. 4 (2016): 713-58.
• Barnes, Elizabeth. “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability.”Ethics 125, no. 1 (2014): 88-113.
• BCA. “What You Should Know About Breast Cancer & the Environment.” 2014.
• Best, Patricia J. M., et al. “Scai Consensus Document on Occupational Radiation Exposure to the Pregnant Cardiologist and Technical Personnel.”Heart, Lung and Circulation 20, no. 2 (2011/02/01/ 2011): 83-90.
• Bognar, Greg. “Is Disability Mere Difference?”. Journal of Medical Ethics 42, no. 1 (2016): 46-49.
• Boston, Gerald W. “A Mass-Exposure Model of Toxic Causation: The Content of Scientific Proof and the Regulatory Experience.”Colombia Journal of Environmental Law 18 (1993): 181.
• Brody, Julia Green, Joel Tickner, and Ruthann A. Rudel. “Community-Initiated Breast Cancer and Environment Studies and the Precautionary Principle.”Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 8 (2005): 920-25.
• Bronzaft, Arline L. “The Noise from Wind Turbines: Potential Adverse Impacts on Children’s Well-Being.”Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 31, no. 4 (2011): 291-95.
• Bullard, Robert D. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.
• Calderon, Rebecca L, et al. “Health Risks from Contaminated Water: Do Class and Race Matter?”. Toxicology and Industrial Health 9, no. 5 (1993): 879-900.
• Cassadou, Sylvie, et al. "Vague De Chaleur De L'été 2003: Relations Entre Températures, Pollution Atmosphérique Et Mortalité Dans Neuf Villes Françaises." Pollution atmosphérique 48, no. 191 (2006): 303-05.
• Collins, Hugh, and Tarunabh Khaitan. “Indirect Discrimination Law: Controversies and Critical Questions.” In Foundations of Indirect Discrimination Law, edited by Hugh Collins and Tarunabh Khaitan: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.
• Committee, United Nations Scientific. “Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation, Scientific Annex B: Effects of Radiation Exposure on Children.” 2013.
• Council of Europe. “Manuel on Human Rights and the Environment.” 2012.
• Dankelman, Irene. Gender and Climate Change: An Introduction. London: Earthscan, 2010.
• Davies, Peter GG. European Union Environmental Law: An Introduction to Key Selected Issues. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
• De Sadeleer, Nicolas. Environmental Principles: From Political Slogans to Legal Rules. Oxford University Press, 2002.
• De Sadeleer, Nicolas. EU Environmental Law and the Internal Market. Oxford University Press, 2014.
• DePauw, Karen P. “Social-Cultural Context of Disability: Implications for Scientific Inquiry and Professional Preparation.”Quest 52, no. 4 (2000): 358-68.
• Domínguez, Ángel Arias. "Chronicles of International Labor Jurisprudence ". Cuadernos Derecho Transnacional 10 (2018): 781.
• Farber, Daniel A. “Toxic Causation.”Minnesota Law Review 71 (1986): 1219.
• Fineman, Martha Albertson. “The Vulnerable Subject: Anchoring Equality in the Human Condition.”Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 20, no. 1 (2008): 2.
• GAO. “Siting of Hazardous Waste Landfills and Their Correlation with Racial and Economic Status of Surrounding Communities.” 1983.
• Gerrard, Michael. Law of Environmental Justice: Theories and Procedures to Address Disproportionate Risks. American Bar Association, 2008.
• Gosseries, Axel. “Environmental Degradation as Age Discrimination.”e-Pública 22 (2015).
• Harris, Angela P. “Vulnerability and Power in the Age of the Anthropocene.”Washington and Lee Journal of Energy, Climate, and the Environment 6, no. 1 (2014).
• Kaya, Refia. “Environmental Vulnerability, Age and the Promises of Anti‐Age Discrimination Law.”Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 28, no. 2 (2019a): 162-74.
• Kaya, Refia. “European Court of Human Rights on Addressing Environmental Discrimination against Collectivities “. The Lawyer Quarterly 9, no. 4 (2019b).
• Kenney, W Larry, Daniel H Craighead, and Lacy M Alexander. “Heat Waves, Aging, and Human Cardiovascular Health.”Medicine and science in sports and exercise 46, no. 10 (2014): 1891.
• Khaitan, Tarunabh. A Theory of Discrimination Law. Oxford University Press, 2015.
• Khoday, Kishan, and Leisa Perch. “Green Equity: Environmental Justice for More Inclusive Growth.”Policy Research Brief, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth 19 (2012).
• Lange, Sherri. “World Health Organization: Wind Turbine Noise as a Health Hazard (Opening Recognition Likely to Lead to More Acknowledgement).” MasterResource, 2018.
• Linos, Katerina. “Path Dependence in Discrimination Law: Employment Cases in the United States and the European Union.”Yale Journal of International Law 35 (2010): 115.
• Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper.Born Free and Equal?: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature of Discrimination. Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Mitchell, Carolyn M. “Environmental Racism: Race as a Primary Factor in the Selection of Hazardous Waste Sites.”National Black Law Journal 12 (1990): 176.
• Nash, Roderick Frazier. The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
• Nissenbaum, Michael A, Jeffery J Aramini, and Christopher D Hanning. “Effects of Industrial Wind Turbine Noise on Sleep and Health.”Noise and Health 14, no. 60 (2012): 237.
• Northridge, Mary E, and Peggy M Shepard. “Environmental Racism and Public Health.”American Journal of Public Health 87, no. 5 (1997): 730-32.
• Oliphant, Ken. “Uncertain Factual Causation in the Third Restatement: Some Comparative Notes.”William Mitchell Law Review 37, no. 3 (2010): 1599-632.
• Open Society Institute. “On the Margins: Roma and Public Services in Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia.” New York, 2001.
• Prosser, William Lloyd. Handbook of the Law of Torts. 4 ed.: West Publishing, 1971.
• Reich, Peter L. “Greening the Ghetto: A Theory of Environmental Race Discrimination. ”University Kansas Law Review 41 (1992): 271.
• Shiva, Vandana. “The Impoverishment of the Environment: Women and Children Last.” In Ecofeminism, edited by Maria and Shiva Mies, Vandana, 70-91: Zed Books, 1993.
• Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. Environmental Justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Partial Constitution. Harvard University Press, 1993.
• Tobler, Christa. Indirect Discrimination: A Case Study into the Development of the Legal Concept of Indirect Discrimination under EC Law. Social Europe Series. Intersentia, 2005.
• UCC. “Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites.”, 1987.
• Ulezalka, Tara. “Race and Waste: The Quest for Environmental Justice.”Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law 26 (2007): 51.
• UNEP. “Women and Chemicals: The Impact of Hazardous Chemicals on Women: A Thought Starter Based on an Experts‘ Workshop.” 2016.
• Vierdag, Egbert Willem. The Concept of Discrimination in International Law: With Special Reference to Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1973.
• Vu, Catherine T., and Deirdre H. Elder. “Pregnancy and the Working Interventional Radiologist. ”Seminars in Interventional Radiology 30, no. 4 (2013): 403-07.
• Warren, Karen. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
• WHO. “Chemical Safety and Children’s Health - Protecting the World’s Children from Harmful Chemicals Exposures.” 2016.
• WHO. “Social and Gender Inequalities in Environment and Health.” 2010.
• Wilson, Sacoby M. “Environmental Justice Movement: A Review of History, Research, and Public Health Issues.”Journal of Public Management & Social Policy 16, no. 1 (2010).
• Wing, Steve. “Environmental Justice, Science and Public Health.”Environ Health Perspectives 113 (2005): 54-63.